Copper(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective Asymmetric Addition of 1,4-Pentadiene to Ketones.

By using commercially available 1,4-pentadiene as a pronucleophile, a copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective asymmetric allylation of ketones is achieved. A variety of chiral tertiary alcohols bearing a terminal (Z)-1,3-diene unit are generated in high (Z)/(E) ratio and high enantioselectivity. Both aromatic ketones and aliphatic ketones serve as suitable substrates. Furthermore, the reactions with (E)-C1(alkyl)-1,4-dienes proceed in moderate yields with acceptable enantioselectivity but with low (Z,E)/others ratio, which demonstrates the partial isomerization of (E)-allylcopper(I) species to (Z)-allylcopper(I) species through 1,3-migration. Subsequent Heck reaction and olefin metathesis compensate for the low efficiency with C1-1,4-dienes. The synthetic utility of the product is further demonstrated by a copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective borylation of the 1,3-diene group.

Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Substitution with Copper(I) Homoenolates Generated from Cyclopropanols.

By using copper(I) homoenolates as nucleophiles, which are generated through the ring-opening of 1-substituted cyclopropane-1-ols, a catalytic asymmetric allylic substitution with allyl phosphates is achieved in high to excellent yields with high enantioselectivity. Both 1-substituted cyclopropane-1-ols and allylic phosphates enjoy broad substrate scopes. Remarkably, various functional groups, such as ether, ester, tosylate, imide, alcohol, nitro, and carbamate are well tolerated. Moreover, the present method is nicely extended to the asymmetric construction of quaternary carbon centers. Some control experiments argue against a radical-based reaction mechanism and a catalytic cycle based on a two-electron process is proposed. Finally, the synthetic utilities of the product are showcased by means of the transformations of the terminal olefin group and the ketone group.

Knowledge mapping of alternative splicing of cancer from 2012 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis.

Background: As a processing method of RNA precursors, alternative splicing (AS) is critical to normal cellular activities. Aberrant AS events are associated with cancer development and can be promising targets to treat cancer. However, no detailed and unbiased study describes the current state of AS of cancer research. We aim to measure and recognize the current state and trends of AS cancer research in this study. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was used to acquire the articles. Utilizing three bibliometric tools (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, R-bibliometrix), we were able to measure and recognize the influence and collaboration data of individual articles, journals, and co-citations. Analysis of co-occurrence and burst information helped us identify the trending research areas related to AS of cancer. Results: From 2012 to 2021, the total number of papers on AS of cancer published in 766 academic journals was 3,507, authored by 20,406 researchers in 405 institutions from 80 countries/regions. Research involving AS of cancer genes was primarily conducted in the United States and China; simultaneously, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University, and National Cancer Institute were the institutions with strong research capabilities. Scorilas Andreas is the scholar with the most publications, while the most co-citations were generated by Wang, Eric T. Plos One published the most papers on AS of cancer, while J Biol Chem was the most co-cited academic journal in this field. The results of keyword co-occurrence analysis can be divided into three types: molecular (P53, CD44, androgen receptor, srsf3, esrp1), pathological process (apoptosis, EMT, metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation), and disease (breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer). Conclusion: Research on AS of cancer has been increasing in intensity over the past decade. Current AS of cancer studies focused on the hallmarks of AS in cancer and AS signatures including diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Among them, the current trends are splicing factors regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other hallmarks, aberrant splicing events in tumors, and further mechanisms. These might give researchers interested in this field a forward-looking perspective and inform further research.

Overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer improved with an increase in second-line chemotherapy after gemcitabine-based therapy.

CONTEXT: In the last decade, gemcitabine-based regimen as first-line therapy has demonstrated low efficacy regarding overall survival benefit for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore a new strategy, such as an increased second-line chemotherapy rate, in order to improve overall survival. DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: The data in the literature on gemcitabine-based therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were collected by searching databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, and EBM Reviews (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews). Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between overall survival and second-line chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and residual survival. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials, involving 2,679 patients, were included in the present study. The results indicated that overall survival was positively correlated with a combination of chemotherapy, stage of disease and second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (r = 0.753; P = 0.003). Meanwhile median overall survival would be prolonged about 1.56 days if second-line chemotherapy was increased by 1% (t = 4.33; P = 0.001). Progression-free survival was not significantly correlated with second-line chemotherapy (r = 0.092; P = 0.701); in contrast, residual survival was positively correlated with second-line chemotherapy (r = 0.717; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that overall survival closely correlated to second-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer; more attention should be paid after first-line therapy which must be administered skillfully in order to improve overall survival, and this is worthy of further study.

[Chronic prostatitis with non-neurogenic detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: diagnosis and treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the features of chronic prostatitis with non-neurogenic detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (NNDSD) and the effects of pelvic floor biofeedback in the treatment of the disease. METHODS: We included in this study 113 male patients, aged 15 - 48 (mean 36) years and diagnosed as having chronic prostatitis for 1 -2 (mean 1.2) years based on such typical symptoms as frequent micturition, urgent micturition, voiding pain, difficult void, etc, that lasted over 3 months, and the score > or = 1 on the first and second parts of NIH-CPSI. Urethritis, interstitial cystitis, urethral stricture and neurogenic bladder were excluded. All the patients underwent urodynamic examinations for the uroflow curve, Q(max), Pdet. max and MUCP. Biofeedback was carried out for those with non-neurogenic detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, and the effects were evaluated at 10 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-one (18.6%) of the 113 cases were found to be NNDSD. Biofeedback treatment achieved obvious decreases in Q(max) (8.2 +/- 4.1), Pdet. max (125.1 +/- 75.3), MUP (124.3 +/- 23.3) and MUCP (101.5 +/- 43.6), as compared with 15.1 +/- 7.3, 86.3 +/- 54.2, 65.4 +/- 23.0 and 43.5 +/- 16.7 before the treatment (P < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between pre- and post-treatment scores on voiding pain (4.0 +/- 2.0 vs 2.2 +/- 1.7), urination (7.9 +/- 2.1 vs 2.2 +/- 1.9), life impact (9.6 +/- 2.7 vs 2.9 +/- 2.6) and total scores (21.7 +/- 4.8 vs 8.4 +/- 4.6) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chronic prostatitis patients with LUTS may have NNDSD, which is urodynamically characterized by low Q(max), high intra-bladder pressure and increased urethral pressure in some patients. Urodynamic examinations may contribute to definite diagnosis and appropriate choice of treatment. Pelvic floor biofeedback has satisfactory short-term effects in the treatment of these patients.

[Clinical features and minimally invasive treatment of prostatic utricle cyst].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods and minimally invasive treatment of prostatic utricle cyst. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 9 cases of prostatic utricle cyst, of whom 5 presented with frequent or urgent micturition, 3 with difficult urination or thinning urinary stream, and the other 1 with hemospermia. All the cases underwent ultrasonography and MRI. Transurethral cyst deroofing was performed for 3 of the patients with smaller cysts close to the prostatic urethra, and laparoscopic excision of the prostatic utricle was conducted for the other 6 with bigger cysts behind the prostatic urethra. RESULTS: The duration of transurethral cyst deroofing ranged from 30 to 50 min and intraoperative bleeding was 20 -70 ml; the mean time of laparoscopic excision of the prostatic utricle was 100 - 150 min and intraoperative bleeding was 30 -50 ml. All the patients were followed up for 3 - 12 months, which revealed normal penile erection and ejaculation, and no urinary tract irritation or difficult urination. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography and MRI are excellent imaging modalities for accurate depiction of prostatic utricle cyst. Transurethral cyst deroofing is valuable for prostatic utricle cyst close to the prostatic urethra. Laparoscopic excision of the prostatic utricle, owing to its safety, effectiveness, minimal invasiveness, fewer complications and rapid recovery, can be used as the first option for the treatment of prostatic utricle cyst.

Prostate androgen-regulated gene: a novel potential target for androgen-independent prostate cancer therapy.

AIM: To investigate the involvement of the prostate androgen-regulated (PAR) gene in the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway and the malignant phenotype of androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells. METHODS: The difference in PAR expression between LNCaP and PC3 cells was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Androgen and anti-androgen effects on PAR expression were evaluated by RT-PCR in LNCaP, PC3 cells and PC3 cells stably transfected with vector containing wild-type AR. To determine the importance of PAR in the malignant proliferation of androgen-independent PCa cells, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection to knock down the expression of the gene in PC3 cells. The changes in the malignant phenotype of PCa cells after transfection were analyzed by cell count, colony formation in soft agar and flow cytometry. RESULTS: PAR expression was 3-fold higher in PC3 cells than that in LNCaP cells. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) regulated PAR mRNA expression in LNCaP cells and the effect was inhibited by the AR antagonist, flutamide. By contrast, DHT did not affect PAR expression in PC3 cells. The reintroduction of AR into PC3 cells by stable transfection restored the androgen effect on PAR upregulation. After the knockdown of the PAR gene by siRNA, PC3 cells exhibited a reversal of the malignant phenotype. CONCLUSION: Because of the possibility that PAR is downstream from the AR, and because of its contribution to malignant proliferation in androgen-independent PCa cells, the gene could be a potential therapeutic target for androgen-independent PCa with AR signaling pathway alteration.

[Effects of small interfering RNA magnetic nanoparticles combination with external magnetic fields on survivin gene expression of bladder cancer cells and apoptosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of the small interfering RNA plasmid-dextran magnetic nanoparticles (siRNA-DMN) combination with external magnetic fields on silencing survivin gene expression of bladder cancer cells and apoptosis when DMN used as gene carrier to transfer siRNA-survivin recombinant plasmid in vivo. METHODS: The siRNA-survivin recombinant plasmid specific targeted survivin was synthesized in previous experiment. DMN were prepared by chemical coprecipitation method and used as gene carrier. The siRNA-DMN were constructed by static electricity of polylysine and transferred into human bladder cancer BIU-87 cells with the help of external magnetic fields. The growth inhibiting rate (IR) of BIU-87 cells was observed by 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide's test and the apoptosis index (AI) was detected by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. The relatively transcription levels of survivin mRNA and protein expression were respectively detected by semi-quantitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western Blotting techniques. RESULTS: The diameter, effective diameter and saturation magnetization of DMN-siRNA were about 10 - 12 nm, 94.8 nm and 0.19 emu/g, respectively. The IR (39.60%) and AI (28.72%), the relative expression of survivin mRNA and protein of siRNA-DMN combination with external magnetic fields on BIU-87 cells were significantly higher and lower than those in the control group and single siRNA-DMN group, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The siRNA-survivin plasmid-DMN combination with external magnetic fields could effectively inhibit survivin expression and induce BIU-87 cells apoptosis which provided experimental basis for the magnetic targeting gene therapy of bladder tumor.

[Effects of different immunodepressants on the sperm parameters of kidney transplant recipients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different immunodepressants on the sperm parameters of kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: In 15 healthy fertile men and 37 kidney transplant recipients, ejaculates were aseptically obtained by masturbation. Thirty-seven patients were divided into two groups, 20 patients were treated with Prograf (FK506) combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and prednisone; 17 patients were treated with cyclosporine (CsA) combination with azathioprine with prednisone. The sperm viability, mobility parameters such as prorsad percentage motility, straight line velocity (VSL), curve line velocity (VCL), velocity of average path (VAP) and morph were estimated with a computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) provided with a multiple-exposure photography system. RESULTS: There were no significant difference in sperm viability rate [(81.7 +/- 5.7)%, (79.4 +/- 6.8)% and (83.8 +/- 6.0)%], VCL [(24.1 +/- 8.6)%, (23.9 +/- 4.4)%, (24.8 +/- 4.2)% ] and VAP [(19.7 +/- 6.6)%, (18.6 +/- 2.9)%, (21.0 +/- 4.0)%] among groups of FK506, CsA and control, respectively (P > 0.05). The rate of anomaly [(67.8 +/- 5.7)%], the prorsad percentage motility [(46.4 +/- 8.1)%] and VSL [(15.4 +/- 4.6)%] in the group of FK506 were respectively significantly lower and higher than those in the group of CsA [(80.1 +/- 5.6%, (33.3 +/- 6.4)%, (10.2 +/- 2.4)%] (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The application of FK506 combined with MMF could help recover the mobility and morphology of the sperm in kidney transplantation recipients.

[Expression of MUC1 and distribution of tumor-infiltrating dentritic cells in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study MUC1 expression and distribution of tumor-infiltrating dentritic cells (TIDCs) in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC). METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was employed to detect MUC1 expression and TIDC distribution in 69 surgical specimens of BTCC. MUC1 expression was also detected immunohistochemically in BIU-87, T-24 and drug-resistant BIU87/A cells. Flow cytometry was performed for determining the apoptosis rates of these 3 cells after a 48-hour treatment with adriamycin, vincristine and cisplatin, respectively. RESULTS: MUC1 expression was detected in the BTCC tissues of all stages and the immunohistochemical staining patterns were significantly associated with the pathological grade and clinical stage of the tumors (P<0.001). The number of TIDCs in the tumors was inversely correlated with tumor pathological grades and clinical stages (P<0.005). MUC1 expressed weakly in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of BIU-87 cells and T-24 cells, but strongly in the cytoplasm and membrane of BIU-87/A cells, showing significant differences between the drug-sensitive and -resistant cells (P<0.05). The apoptosis rates of BIU-87 cells and T-24 cells increased obviously after treatment with adriamycin, vincristine and cisplatin, but no significant differences were noted between the two cells or between the 3 drugs. The apoptosis rate of BIU87/A cells, however, exhibited no obvious increase after adriamycin or vincristine treatment, but showed significant increase in response to cisplatin treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression pattern of MUC1 and distribution of TIDCs can be useful markers to evaluate the degree of malignancy and prognosis of BTCC. The decrease in the number of TIDCs may have important relation to tumor immune evasion and immune tolerance, and MUC1 over-expression may lead to drug resistance of BTCC, indicating its involvement in tumor infiltration and metastasis.

[Value of quantitative examination of urine MUC1 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of quantitative examination of MUC 1 in the urine of patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC). METHODS: Urine samples were obtained from 31 patients with BTCC for quantification of MUC 1 content by immunoradiometric analysis. The urine samples were also examined in 10 patients with cystitis glandularis, 10 with benign urine disease and 10 healthy volunteers. The differences in urine MUC1 content were statistically measured between the groups, between cancer patients of different clinical stages and classes, between primary and recurrent cancer patients, and between measurements taken before and after operation. RESULTS: Urine MUC 1 was detected in all the patients. No significant differences were found between the groups, nor between patients with BTCC in all stages (P>0.05), or between primary and recurrent cancer patients (P>0.05). But MUC 1 contents showed significant difference before and after the operation in the cancer patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urine MUC 1 can not serve as the marker to screen and diagnose BTCC, but it can be useful in therapeutic effect and prognostic evaluation. Specific oncogene markers are more significant than oncogene phenotype markers in clinical diagnosis and screen of BTCC.

[Chronic prostatitis related sexual dysfunction and its psychologic treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between sexual dysfunction and chronic prostatitis and investigate the effect of psychologic treatment. METHODS: A total number of 346 patients with chronic prostatitis complicated by sexual dysfunction were randomized into two groups, one treated with routine medication (antibiotic, indomethacin, alpha1 receptor blocker and Chinese traditional medicine), and the other with both routine medication and psychologic treatment. Results were analyzed by comparing NIH-CPSI and IIEF-5 between pre- and post-treatment groups. RESULTS: The prostatitis symptoms and sexual dysfunction were improved obviously after treatment in the two groups, but compared with the control, more marked improvement was observed in the combined psychologic treatment group (P <0.01). The degree of chronic prostatitis related sexual dysfunction was not correlated with that of prostatitis symptoms. CONCLUSION: Psychology plays a very important role in chronic prostatitis related sexual dysfunction. Psychologic treatment not only works on the sexual dysfunction, but also improves prostatitis symptoms.

[Effect of photodynamic therapy with metalloporphyrin compound on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the new water-soluble metalloporphyrin compound on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro and the anticancer mechanism of PDT. METHODS: The new water-soluble manganese, 5,10,15, 20-tetra (N-methyl4-pyridyl) porphinato (2-) tetraiodide salt, was synthesized. The PC-3 cells were treated with the compound of serial concentrations(0, 0.1, 1, 1.0 micromol/L) followed by irradiation of different dosages of visible light. The techniques of MTT and Annexin-V/propidium iodide double-labeled flow cytometry (FCM) were applied to measuring the inhibitory effect of the compound on the growth activity and apoptosis of the cells. RESULTS: When the metalloporphyrin compound concentration was within 10 micromol/L and the irradiation time was within 30 min, the water-soluble metalloporphyrin compound had a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of PC-3 cells and induced PC-3 cell apoptosis, and the effects depended greatly on metalloporphyrin concentration and illumination dosages. Higher concentrations and dosages induced the death of the majority of PC-3 cells. CONCLUSION: The PDT of the water-soluble metalloporphyrin compound followed by light irradiation has a distinctive killing effect on PC-3 cells in vitro, and the rates of proliferation inhibition and cell apoptosis are correlated with metalloporphyrin concentration and the dosages of light irradiation. The results suggest that the mechanism of metalloporphyrin PDT may be involved with the induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.

MicroRNA­197 reverses the drug resistance of fluorouracil­induced SGC7901 cells by targeting mitogen­activated protein kinase 1.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non­coding RNA molecules, which serve an important function in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer through the post­transcriptional regulation of gene expression and RNA silencing. In the present study, the functional effects of miR­197 were analyzed in chemo­resistant gastric cancer cells. Low expression levels of miR­197 were observed in the fluorouracil (5­FU)­resistant gastric cell line SGC7901/5­FU when compared with those in the parental gastric cell line SGC7901. Overexpression of miR­197 in SGC7901/5­FU cells was identified to partially restore 5­FU sensitivity. miRNA target prediction algorithms suggested that mitogen­activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is a candidate target gene for miR­197. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR­197 led to silencing of the MAPK1 gene by recognizing and then specifically binding to the predicted site of the MAPK1 mRNA 3'­untranslated region. When miR­197 was overexpressed in SGC7901 cells, the protein levels of MAPK1 were downregulated. Furthermore, MAPK1 knockdown significantly increased the growth inhibition rate of the SGC7901/5­FU cells compared with those in the control group. These results indicated that miR­197 may influence the sensitivity of 5­FU treatment in a gastric cancer cell line by targeting MAPK1.

[The effects of the active constituents of Alisma orientalis on renal stone formation and bikunin expression in rat urolithiasis model].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the active constituents of Alisma orientalis on the expression of bikunin mRNA in rat urolithiasis model, and explore the mechanism of this traditional Chinese medicine on prevention of urinary calculi. METHODS: Modern phytochemistry and bioactivity guided isolation techniques were applied to extract the active constituents of Alisma orientalis. Hyperoxaluria and the renal oxalate calcium stone formation were induced in rats by infusion into the stomach with 1% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride. 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups of 10 rats: control group, infused into the stomach with running water; stone-forming group, infused into the stomach with 1% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride so as to make into renal oxalate calcium stone model; and group of Alisma orientalis, infused into the stomach with 2% ammonium chloride and the constituents of Alisma orientalis. Four weeks after the rats were killed and their kidneys were taken out. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used to examine the bikunin mRNA expression levels in the rat renal tissues. The calcium oxalate deposits in the kidneys were detected by microscopy. The serum creatinnine and blood urea nitrogen levels, renal tissue calcium content, 24 h urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were also detected. RESULTS: In the group administered with the active constituents of Alisma orientalis, calcium oxalate deposits in the kidney, serum creatinnine and blood urea nitrogen levels, the bikunin mRNA expression levels, renal tissue calcium content and 24 h urinary calcium excretion were all significantly lower than those in the model group (the bikunin mRNA expression levels: 0.53 +/- 0.17 vs 0.71 +/- 0.25, P < 0.05; renal tissue calcium content: 4.70 mg/g +/- 0.08 mg/g vs 9.49 mg/g +/- 0.45 mg/g, P < 0.01; 24 h urinary calcium excretion: 37 micromol +/- 2 micromol vs 62 micromol +/- 2 micromol, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The active constituents of Alisma orientalis can down-regulate the bikunin mRNA expression, decrease the calcium oxalate formation in rat kidney, and inhibit the renal stone formation in rat urolithiasis model.

[NF-kappa B and prostatic adenocarcinoma].

Nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a multipolar nuclear transcription factor, and adjusts many gene expressions concerned with immunization, apoptosis, inflammation, neoplasia and metastasis. Recently, NF-kappa B has become a kind of hot spot in the studies of neoplasia, infiltration, metastasis and drug resistance. NF-kappa B can serve as an ideal target molecular approach to the promising gene therapy. This article reviews recent advances in studies on the structure and function of NF-kappa B, and the relationship between NF-kappa B and prostatic adenocarcinoma infiltration, metastasis and tactics of gene therapy.

[Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on rabbits 'testes with varicocele].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of male infertility caused by varicocele by evaluating the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy on the testicular tissue morphology and function of rabbit model with varicocele(VC). METHODS: Twenty-four mature male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: pseudo-operation, VC model and VC model administered by HBO. Experimental varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left "lumbotesticular" trunk vein in rabbits. HBO was administered to one of the two groups of VC model rabbits after the operation. Weight and volume of both testes, parameters of seminal fluid, histological changes of testicular tissues, MTDs, TFI, and Sertoli cell index (SI) of seminiferous tubules were studied. RESULTS: The average weight and volume of the left testes significantly increased in the rabbits treated by HBO. The semen quality was improved, and MTDs increased significantly compared with VC group(P < 0.0001). The testicular tissue morphology became nearly normal in VC + HBO group. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Both the structure and spermatogenetic function of testes can be damaged by the presence of varicocele; 2. Chronic ischemia, anoxia and microcircular dysfunction may be the key process and essential factor that make varicocele contributive to testicular damage and spermatogenetic dysfunction; 3. HBO can effectively alleviate, even eliminate, chronic ischemia, anoxia and microcircular dysfunction in testicular tissues with varicocele, and thus protect the structure and functions of testes.

[Tumor infiltrating dendritic cells and Mucin1 gene expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of Mucin1 gene and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells(TIDC) in the tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. METHODS: Mucin1 and TIDC were detected in 20 specimens of BPH and 30 specimens of prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry SP method. RESULTS: MUC1 expressed in both prostate cancer and BPH. The staining patterns were significantly associated with tumor pathological grade (P < 0.001). The number of TIDC was negatively correlated with tumor pathological grade, the higher the grade, the smaller the number of TIDC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The expression pattern of MUC1 and the number of TIDC could be considered as useful markers to evaluate the malignant degree and prognosis of prostate cancer. The decrease of TIDC plays an important role in tumor immune evasion and immune tolerance. Highly expressed MUC1 could lead to the failure of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer, and contribute much to tumor infiltration and metastasis.

[An experimental study of effect of different extracts of Alisma orientalis on urinary calcium oxalate stones formation in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of different extracts of Alisma orientalis on urinary calcium oxalate stone formation in rats and to identify the effective constituents. METHOD: Different extracts were administered through a stomach tube to rats of different groups with renal calcium oxalate stones induced by ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC). RESULT: In the rats administered with ethyl acetate elution of ethyl acetate extract, blood Cr, BUN, renal tissue calcium content, urinary calcium excretion and crystals deposition in renal tissue were significantly lower than those of the stone formation group. CONCLUSION: The ethyl acetate elution of ethyl acetate fraction extract of Alisma orientalis can significantly inhibit urinary calcium oxalate stone formation in rats and be the most effective constituent of Alisma orientalis.

[Indirect comparison of different adjuvant chemotherapies for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients].

OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy of different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients. METHODS: Associated literatures were searched through electronic databases and hand-searching. Prospective randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing adjuvant chemotherapy after D2 gastrectomy with surgery alone were included in the study. Overall survival and disease-free survival were chosen as the endpoints. Relative hazard was analyzed by Bucher adjusted indirect comparison. RESULTS: Two RCTs were selected, including comparison between S-1 versus surgery alone and comparison between XELOX versus surgery alone. There was no statistical difference in overall survival between the two regimens (HR=0.94, 95%CI:0.62-1.44, P=0.79). The recurrence risk of S-1 was slightly higher as compared to XELOX, but no statistical difference was found (HR=1.11, 95%CI:0.80-1.53, P=0.54). CONCLUSION: The adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 is similar to XELOX for stage II-III gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy in Asian patients.