A Histopathologic Image Analysis for the Classification of Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Silva Patterns Depend on Weakly Supervised Deep Learning.

Twenty-five percent of cervical cancers are classified as endocervical adenocarcinomas (EACs), which comprise a highly heterogeneous group of tumors. A histopathologic risk stratification system known as the Silva pattern system was developed based on morphology. However, accurately classifying such patterns can be challenging. The study objective was to develop a deep learning pipeline (Silva3-AI) that automatically analyzes whole slide image-based histopathologic images and identifies Silva patterns with high accuracy. Initially, a total of 202 patients with EACs and histopathologic slides were obtained from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University for developing and internally testing the Silva3-AI model. Subsequently, an additional 161 patients and slides were collected from seven other medical centers for independent testing. The Silva3-AI model was developed using a vision transformer and recurrent neural network architecture, utilizing multi-magnification patches, and its performance was evaluated based on a class-specific area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Silva3-AI achieved a class-specific area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.947 for Silva A, 0.908 for Silva B, and 0.947 for Silva C on the independent test set. Notably, the performance of Silva3-AI was consistent with that of professional pathologists with 10 years' diagnostic experience. Furthermore, the visualization of prediction heatmaps facilitated the identification of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, which is known to contribute to variations in Silva patterns.

Mogrol-mediated enhancement of radiotherapy sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer: a mechanistic study.

This study investigated mogrol's impact on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) radiosensitivity and underlying mechanisms, using various methods including assays, bioinformatics, and xenograft models. CCK-8, clonogenic, flow cytometry, TUNEL, and Western blot assays evaluated mogrol and radiation effects on NSCLC viability and apoptosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) expression in NSCLC patient tissues was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. A xenograft model validated mogrol's effects on tumor growth. Bioinformatics identified four ubiquitin-specific proteases, including USP22, in NSCLC. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed USP22's value in lung cancer survival. Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database analysis indicated higher USP22 expression in lung cancer tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis implicated ERK1/2 in NSCLC progression, and molecular docking showed stability between mogrol and ERK1/2. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that mogrol enhances the inhibitory effect of radiation on NSCLC cell viability and clonogenic capacity. Cell viability and clonogenic capacity are reduced by >50%, and an increase in cellular apoptosis is observed, with apoptotic levels reaching 10%. USP22 expression was significantly elevated in NSCLC tissues, particularly in radiotherapy-resistant patients. Mogrol downregulated USP22 expression by inhibiting the ERK/CREB pathway, lowering COX2 expression. Mogrol also enhanced radiation's inhibition of tumor growth in mice. Mogrol enhances NSCLC radiosensitivity by downregulating USP22 via the ERK/CREB pathway, leading to reduced COX2 expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mogrol enhances non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell sensitivity to radiotherapy by downregulating USP22 through the ERK/CREB pathway, reducing COX2 expression. These findings highlight mogrol's potential as an adjunct to improve NSCLC radiotherapy and open avenues for further research and clinical applications.

Genome-wide identification analysis of the 4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) gene family expression profiles in Juglans regia and its wild relatives J. Mandshurica resistance and salt stress.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia) and Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) belong to Juglandaceae, which are vulnerable, temperate deciduous perennial trees with high economical, ecological, and industrial values. 4-Coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) plays an essential function in plant development, growth, and stress. Walnut production is challenged by diverse stresses, such as salinity, drought, and diseases. However, the characteristics and expression levels of 4CL gene family in Juglans species resistance and under salt stress are unknown. Here, we identified 36 Jr4CL genes and 31 Jm4CL genes, respectively. Based on phylogenetic relationship analysis, all 4CL genes were divided into three branches. WGD was the major duplication mode for 4CLs in two Juglans species. The phylogenic and collinearity analyses showed that the 4CLs were relatively conserved during evolution, but the gene structures varied widely. 4CLs promoter region contained multiply cis-acting elements related to phytohormones and stress responses. We found that Jr4CLs may be participated in the regulation of resistance to anthracnose. The expression level and some physiological of 4CLs were changed significantly after salt treatment. According to qRT-PCR results, positive regulation was found to be the main mode of regulation of 4CL genes after salt stress. Overall, J. mandshurica outperformed J. regia. Therefore, J. mandshurica can be used as a walnut rootstock to improve salt tolerance. Our results provide new understanding the potential functions of 4CL genes in stress tolerance, offer the theoretical genetic basis of walnut varieties adapted to salt stress, and provide an important reference for breeding cultivated walnuts for stress tolerance.

Boosting the Cycle Performance of Iron Trifluoride Based Solid State Batteries at Elevated Temperatures by Engineering the Cathode Solid Electrolyte Interface.

Iron trifluoride (FeF3) is attracting tremendous interest due to its lower cost and the possibility to enable higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries. However, its cycle performance deteriorates rapidly in less than 50 cycles at elevated temperatures due to cracking of the unstable cathode solid electrolyte interface (CEI) followed by active materials dissolution in liquid electrolyte. Herein, by engineering the salt composition, the Fe3O4-type CEI with the doping of boron (B) atoms in a polymer electrolyte at 60 °C is successfully stabilized. The cycle life of the well-designed FeF3-based composite cathode exceeds an unprecedented 1000 cycles and utilizes up to 70% of its theoretical capacities. Advanced electron microscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the B in lithium salt migrates into the cathode and promotes the formation of an elastic and mechanic robust boron-contained CEI (BOR-CEI) during cycling, by which the durability of the CEI to frequent cyclic large volume changes is significantly enhanced. To this end, the notorious active materials dissolution is largely prohibited, resulting in a superior cycle life. The results suggest that engineering the CEI such as tuning its composition is a viable approach to achieving FeF3 cathode-based batteries with enhanced performance.

The function role of HIGD1A in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND: Accompanied by the growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the coexistence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and NAFLD has increased. In the context of CHB, there is limited understanding of the factors that influence the development of NASH. METHODS: We enrolled CHB combined NAFLD patients who had liver biopsy and divided them to NASH vs. non-NASH groups. A whole transcriptome chip was used to examine the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNA in biopsied liver tissues. The function analysis of HIGD1A were performed. We knocked down or overexpressed HIGD1A in HepG2.2.15 cells by transient transfection of siRNA-HIGD1A or pcDNA-HIGD1A. In vivo investigations were conducted using hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice. RESULTS: In 65 patients with CHB and NAFLD, 28 were patients with NASH, and 37 were those without NASH. After screening 582 differentially expressed mRNAs, GO analysis revealed differentially expressed mRNAs acting on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which influenced redox enzyme activity. KEGG analysis also shown that they were involved in the NAFLD signaling pathway. The function analysis revealed that HIGD1A was associated with the mitochondrion. Then, both in vivo and in vitro CHB model, HIGD1A was significantly higher in the NASH group than in the non-NASH group. HIGD1A knockdown impaired mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induced cell apoptosis in HepG2.2.15 cells added oleic acid and palmitate. On the contrary, hepatic HIGD1A overexpression ameliorated free fatty acids-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, HIGD1A reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by increasing glutathione (GSH) expression, but Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway was not involved. CONCLUSION: Both in vivo and in vitro CHB model, an upward trend of HIGD1A was observed in the NASH-related inflammatory response. HIGDIA played a protective role in cells against oxidative stress. Our data suggested that HIGD1A may be a positive regulator of NASH within the CHB context.

Influences of released humic acids during thermal hydrolysis on sludge anaerobic digestion: New insights from the molecular weight of humic acids.

Humic acids (HAs) would be excessively released during thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) and deeply disturb anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS). The molecular weights of HAs could affect HAs entering microbial cells, binding with digestive enzymes and participating in electron transfer, thereby determining its influences on sludge AD. Results in this study confirmed the different influences of HAs from diverse sources on sludge AD indeed had significant correlations with their molecular weights. The presence of commercial HAs (SAHA) inhibited methane production by 53.3% at 0.5 g/L while HAs extracted from raw sludge (WNHA) increased methane production by 20.5% at the same concentration, which attribute to the comprehensive impacts from their differences in functional group compositions and molecular weights. Moreover, comparing to WNHA, the HAs extracted from thermally hydrolyzed sludge (THHA) showed unchanged functional group compositions but reduced methane generation facilitation to 5.1%, which only be due to its decreased molecular weights. In-depth research indicated that HAs influences on enzymes were closely relative to its molecular weight. HAs with greater molecular weights presented more significant inhibition to extracellular enzymes while micromolecular HAs affected intracellular enzymes more. Furthermore, macromolecular HAs promoted sludge solubilization and acidification but hindered hydrolysis and methanogenesis, whereas micromolecular HAs promoted acidification but inhibited methanogenesis. This study underscored the importance of changes in molecular weight of HAs during sludge THP, offering insights into previous discrepancies in reports on HAs effects on sludge AD.

[Malignant Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast:Report of One Case and Literature Review].

Malignant adenomyoepithelioma(MAME)of the breast is a rare tumor with an incidence less than 1% of primary breast cancer.The low incidence and diverse histomorphology pose challenges to the accurate diagnosis and clinical management of MAME.This paper reports a case of MAME of the breast with an intraductal papillary growth pattern and summarizes the clinical features,pathological features,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of MAME of the breast in the last 5 years.

Interface-Targeting Carrier-Catalytic Integrated Design Contributing to Lithium Dihalide-Rich SEI toward High Interface Stability for Long-Life Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries.

The generation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) largely determines the comprehensive performance of all-solid-state batteries. Herein, a novel "carrier-catalytic" integrated design is strategically exploited to in situ construct a stable LiF-LiBr rich SEI by improving the electron transfer kinetics to accelerate the bond-breaking dynamics. Specifically, the high electron transport capacity of Br-TPOM skeleton increases the polarity of C-Br, thus promoting the generation of LiBr. Then, the enhancement of electron transfer kinetics further promotes the fracture of C-F from TFSI- to form LiF. Finally, the stable and homogeneous artificial-SEI with enriched lithium dihalide is constructed through the in situ co-growth mechanism of LiF and LiBr, which facilitatse the Li-ion transport kinetics and regulates the lithium deposition behavior. Impressively, the PEO-Br-TPOM paired with LiFePO4 delivers ultra-long cycling stability over 1000 cycles with 81 % capacity retention at 1 C while the pouch cells possess 88 % superior capacity retention after 550 cycles with initial discharge capacity of 145 mAh g-1at 0.2 C in the absence of external pressure. Even under stringent conditions, the practical pouch cells possess the practical capacity with stable electric quantities plateau in 30 cycles demonstrates its application potential in energy storage field.

Multiscale Structural Engineering of Sulfur/Carbon Cathodes Enables High Performance All-Solid-State LiS Batteries.

Constructing all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) cathodes with efficient charge transport and mechanical flexibility is challenging but critical for the practical applications of ASSLSBs. Herein, a multiscale structural engineering of sulfur/carbon composites is reported, where ultrasmall sulfur nanocrystals are homogeneously anchored on the two sides of graphene layers with strong SC bonds (denoted as S@EG) in chunky expanded graphite particles via vapor deposition method. After mixing with Li9.54 Si1.74 P1.44 S11.7 Cl0.3 (LSPSCL) solid electrolytes (SEs), the fabricated S@EG-LSPSCL cathode with interconnected "Bacon and cheese sandwich" feature can simultaneously enhance electrochemical reactivity, charge transport, and chemomechanical stability due to the synergistic atomic, nanoscopic and microscopic structural engineering. The assembled InLi/LSPSCL/S@EG-LSPSCL ASSLSBs demonstrate ultralong cycling stability over 2400 cycles with 100% capacity retention at 1 C, and a record-high areal capacity of 14.0 mAh cm-2 at a record-breaking sulfur loading of 8.9 mg cm-2 at room temperature as well as high capacities with capacity retentions of ≈100% after 600 cycles at 0 and 60 °C. Multiscale structural engineered sulfur/carbon cathode has great potential to enable high-performance ASSLSBs for energy storage applications.

KDM2B mediates the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway through transcriptional activation of PKMYT1 via microRNA-let-7b-5p/EZH2 to affect the development of non-small cell lung cancer.

The significance of KDM2B in oncogenesis has been appreciated, but the mechanism behind is incompletely understood. In this work, we addressed its effects on the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Overexpression of KDM2B was linked to dismal prognoses of NSCLC patients. Based on the expression levels of KDM2B in a panel of NSCLC cell lines, A549, showing lower level of expression, and SK-MES-1, showing higher levels of expression, were selected as model systems to evaluate the effect of KDM2B overexpression and KDM2B silencing, respectively. Knockdown of KDM2B hampered NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, as well as migration, while enhanced apoptosis. Additionally, KDM2B repressed the expression of microRNA (miR)-let-7b-5p through demethylation modification of H3K36me2, thereby promoting the expression of zester homolog 2 (EZH2), the target gene of let-7b-5p in NSCLC. Moreover, EZH2 transcriptionally induced the expression of PKMYT1 to activate the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Sh-EZH2 and sh-PKMYT1 neutralized the supporting effects of KDM2B on cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Additionally, deletion of KDM2B reduced the xenograft volumes in nude mice. In conclusion, KDM2B induces the EZH2/PKMYT1/Wnt/ß-catenin axis by inhibiting the let-7b-5p expression, which promotes NSCLC growth. More investigations are essential to determine the oncogenic role of KDM2B in NSCLC.

TCU-Net: Transformer Embedded in Convolutional U-Shaped Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) provides a detailed visualization of the vascular system to aid in the detection and diagnosis of ophthalmic disease. However, accurately extracting microvascular details from OCTA images remains a challenging task due to the limitations of pure convolutional networks. We propose a novel end-to-end transformer-based network architecture called TCU-Net for OCTA retinal vessel segmentation tasks. To address the loss of vascular features of convolutional operations, an efficient cross-fusion transformer module is introduced to replace the original skip connection of U-Net. The transformer module interacts with the encoder's multiscale vascular features to enrich vascular information and achieve linear computational complexity. Additionally, we design an efficient channel-wise cross attention module to fuse the multiscale features and fine-grained details from the decoding stages, resolving the semantic bias between them and enhancing effective vascular information. This model has been evaluated on the dedicated Retinal OCTA Segmentation (ROSE) dataset. The accuracy values of TCU-Net tested on the ROSE-1 dataset with SVC, DVC, and SVC+DVC are 0.9230, 0.9912, and 0.9042, respectively, and the corresponding AUC values are 0.9512, 0.9823, and 0.9170. For the ROSE-2 dataset, the accuracy and AUC are 0.9454 and 0.8623, respectively. The experiments demonstrate that TCU-Net outperforms state-of-the-art approaches regarding vessel segmentation performance and robustness.

Coseismic Deformation Field and Fault Slip Distribution Inversion of the 2020 Jiashi Ms 6.4 Earthquake: Considering the Atmospheric Effect with Sentinel-1 Data Interferometry.

Due to some limitations associated with the atmospheric residual phase in Sentinel-1 data interferometry during the Jiashi earthquake, the detailed spatial distribution of the line-of-sight (LOS) surface deformation field is still not fully understood. This study, therefore, proposes an inversion method of coseismic deformation field and fault slip distribution, taking atmospheric effect into account to address this issue. First, an improved inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation tropospheric decomposition model is utilised to accurately estimate the turbulence component in tropospheric delay. Using the joint constraints of the corrected deformation fields, the geometric parameters of the seismogenic fault and the distribution of coseismic slip are then inverted. The findings show that the coseismic deformation field (long axis strike was nearly east-west) was distributed along the Kalpingtag fault and the Ozgertaou fault, and the earthquake was found to occur in the low dip thrust nappe structural belt at the subduction interface of the block. Correspondingly, the slip model further revealed that the slips were concentrated at depths between 10 and 20 km, with a maximum slip of 0.34 m. Accordingly, the seismic magnitude of the earthquake was estimated to be Ms 6.06. Considering the geological structure in the earthquake region and the fault source parameters, we infer that the Kepingtag reverse fault is responsible for the earthquake, and the improved IDW interpolation tropospheric decomposition model can perform atmospheric correction more effectively, which is also beneficial for the source parameter inversion of the Jiashi earthquake.

Research on Signal Feature Extraction of Natural Gas Pipeline Ball Valve Based on the NWTD-WP Algorithm.

The measured signals of internal leakage detection of the large-diameter pipeline ball valve in natural gas pipeline systems usually contain background noise, which will affect the accuracy of internal leakage detection and sound localization of internal leakage points due to the interference of noise. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes an NWTD-WP feature extraction algorithm by combining the wavelet packet (WP) algorithm and the improved two-parameter threshold quantization function. The results show that the WP algorithm has a good feature extraction effect on the valve leakage signal, and the improved threshold quantization function can avoid the defects of the traditional soft threshold function and hard threshold function, such as discontinuity and the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon, when reconstructing the signal. The NWTD-WP algorithm is effective in extracting the features of the measured signals with low signal/noise ratio. The denoise effect is much better than that of the traditional soft and hard threshold quantization functions. It proved that the NWTD-WP algorithm can be used for studying the existing safety valve leakage vibration signals in the laboratory and the internal leakage signals of the scaled-down model of the large-diameter pipeline's ball valve.

Nutrient recovery from municipal solid waste leachate in the scope of circular economy: Recent developments and future perspectives.

Holistically considering the current situation of the commercial synthetic fertilizer (CSF) market, recent global developments, and future projection studies, dependency on CSFs in agricultural production born significant risks, especially to the food security of foreign-dependent countries. The foreign dependency of countries in terms of CSFs can be reduced by the concepts such as the circular economy and resource recovery. Recently, waste streams are considered as a source in order to produce recovery-based fertilizers (RBF). RBFs produced from different waste streams can be substituted with CSFs as input for agricultural applications. Municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) is one of the waste streams that have a high potential for RBF production. Distribution of the published papers over the years shows that this potential was noticed by more researchers in the millennium. MSWL contains a remarkable amount of nitrogen and phosphorus which are the main nutrients required for agricultural production. These nutrients can be recovered with many different methods such as microalgae cultivation, chemical precipitation, ammonia stripping, membrane separation, etc. MSWL can be generated within the different phases of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Although it is mainly composed of landfill leachate (LL), composting plant leachate (CPL), incineration plant leachate (IPL), and transfer station leachate (TSL) should be considered as potential sources to produce RBF. This study compiles studies conducted on MSWL from the perspective of nitrogen and phosphorus recovery. Moreover, recent developments and limitations of the subject were extensively discussed and future perspectives were introduced by considering the entire MSW management. Investigated studies in this review showed that the potential of MSWL to produce RBF is significant. The outcomes of this paper will serve the countries for ensuring their food security by implementing the resource recovery concept to produce RBF. Thus, the risks born with the recent global developments could be overcome in this way besides the positive environmental outcomes of resource recovery.

Effective mitigation of ammonia in sewage-sludge-derived fermentation liquid using flow-electrode capacitive deionization.

Due to the high toxicity of ammonia to organisms and its contribution to eutrophication in surface water, the risk of emission of ammonia and other nitrogenous ions to the environment and ecosystems has aroused wide concerns. Therefore, the discharge criterion on nitrogen in effluent from conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is very stringent. Furthermore, during the conventional denitrification processes, the relatively costly external carbon source is usually required. Nowadays production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from sewage sludge by alkaline anaerobic fermentation has regarded as an attractive carbon source. However, usually ammonia is quite abundant in the fermentation liquid and thus effective mitigation of ammonia in the fermentation liquid is also a significant step for its further utilization. In the present study, the flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) was applied to remove ammonia in the fermentation liquid of sewage sludge. Firstly, response surface method (RSM) was employed to optimize parameters and then the performance of the FCDI in ammonia removal were examined. Results showed that optimal flow rates, carbon content and ammonia concentration were 8.0 mL min-1, 4.0 wt% and 110 mg N·L-1 and the ammonia removal efficiency (ARE) reached 42.7%, while treating the alkaline fermentation liquid. Seemingly the presence of Na+ and polypeptides in the liquid with their average RE of 53.3% and 11.1% substantially compromised ammonia removal probably due to the competition of adsorption sites. This present study serves as a proven concept for the feasibility of the application of the FCDI system in ammonia separation from the VFAs, which could realize economic and ecological benefits.

One-stage anaerobic fermentation of excess sludge for caproate production by supplementing chain elongation enrichments with ethanol as electron donor.

Medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) production from excess sludge have recently received great research interest due to higher energy densities, easy-separation capability and high economic benefits. Here, the addition of chain elongation (CE) enrichments with ethanol as electron donor was used to enhance caproate production from one-stage sludge fermentation. Compared with 0.20 g/L of controls, caproate production reached 9.00 g/L by supplementing CE enrichments with ethanol/acetate ratio of 3:1 after 7 days of acidification of organic matter in pretreated sludge fermentation. Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, that refers to CE, was enriched in the first and second transfer of the sludge microbial consortium. Maintaining the stability of the microbial consortium would be the key that enables stable and efficient caproate production from sludge fermentation by supplementing CE enrichments.

Enhanced elemental mercury removal in coal-fired flue gas by modified algal waste-derived biochar: Performance and mechanism.

A novel biochar involving pyrolysis of dewatered algal waste combined with KOH and residual FeCl3 co-activation was synthesized as an efficient sorbent specifically for Hg0 removal from coal-fired flue gas. It was found that the SBET of biochar co-activated by KOH and FeCl3 (BCFK) was 195.82 m2 g-1, much higher than that of single FeCl3 activated biochar (BCF) of 133.38 m2 g-1 and un-activated biochar (UBC) of 20.36 m2 g-1. Furthermore, BCFK exhibited higher magnetization characteristics as well as elemental Fe and Cl contents of 2.71% and 10.33%, respectively, based on the combined characterization of XPS and VSM, etc., which is a jump of about 10-fold compared to BCF. This allows BCFK to show the best Hg0 removal capability of 689.66 µg g-1 under the inlet Hg0 concentration of 100 µg m-3 and 150 °C, according to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further analysis by XPS and Hg-TPD (Temperature Programmed Desorption) revealed that oxidation by Cl∗ radicals and C-Cl as well as weak chemisorption contributed to the removal of Hg0. Eventually, this efficient, simply prepared, low-cost and easily separable biochar distinguished itself in comparison to other materials. This will undoubtedly promote the valorization of algae and provide a reliable alternative material for the treatment of coal-fired flue gas.

A neglected contributor of thermal hydrolysis to sludge anaerobic digestion: Fulvic acids release and their influences.

Fulvic acids (FAs) belong to inert organic matters in sewage sludge and their influences are often overlooked during convectional anaerobic digestion (AD). Currently, thermal hydrolysis (TH) has been widely applied on sludge pretreatment before AD processes, which makes FAs undergo drastic evolutions and aggressive to sludge AD. Results in the present study indicated that FAs concentration in the liquid was elevated by over incredible 150 folds during sludge TH, from 3.4 mg/L in raw sludge to 590.0 mg/L in hydrolyzed sludge at 180 °C. Moreover, during sludge TH, the chemical structures of FAs, including aromatic condensation degree, elemental composition and functional group, also underwent significant changes, which enhanced FAs electron transfer capability, reduced their biodegradability and promoted their roles on sludge AD. Furthermore, fortunately, the evolutions of FAs were favorable to sludge AD in general. Methane production could be promoted by about 20% under FAs concentration of 0.6 g/L, and the FAs extracted from hydrolyzed sludge presented higher promotion performances than that of the raw FAs, in which 180 °C FAs were particularly conspicuous. Furthermore, FAs evolutions would present differential influences on each phase of sludge AD, promotional to acidogenesis and methanogenesis but inhibitory to hydrolysis. Pearson correlation analysis indicated FAs influences on sludge AD, particularly the hydrolysis phase, were not only related to their concentration, but also chemical structure. The findings of this study demonstrated that FAs influences should not be negligible anymore during sludge AD with TH pretreatment. Meanwhile, since FAs promotion on sludge AD was closely related to their concentration and chemical structure, it would be significant to take FAs evolutions as auxiliary indexes for the regulations of sludge TH.

An All-Solid-State Battery Based on Sulfide and PEO Composite Electrolyte.

Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is considered as a vital approach to developing sulfur (S)-based cathodes. However, the polysulfides shuttle and the growth of lithium (Li) dendrites are still the major challenges in polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based electrolyte. Here, an all-solid-state Li metal battery with flexible PEO-Li10 Si0.3 PS6.7 Cl1.8 (LSPSCl)-C-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) composite cathode (FCC) and PEO-LSPSCl-LiTFSI composite electrolyte (S-CPE) is designed. The initial capacity of the Li|S-CPE|FCC battery is 414 mAh g-1 with 97.8% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 . Moreover, the battery displays remarkable capacity retention of 80% after 500 cycles at 0.4 A g-1 . Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) reveals rich large-sized Li2 CO3 particles at the Li/PEO interface blocking the Li+ transport, but the layer with rich Li2 O nanocrystals, amorphous LiF and Li2 S at the Li/S-CPE interface suppresses the growth of lithium dendrite and stabilizes the interface. In situ optical microscopy demonstrates that the excellent cyclic stability of FCC is ascribed to the reversible shuttle of P-S-P species, resulting from the movement of ether backbone in PEO. This study provides strategies to mitigate the polysulfide shuttle effect and Li dendrite formation in designing high energy density solid-state Li-S-based batteries.

Exploiting the Iron Difluoride Electrochemistry by Constructing Hierarchical Electron Pathways and Cathode Electrolyte Interface.

Conversion-type cathodes such as metal fluorides, especially FeF2 and FeF3 , are potential candidates to replace intercalation cathodes for the next generation of lithium ion batteries. However, the application of iron fluorides is impeded by their poor electronic conductivity, iron/fluorine dissolution, and unstable cathode electrolyte interfaces (CEIs). A facile route to fabricate a mechanical strong electrode with hierarchical electron pathways for FeF2 nanoparticles is reported here. The FeF2 /Li cell demonstrates remarkable cycle performances with a capacity of 300 mAh g-1 after a record long 4500 cycles at 1C. Meanwhile, a record stable high area capacity of over 6 mAh cm-2 is achieved. Furthermore, ultra-high rate capabilities at 20C and 6C for electrodes with low and high mass loading, respectively, are attained. Advanced electron microscopy reveals the formation of stable CEIs. The results demonstrate that the construction of viable electronic connections and favorable CEIs are the key to boost the electrochemical performances of FeF2 cathode.