The mud-dwelling clam Meretrix petechialis secretes endogenously synthesized erythromycin.

Although lacking an adaptive immune system and often living in habitats with dense and diverse bacterial populations, marine invertebrates thrive in the presence of potentially challenging microbial pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying this resistance remain largely unexplored and promise to reveal novel strategies of microbial resistance. Here, we provide evidence that a mud-dwelling clam, Meretrix petechialis, synthesizes, stores, and secretes the antibiotic erythromycin. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, immunocytochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA interference, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that this potent macrolide antimicrobial, thought to be synthesized only by microorganisms, is produced by specific mucus-rich cells beneath the clam's mantle epithelium, which interfaces directly with the bacteria-rich environment. The antibacterial activity was confirmed by bacteriostatic assay. Genetic, ontogenetic, phylogenetic and genomic evidence, including genotypic segregation ratios in a family of full siblings, gene expression in clam larvae, phylogenetic tree, and synteny conservation in the related genome region further revealed that the genes responsible for erythromycin production are of animal origin. The detection of this antibiotic in another clam species showed that the production of this macrolide is not exclusive to M. petechialis and may be a common strategy among marine invertebrates. The finding of erythromycin production by a marine invertebrate offers a striking example of convergent evolution in secondary metabolite synthesis between the animal and bacterial domains. These findings open the possibility of engineering-animal tissues for the localized production of an antibacterial secondary metabolite.

Identification of diverse sesquiterpenoids with anti-fibrotic potential from Inula japonica Thunb.

In the chemical investigation of Inula japonica, a total of 29 sesquiterpenoids (1-29) were obtained, including pseudoguaine-, xanthane-, eudesmane-, and 1,10-secoeudesmane-type compounds, as well as their dimers. Among them, six new dimeric sesquiterpenoids, bisinulains A-F (1-5, 7), characterized by a [4 + 2] biogenetic pathway between different sesquiterpenoid monomers were identified. Additionally, three new monomers named inulaterins A-C (13, 18 and 21) were discovered. The structures of these compounds were determined through analysis of spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallographic data, and ECD experiments. To assess their potential anti-inflammatory activities, the sesquiterpenoid dimers were tested for their ability to inhibit NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the compounds that exhibited anti-inflammatory effects underwent evaluation for their anti-fibrotic potential using a TGF-ß-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition model in A549 cells. As a result, bisinulain B (2) was screened out to significantly inhibit the production of cytokines involved in pulmonary fibrosis such as NO, α-SMA, collagen I and fibronectin.

Whether the green credit policy effectively promote green transition of enterprises in China? Empirical analysis and mechanism verification.

Promoting green and low-carbon development has become the consensus of the policymakers and the academic, with green transformation of enterprises being the top priority. This paper adopts the difference-in-difference model to investigate the effect of green credit policy on green transition in China, by utilizing the "Green Credit Guidelines" (2012 Guidelines) policy as a quasi-natural experiment. Using panel data from publicly listed companies in China, an empirical investigation is conducted, we explain the dependent variable from two dimensions: economic performance and environmental performance, leading to the following results. First, the green credit policy affects the economic performance and environmental performance of treated firms positively, and the robust tests confirm the reliability of this primary conclusion. Second, the indirect impact of green credit policy on green transition can be explained through two mediating mechanism channels including internal capacity building and external market attention. In addition, the proposal of "Dual Carbon Targets" makes the impact a slight change. Finally, heterogeneous test also shows that the implementation effect of green credit policy is better in non-state-owned enterprises with high political relevance. These findings are providing valuable insights to promote green transition by designing more effective green credit policies.

Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a New Nanoscale Resistance Inducer for Fusarium Wilt Control: Size Effects and Mechanism of Action.

In agriculture, soil-borne fungal pathogens, especially Fusarium oxysporum strains, are posing a serious threat to efforts to achieve global food security. In the search for safer agrochemicals, silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have recently been proposed as a new tool to alleviate pathogen damage including Fusarium wilt. Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs), a unique class of SiO2NPs, have been widely accepted as desirable carriers for pesticides. However, their roles in enhancing disease resistance in plants and the specific mechanism remain unknown. In this study, three sizes of HMSNs (19, 96, and 406 nm as HMSNs-19, HMSNs-96, and HMSNs-406, respectively) were synthesized and characterized to determine their effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (FOP) suppression. The three HMSNs exhibited no side effects on cowpea seed germination and seedling growth at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1500 mg/L. The inhibitory effects of the three HMSNs on FOP mycelial growth were very weak, showing inhibition ratios of less than 20% even at 2000 mg/L. Foliar application of HMSNs, however, was demonstrated to reduce the FOP severity in cowpea roots in a size- and concentration-dependent manner. The three HMSNs at a low concentration of 100 mg/L, as well as HMSNs-19 at a high concentration of 1000 mg/L, were observed to have little effect on alleviating the disease incidence. HMSNs-406 were most effective at a concentration of 1000 mg/L, showing an up to 40.00% decline in the disease severity with significant growth-promoting effects on cowpea plants. Moreover, foliar application of HMSNs-406 (1000 mg/L) increased the salicylic acid (SA) content in cowpea roots by 4.3-fold, as well as the expression levels of SA marker genes of PR-1 (by 1.97-fold) and PR-5 (by 9.38-fold), and its receptor gene of NPR-1 (by 1.62-fold), as compared with the FOP infected control plants. Meanwhile, another resistance-related gene of PAL was also upregulated by 8.54-fold. Three defense-responsive enzymes of POD, PAL, and PPO were also involved in the HMSNs-enhanced disease resistance in cowpea roots, with varying degrees of reduction in activity. These results provide substantial evidence that HMSNs exert their Fusarium wilt suppression in cowpea plants by activating SA-dependent SAR (systemic acquired resistance) responses rather than directly suppressing FOP growth. Overall, for the first time, our results indicate a new role of HMSNs as a potent resistance inducer to serve as a low-cost, highly efficient, safe and sustainable alternative for plant disease protection.

Characterization of the lipidomic profile of clam Meretrix petechialis in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a devastating pathogen of clam Meretrix petechialis, which brings about huge economic losses in aquaculture breeding industry. In our previous study, we have found that Vibrio infection is closely associated with lipid metabolism of clams. In this study, an untargeted lipidomics approach was used to explore the lipid profiling changes upon Vibrio infection. The results demonstrated that the hepatopancreas of clams was composed of five lipid categories including fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterol lipids. And the content of lipid classes altered during Vibrio infection, implying that Vibrio infection altered intracellular lipid homeostasis in clams. Meanwhile, a total of 200 lipid species including 82 up-regulated and 118 down-regulated significantly were identified in response to Vibrio infection, of which ceramide (Cer), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triglyceride (TG) accounted for the largest proportion. Notably, all Cers showed a significantly decreased trend while nearly all TG species were increased significantly during Vibrio infection, which suggested that Cer and TG could be determined as effective biomarkers. Furthermore, these differentially expressed lipid species were enriched in 20 metabolic pathways and sphingolipid metabolism was one of the most enriched pathways. These results evidenced how the lipid metabolism altered in the process of Vibrio infection and opened a new perspective on the response of marine bivalves to pathogen infection.

Identifying the Role of Surface Hydroxyl on FeOCl in Bridging Electron Transfer toward Efficient Persulfate Activation.

FeOCl is a highly effective candidate material for advanced oxidation process (AOP) catalysts, but there remain enormous uncertainties about the essence of its outstanding activity. Herein, we clearly elucidate the mechanism involved in the FeOCl-catalyzed perdisulfate (PDS) activation, and the role of surface hydroxyls in bridging the electron transfer between Fe sites and PDS onto the FeOCl/H2O interface is highlighted. ATR-FTIR and Raman analyses reveal that phosphate could suppress the activity of FeOCl via substituting its surface hydroxyls, demonstrating the essential role of hydroxyl in PDS activation. By the use of X-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory calculations, we found that the polar surface of FeOCl experienced prominent hydrolyzation, which enriched abundant electrons within the microarea around the Fe site, leading to a stronger attraction between FeOCl and PDS. As a result, PDS adsorption onto the FeOCl/H2O interface was obviously enhanced, the bond length of O-O in adsorbed PDS was lengthened, and the electron transfer from Fe atoms to O-O was also promoted. This work proposed a new strategy for PDS-based AOP development and a hint of building efficient heterogeneous AOP catalysts via regulating the hydroxylation of active sites.

From marine to freshwater environment: A review of the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics.

Microplastics (MPs) have been widely detected in the world's water, which may pose a significant threat to the ecosystem as a whole and have been a subject of much attention because their presence impacts seas, lakes, rivers, and even the Polar Regions. There have been numerous studies that report direct adverse effects on marine organisms, but only a few have explored their ecological effects on freshwater organisms. In this field, there is still a lack of a systematic overview of the toxic effects and mechanisms of MPs on aquatic organisms, as well as a consistent understanding of the potential ecological consequences. This review describes the fate and impact on marine and freshwater aquatic organisms. Further, we examine the toxicology of MPs in order to uncover the relationship between aquatic organism responses to MPs and ecological disorders. In addition, an overview of the factors that may affect the toxicity effects of MPs on aquatic organisms was presented along with a brief examination of their identification and characterization. MPs were discussed in terms of their physicochemical properties in relation to their toxicological concerns regarding their bioavailability and environmental impact. This paper focuses on the progress of the toxicological studies of MPs on aquatic organisms (bacteria, algae, Daphnia, and fish, etc.) of different trophic levels, and explores its toxic mechanism, such as behavioral alternations, metabolism disorders, immune response, and poses a threat to the composition and stability of the ecosystem. We also review the main factors affecting the toxicity of MPs to aquatic organisms, including direct factors (polymer types, sizes, shapes, surface chemistry, etc.) and indirect factors (persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal ions, additives, and monomer, etc.), and the future research trends of MPs ecotoxicology are also pointed out. The findings of this study will be helpful in guiding future marine and freshwater rubbish studies and management strategies.

Graphene oxide disruption of homeostasis and regeneration processes in freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica via intracellular redox deviation and apoptosis.

The aquatic system is a major sink for engineered nanomaterials released into the environment. Here, we assessed the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) using the freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica, an invertebrate model that has been widely used for studying the effects of toxins on tissue regeneration and neuronal development. GO not only impaired the growth of normal (homeostatic) worms, but also inhibited the regeneration processes of regenerating (amputated) worms, with LC10 values of 9.86 mg/L and 9.32 mg/L for the 48-h acute toxicity test, respectively. High concentration (200 mg/L) of GO killed all the worms after 3 (regenerating) or 4 (homeostasis) days of exposure. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and immunofluorescence analyses suggest GO impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and subsequently caused cell apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage during planarian regeneration. Mechanistic analysis suggests that GO disturbed the antioxidative system (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and energy metabolism in the planarian at both molecular and genetic levels, thus causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) over accumulation and oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity, lack of energy supply for cell differentiation and proliferation leading to retardance of neuron regeneration. The intrinsic oxidative potential of GO contributes to the GO-induced toxicity in planarians. These data suggest that GO in aquatic systems can cause oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in planarians. Overall, regenerated tissues are more sensitive to GO toxicity than homeostatic ones, suggesting that careful handling and appropriate decisions are needed in the application of GO to achieve healing and tissue regeneration.

Ferroptosis plays an important role in promoting ionizing radiation-induced intestinal injuries.

The intestinal tract is an essential component of the body's immune system, and is extremely sensitive to exposure of ionizing radiation. While ionizing radiation can effectively induce multiple forms of cell death, whether it can also promote ferroptosis in intestinal cells and the possible interrelationship between ferroptosis and intestinal immune function has not been reported so far. Here, we found that radiation-induced major ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of small intestinal epithelial cells and the changes induced in iron content and MDA levels in the small intestine were consistent with that observed during cellular ferroptosis, thus suggesting occurrence of ferroptosis in radiation-induced intestinal damage. Moreover, radiation caused a substantial increase in the expression of ferroptosis-related factors such as LPCAT3 and ALOX15 mRNA, augmented the levels of immune-related factors INF-γ and TGF-ß mRNA, and decreased the levels of IL-17 mRNA thereby indicating that ionizing radiation induced ferroptosis and impairment of intestinal immune function. Liproxstatin-1 is a ferroptosis inhibitor that was found to ameliorate radiation-induced ferroptosis and promote the recovery from immune imbalances. These findings supported the role of ferroptosis in radiation-induced intestinal immune injury and provide novel strategies for protection against radiation injury through regulation of the ferroptosis pathway.

The potential applications of microparticles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of lung cancer.

Microparticles (MPs) are 100-1000 nm heterogeneous submicron membranous vesicles derived from various cell types that express surface proteins and antigenic profiles suggestive of their cellular origin. MPs contain a diverse array of bioactive chemicals and surface receptors, including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, which are essential for cell-to-cell communication. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is enriched with MPs that can directly affect tumour progression through their interactions with receptors. Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive test, is a promising alternative to tissue biopsy for the early screening of lung cancer (LC). The diverse biomolecular information from MPs provides a number of potential biomarkers for LC risk assessment, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance. Remodelling the TME, which profoundly influences immunotherapy and clinical outcomes, is an emerging strategy to improve immunotherapy. Tumour-derived MPs can reverse drug resistance and are ideal candidates for the creation of innovative and effective cancer vaccines. This review described the biogenesis and components of MPs and further summarised their main isolation and quantification methods. More importantly, the review presented the clinical application of MPs as predictive biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, their role as therapeutic drug carriers, particularly in anti-tumour drug resistance, and their utility as cancer vaccines. Finally, we discussed current challenges that could impede the clinical use of MPs and determined that further studies on the functional roles of MPs in LC are required.

Real-world clinical outcomes of patients with stage IIB or IIC cutaneous melanoma treated at US community oncology clinics.

Aim: To describe clinical outcomes after complete surgical resection of stage IIB and IIC melanoma. Methods: Adult patients (n = 567) with stage IIB or IIC cutaneous melanoma initially diagnosed and completely resected from 2008-2017 were identified using data from a US community-based oncology network. Results: Median patient follow-up was 38.8 months from melanoma resection to death, last visit or data cut-off (31 December 2020). For stage IIB (n = 375; 66%), Kaplan-Meier median real-world recurrence-free survival (rwRFS) was 58.6 months (95% CI, 48.6-69.5). For stage IIC (n = 192; 34%), median rwRFS was 29.9 months (24.9-45.5). Overall, 44% of patients had melanoma recurrence or died; 30% developed distant metastases. Conclusion: Melanoma recurrence was common, highlighting the need for effective adjuvant therapy for stage IIB and IIC melanoma.

New treatments are now available that decrease tumor recurrence when administered after surgery to remove melanoma skin tumors that are graded as stage IIB or IIC (i.e., with no cancer spread to the local lymph nodes). We studied 567 'real-world' patients at clinics in the USA who had stage IIB or IIC melanoma tumors removed in 2008­2017, before these new postsurgical treatments were widely available, to evaluate their survival and tumor recurrence. We found that almost half of these patients (44%) had melanoma recurrence or had died, and a third (30%) had tumor spread beyond the original site, by the end of 2020. These findings highlight the need for more effective treatments after surgical removal of stage IIB and IIC melanoma.

Targeting LSD1 for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment.

Targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an effective strategy, but currently there are very limited therapeutic targets for AML treatment. Histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is highly expressed in many cancers, impedes the differentiation of cancer cells, promotes the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of cancer cells, and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting LSD1 has been recognized as a promising strategy for AML treatment in recent years. Based on these features, in the review, we discussed the main epigenetic drugs targeting LSD1 for AML therapy. Thus, this review focuses on the progress of LSD1 inhibitors in AML treatment, particularly those such as tranylcypromine (TCP), ORY-1001, GSK2879552, and IMG-7289 in clinical trials. These inhibitors provide novel scaffolds for designing new LSD1 inhibitors. Besides, combined therapies of LSD1 inhibitors with other drugs for AML treatment are also highlighted.

Aureoverticillactam, a Potent Antifungal Macrocyclic Lactam from Streptomyces aureoverticillatus HN6, Generates Calcium Dyshomeostasis-Induced Cell Apoptosis via the Phospholipase C Pathway in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4.

Extensive efforts have been made to discover new biofungicides of high efficiency for control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, a catastrophic soilborne phytopathogen causing banana Fusarium wilt worldwide. We confirmed for the first time that aureoverticillactam (YY3) has potent antifungal activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, with effective dose for 50% inhibition (EC50) of 20.80 µg/ml against hyphal growth and 12.62 µg/ml against spore germination. To investigate its mechanism of action, we observed the cellular ultrastructures of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 with YY3 treatment and found that YY3 led to cell wall thinning, mitochondrial deformities, apoptotic degradation of the subcellular fractions, and entocyte leakage. Consistent with these variations, increased permeability of cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane also occurred after YY3 treatment. On the enzymatic level, the activity of mitochondrial complex III, as well as the ATP synthase, was significantly suppressed by YY3 at a concentration >12.50 µg/ml. Moreover, YY3 elevated the cytosolic Ca2+ level to promote mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cell apoptosis also occurred as expected. On the transcriptome level, key genes involved in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway were significantly affected, with the expression level of Plc1 increased approximately fourfold. The expression levels of two apoptotic genes, casA1 and casA2, were also significantly increased by YY3. Of note, phospholipase C activation was observed with YY3 treatment in F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. These findings indicate that YY3 exerts its antifungal activity by activating the phospholipase C calcium-dependent ROS signaling pathway, which makes it a promising biofungicide.

Hydrogen-Binding-Initiated Activation of O-H Bonds on a Nitrogen-Doped Surface for the Catalytic Oxidation of Biomass Hydroxyl Compounds.

Hydrogen binding of molecules on solid surfaces is an attractive interaction that can be used as the driving force for bond activation, material-directed assembly, protein protection, etc. However, the lack of a quantitative characterization method for hydrogen bonds (HBs) on surfaces seriously limits its application. We measured the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG0 ) of on-surface HBs using NMR. The HB-accepting ability of the surface was investigated by comparing ΔG0 values employing the model biomass platform 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on a series of Co-N-C-n catalysts with adjustable electron-rich nitrogen-doped contents. Decreasing ΔG0 improves the HB-accepting ability of the nitrogen-doped surface and promotes the selectively initiated activation of O-H bonds in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. As a result, the reaction kinetics is accelerated. In addition to the excellent catalytic performance, the turnover frequency (TOF) for this oxidation is much higher than for reported non-noble-metal catalysts.

Fasting blood glucose at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes: a multi-centre retrospective study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Hyperglycaemia is associated with an elevated risk of mortality in community-acquired pneumonia, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, trauma and surgery, among other conditions. In this study, we examined the relationship between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 28-day mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients not previously diagnosed as having diabetes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study involving all consecutive COVID-19 patients with a definitive 28-day outcome and FBG measurement at admission from 24 January 2020 to 10 February 2020 in two hospitals based in Wuhan, China. Demographic and clinical data, 28-day outcomes, in-hospital complications and CRB-65 scores of COVID-19 patients in the two hospitals were analysed. CRB-65 is an effective measure for assessing the severity of pneumonia and is based on four indicators, i.e. confusion, respiratory rate (>30/min), systolic blood pressure (≤90 mmHg) or diastolic blood pressure (≤60 mmHg), and age (≥65 years). RESULTS: Six hundred and five COVID-19 patients were enrolled, including 114 who died in hospital. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that age (HR 1.02 [95% CI 1.00, 1.04]), male sex (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.17, 2.60]), CRB-65 score 1-2 (HR 2.68 [95% CI 1.56, 4.59]), CRB-65 score 3-4 (HR 5.25 [95% CI 2.05, 13.43]) and FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l (HR 2.30 [95% CI 1.49, 3.55]) were independent predictors for 28-day mortality. The OR for 28-day in-hospital complications in those with FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l and 6.1-6.9 mmol/l vs <6.1 mmol/l was 3.99 (95% CI 2.71, 5.88) or 2.61 (95% CI 1.64, 4.41), respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes. Glycaemic testing and control are important to all COVID-19 patients even where they have no pre-existing diabetes, as most COVID-19 patients are prone to glucose metabolic disorders. Graphical abstract.

Binding Energy as Driving Force for Controllable Reconstruction of Hydrogen Bonds with Molecular Scissors.

Hydrogen bonds are one of the most important directional intermolecular interactions and play key roles in chemical and biochemical systems, but there is still a lack of prediction and understanding of their control. Herein, hydrogen-binding energy (EHB) acted as a driving force for controllably reconstructing hydrogen bonds with molecular scissors. We related hydrogen-binding energies of the donor-acceptor couple (EHB,2) and the donor itself (EHB,1) and ΔG based on ΔG = a1EHB,1 + a2EHB,2 + a3. When EHB,1 and EHB,2 satisfy the condition ΔG < 0, the acceptor is predicted as molecular scissors with sufficient reconstruction capacity in breaking the initial hydrogen bonds and forming new ones. Remarkably, we developed an experimental method to determine the EHB values by a linear equation as a function of chemical shifts (δ) ([Formula: see text]), which is innovational since in the former research EHB can only be deduced from empirical formulas and DFT calculation. On that basis, the hydrogen bonds of α-cellulose were broken and re-formed in molecular scissors-consisting deep eutectic solvents, leading to the white powder transforming into a hydrogel and colorless and transparent thin film materials with distinct crystalline structure, surface flatness, and morphology.

Sirt3 is a novel target to treat sepsis induced myocardial dysfunction by acetylated modulation of critical enzymes within cardiac tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Sepsis induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) results in high morbidity and mortality. However, the effective therapeutic strategies for SIMD treatment remain limited. Sirt3 is the main mitochondrial Sirtuin member and is a key modulator of mitochondrial metabolism and function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Sirt3 on SIMD. SIMD was induced by 20 mg/kg Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection for 6 h in mice. Sepsis could induce the reduction of cardiac Sirt3 expression and global deficiency of Sirt3 exacerbated cardiac function. Quantitative acetyl-proteomics and cardiac metabolomics analysis revealed that loss of Sirt3 led to hyper-acetylation of critical enzymes within cardiac tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and generation of lactate and NADH, subsequently promotion of cardiac dysfunction after sepsis. Additionally, to evaluate whether Emodin could be utilized as a potential Sirt3 modulator to treat SIMD, male wild type mice (WT mice) or global Sirt3 deficient mice (Sirt3-/- mice) were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg Emodin for 5 days followed by 20 mg/kg LPS administration for another 6 h and observed that exogenous administration of Emodin could attenuate myocardial dysfunction in septic WT mice. However, septic Sirt3-/- mice can not gain benefit on cardiac performance from Emodin infusion. In conclusion, this study presented the protective role of Sirt3 targeting SIMD, which may provide a potential novel approach to maintain normal cardiac performance after sepsis.

TAF5L functions as transcriptional coactivator of MITF involved in the immune response of the clam Meretrix petechialis.

TAF5L is a component of the P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) histone acetylase complex, which serves as a coactivator and takes part in basal transcription such as promoter recognition, complex assembly and transcription initiation. In our study, the full-length sequence of MpTAF5L was identified and characterized in the clam M. petechialis. Sequence analysis showed that the predicted MpTAF5L protein had a N-terminal TAF5-NTD2 domain and a C-terminal WD40-repeats domain. The annotation and evolutionary analysis revealed MpTAF5L had close evolutionary relationship with other invertebrate species. Tissue distribution analysis of TAF5L claimed that it was highly expressed in the mantle, adductor muscle, foot and hepatopancreas. The mRNA expression of MpTAF5L was significantly up-regulated after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, indicating its involvement in the immune response of clam. Yeast two-hybrid assays verified that MpTAF5L can interact with MpMITF (a critical immune-related transcription factor), and our further research clarified this interaction depended upon the N-terminal TAF5-NTD2 domain of MpTAF5L. Moreover, the mRNA expression of MpBcl-2 (a target gene of MITF) was significantly decreased but the mRNA expression of MpMITF was not significantly changed after knockdown of MpTAF5L, which indicated the reduction of MpMITF regulating activity at the same time. These results revealed that MpTAF5L interacted with MpMITF and enhanced the activation of MpMITF, which plays roles in the immune defense against V. parahaemolyticus.

Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a public health emergency of global concern. We aimed to explore the risk factors of 14-day and 28-day mortality and develop a model for predicting 14-day and 28-day survival probability among adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort study, we examined 828 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized in Wuhan Union Hospital and Central Hospital of Wuhan between January 12 and February 9, 2020. Among the 828 patients, 516 and 186 consecutive patients admitted in Wuhan Union Hospital were enrolled in the training cohort and the validation cohort, respectively. A total of 126 patients hospitalized in Central Hospital of Wuhan were enrolled in a second external validation cohort. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and laboratory measures; treatment; proximate causes of death; and 14-day and 28-day mortality are described. Patients' data were collected by reviewing the medical records, and their 14-day and 28-day outcomes were followed up. RESULTS: Of the 828 patients, 146 deaths were recorded until May 18, 2020. In the training set, multivariate Cox regression indicated that older age, lactate dehydrogenase level over 360 U/L, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio higher than 8.0, and direct bilirubin higher than 5.0 µmol/L were independent predictors of 28-day mortality. Nomogram scoring systems for predicting the 14-day and 28-day survival probability of patients with COVID-19 were developed and exhibited strong discrimination and calibration power in the two external validation cohorts (C-index, 0.878 and 0.839). CONCLUSION: Older age, high lactate dehydrogenase level, evaluated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and high direct bilirubin level were independent predictors of 28-day mortality in adult hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19. The nomogram system based on the four factors revealed good discrimination and calibration, suggesting good clinical utility.

Is oseltamivir suitable for fighting against COVID-19: In silico assessment, in vitro and retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Oseltamivir is a first-line antiviral drug, especially in primary hospitals. During the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), most patients with COVID-19 who are symptomatic have used oseltamivir. Considering its popular and important role as an antiviral drug, it is necessary to evaluate oseltamivir in the treatment of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of oseltamivir against COVID-19. METHODS: Swiss-model was used to construct the structure of the N-terminal RNA-binding domain (NRBD) of the nucleoprotein (NC), papain-like protease (PLpro), and RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). TM-align program was performed to compare the structure of the viral proteins with the structure of the neuraminidase of influenza A. Molecular docking was used to analyze the theoretical possibility of effective binding of oseltamivir with the active centers of the viral proteins. In vitro study was used to evaluate the antiviral efficiency of oseltamivir against SARS-CoV-2. By clinical case analysis, we statistically evaluated whether the history of oseltamivir use influenced the progression of the disease. RESULTS: The structures of NRBD, PLpro, and RdRp were built successfully. The results from TM-align suggested that the S protein, NRBD, 3C-like protease (3CLpro), PLPrO, and RdRp were structurally similar to the influenza A neuraminidase, with TM-scores of 0.30077, 0.19254, 0.28766, 0.30666, and 0.34047, respectively. Interestingly, the active center of 3CL pro was found to be similar to the active center from the neuraminidase of influenza A. Through an analysis of molecular docking, we discovered that oseltamivir carboxylic acid was more favorable to bind to the active site of 3CLpro effectively, but its inhibitory effect was not strong compared with the positive group. Finally, we used in vitro study and retrospective case analysis to verify our speculations. We found that oseltamivir is ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro study and the clinical use of oseltamivir did not improve the patients' symptoms and signs and did not slow the disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that oseltamivir isn't suitable for the treatment of COVID-19. During the outbreak of novel coronavirus, when oseltamivir is not effective for the patients after they take it, health workers should be highly vigilant about the possibility of COVID-19.