Effects of Inorganic Salts on the Phase Separation of Partially Miscible Solutes.

Partially miscible solutions with a lower critical solution temperature have promising applications in the field of physical chemistry. To better guide the utilization of these solutions in practice, we conduct an in-depth study about the phase separation behavior of the solution added with inorganic salts. The addition of the inorganic salts into the solution is found to consequently reduce the phase separation temperature. The variation of concentrations of inorganic salts does not notably affect the mass fraction of the separation. Moreover, the addition of inorganic salts in the solutions at lower mass fractions improves the separation mass fraction, while the addition of inorganic salts decreases the separation mass fraction at the mass fractions above 30%. It sheds light on selecting the proper mass fractions and inorganic salt concentrations. Furthermore, we explore the phase separation behavior of mixed solutions under different inorganic salt additions by means of a high-speed camera. The phase separation behavior under different inorganic salt systems shows a similar trend. However, calcium ions and Fe3+ ions in the solutions can greatly decrease the rate of droplet coalescence and result in an increase in phase separation. For better regulating the solutions with a lower critical solution temperature through inorganic salts, sodium chloride or potassium chloride is recommended with an appropriate concentration.

Electrooxidative 1,3-Oxo/Carboamination of Arylcyclopropanes.

Herein, the work demonstrates an electrochemically paired electrolysis approach facilitating the efficient achievement of the electrooxidative 1,3-oxo/carboamination of arylcyclopropanes under mild conditions. The formation of 1,3-arylamination of arylcyclopropanes involves commercially available amine redox mediators through a radical-radical process. In addition, the successful execution of ß-amino ketones also occurs under atmospheric conditions. The control experiments supported the existence of key benzylic radical intermediates in the reaction pathway.

Animal models of hepatitis E infection: Advances and challenges.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Although most of HEV infections are asymptomatic, some patients will develop the symptoms, especially pregnant women, the elderly, and patients with preexisting liver diseases, who often experience anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal pain, and jaundice. HEV infection may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. In addition, HEV infection can also cause several extrahepatic manifestations. HEV exists in a wide range of hosts in nature and can be transmitted across species. Hence, animals susceptible to HEV can be used as models. The establishment of animal models is of great significance for studying HEV transmission, clinical symptoms, extrahepatic manifestations, and therapeutic strategies, which will help us understand the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hepatitis E. This review summarized the animal models of HEV, including pigs, monkeys, rabbits, mice, rats, and other animals. For each animal species, we provided a concise summary of the HEV genotypes that they can be infected with, the cross-species transmission pathways, as well as their role in studying extrahepatic manifestations, prevention, and treatment of HEV infection. The advantages and disadvantages of these animal models were also emphasized. This review offers new perspectives to enhance the current understanding of the research landscape surrounding HEV animal models.

Phosphorylation of Oligopeptides: Design of Ultra-Hydrophilic Zwitterionic Peptides for Anti-Fouling Detection of Nucleic Acids in Saliva.

The construction of low-fouling biosensors for assaying biomarkers in complex biological samples remains a challenge, and the key limitation is the lack of effective anti-fouling materials. Inspired by the biomimetic process of protein phosphorylation, we herein designed a new phosphorylated peptide modified with the dihydrogen phosphate (-PO4H2) group, which significantly increased the hydrophilicity and anti-fouling capability of the peptide when compared with natural and normal peptides. Molecular simulation (MS) illustrated that, compared with the -COOH and -NH2 groups, the -PO4H2 group formed the most numbers of hydrogen bonds and stronger hydrogen bonds with water molecules. As a result, the PO4H2-oligopeptide was proved by MS to be able to attract the greatest number of water molecules, so as to form a compact layer of H2O to resist further adsorption of nonspecific biomolecules. The modification of electrodes with the designed PO4H2-oligopeptides, in addition to the adoption of neutral peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as the sensing probes, ensured the fabrication of anti-fouling electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting nucleic acids in complex saliva. The constructed anti-fouling biosensor was able to detect the nucleic acid of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in undiluted saliva, with a wide linear response range (0.01 pM-0.01 µM) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.4 fM (S/N = 3). The phosphorylation of oligopeptides offers an effective strategy to designing ultra-hydrophilic peptides suitable for the construction of promising anti-biofouling biosensors and bioelectronics.

Atomistic Insights into the Effect of Functional Groups on the Adsorption of Water by Activated Carbon for Heat Energy Storage.

Adsorption heat storage holds great promise for solar energy applications. The development of new adsorbent materials is currently the research focus in this area. The present work designs several activated carbon models with different functional groups, including -OH, -NH2, -COOH, and -SO3H, and explores the influence of functional groups' categories and numbers on the water adsorption capacity of the activated carbon using the GCMC method. The adsorption mechanism between functional groups and water molecules is analyzed using density functional theory. The results show that the functional groups could significantly improve the water adsorption capacity of activated carbon due to the hydrogen bond between functional groups and water molecules. In the scope of this paper, under low pressure, the activated carbon with -SO3H exhibits the best adsorption capacity, followed by the activated carbon with -COOH. Under low and medium pressure, increasing the number of -SO3H functional groups could increase the water adsorption capacity; however, when the pressure is high, increasing the functional group numbers might decrease the water adsorption capacity. As the temperature increases, the water adsorption capacity of activated carbons decreases, and the activated carbon with -SO3H is proven to have excellent application prospects in heat energy storage.

Sugemalimab versus placebo after concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced, unresectable, stage III non-small-cell lung cancer in China (GEMSTONE-301): interim results of a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cannot either tolerate or access concurrent chemoradiotherapy, so sequential chemoradiotherapy is commonly used. We assessed the efficacy and safety of sugemalimab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in patients with stage III NSCLC whose disease had not progressed after concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: GEMSTONE-301 is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in patients with locally advanced, unresectable, stage III NSCLC, done at 50 hospitals or academic research centres in China. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 who had not progressed after concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy. We randomly assigned patients (2:1, using an interactive voice-web response system) to receive sugemalimab 1200 mg or matching placebo, intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 24 months. Stratification factors were ECOG performance status, previous chemoradiotherapy, and total radiotherapy dose. The investigators, trial coordination staff, patients, and study sponsor were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival as assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR) in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of assigned study treatment. The study has completed enrolment and the results of a preplanned analysis of the primary endpoint are reported here. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03728556. FINDINGS: Between Aug 30, 2018 and Dec 30, 2020, we screened 564 patients of whom 381 were eligible. Study treatment was received by all patients randomly assigned to sugemalimab (n=255) and to placebo (n=126). At data cutoff (March 8, 2021), median follow-up was 14·3 months (IQR 6·4-19·4) for patients in the sugemalimab group and 13·7 months (7·1-18·4) for patients in the placebo group. Progression-free survival assessed by BICR was significantly longer with sugemalimab than with placebo (median 9·0 months [95% CI 8·1-14·1] vs 5·8 months [95% CI 4·2-6·6]; stratified hazard ratio 0·64 [95% CI 0·48-0·85], p=0·0026). Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 22 (9%) of 255 patients in the sugemalimab group versus seven (6%) of 126 patients in the placebo group, the most common being pneumonitis or immune-mediated pneumonitis (seven [3%] of 255 patients in the sugemalimab group vs one [<1%] of 126 in the placebo group). Treatment-related serious adverse events occurred in 38 (15%) patients in the sugemalimab group and 12 (10%) in the placebo group. Treatment-related deaths were reported in four (2%) of 255 patients (pneumonia in two patients, pneumonia with immune-mediated pneumonitis in one patient, and acute hepatic failure in one patient) in the sugemalimab group and none in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Sugemalimab after definitive concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy could be an effective consolidation therapy for patients with stage III NSCLC whose disease has not progressed after sequential or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm this conclusion. FUNDING: CStone Pharmaceuticals and the National Key Research and Development Program of China. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Targeting choroidal vascular dysfunction via inhibition of circRNA-FoxO1 for prevention and management of myopic pathology.

Myopia has become a global public health problem due to high prevalence. Although the etiological factors of myopia have been gradually recognized, the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. Choroidal vascular dysfunction is recognized as a critical vision-threatening complication in myopia. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are shown as the critical regulators in many biological processes and human diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of circRNAs in choroidal vascular dysfunction in myopia. The level of circFoxO1 was significantly upregulated in myopic choroid. circFoxO1 silencing suppressed choroidal endothelial cell viability, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro and alleviated choroidal vascular dysfunction in vivo and ex vivo. circFoxO1 silencing retarded the progression of myopia as shown by reduced extracellular matrix remodeling and improved refractive error and axial elongation. Mechanistically, circFoxO1 acted as the sponge of miR-145 to sequester and inhibit miR-145 activity, thereby inducing VEGFA or ANGPT2 expression. miR-145 could mimic the effects of circFoxO1 silencing on choroidal endothelial phenotypes. Collectively, intervention of choroidal vascular dysfunction via regulating circFoxO1 level is a potential strategy for the prevention and management of myopia.

Effects of Bedaquiline on Antimicrobial Activity and Cytokine Secretion of Macrophages Infected with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains.

Background: Bedaquiline (Bdq) exerts bactericidal effects against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, including multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MDR-MTBs). However, few reported investigations exist regarding Bdq effects on MDR-MTBs-infected macrophages activities and cytokine secretion. Here, Bdq bactericidal activities against MDR-MTBs and related cellular immune mechanisms were explored. Methods: Macrophages infected with MDR-MTBs or H37Rv received Bdq treatments (4 h/8 h/24 h/48 h) at 1 × the minimum inhibitory concentration (1 × MIC), 10 × MIC and 20 × MIC. Intracellular colony-forming units (CFUs) and culture supernatant IL-12/23 p40, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined using the Luminex® 200TM system. Normally distributed continuous data (mean ± standard deviation) were analyzed using t-test or F-test (SPSS 25.0, P < 0.05 deemed statistically significant). Results: (1) 100% of Bdq-treated macrophages (all doses applied over 4-48 h) survived with 0% inhibition of proliferation observed. (2) Intracellular CFUs of Bdq-treated MDR-MTBs-infected macrophages decreased over 4-48 h of treatment, were lower than preadministration and control CFUs, decreased with increasing Bdq dose, and resembled H37Rv-infected group CFUs (48 h). (3) For MDR-MTBs-infected macrophages (various Bdq doses), IL-12/23 p40 levels resembled preadministration group levels and exceeded controls (4 h); TNF-α levels exceeded preadministration group levels (24 h/48 h) and controls (24 h); IL-12/23 p40 and TNF-α levels resembled H37Rv-infected group levels (4 h/8 h/24 h/48 h); IL-6 levels exceeded preadministration and H37Rv-infected group levels (24 h/48 h) and controls (24 h); IL-10 levels resembled preadministration and H37Rv-infected group levels (4 h/8 h/24 h/48 h) and were lower than controls (24 h/48 h); IL-12/23 p40 and IL-10 levels remained unchanged as intracellular CFUs changed, with IL-12/23 p40 levels exceeding controls (4 h) and IL-10 levels remaining lower than controls (24 h/48 h); TNF-α and IL-6 levels increased as intracellular CFUs decreased (24 h/48 h) and exceed controls (24 h). Conclusion: Bdq was strongly bactericidal against intracellular MDR-MTBs and H37Rv in a time-dependent, concentration-dependent manner. Bdq potentially exerted immunomodulatory effects by inducing high-level Th1 cytokine expression (IL-12/23 p40, TNF-α) and low-level Th2 cytokine expression (IL-10).

Predicting the effective thermal conductivity of unfrozen soils with various water contents based on artificial neural network.

The effective thermal conductivity of soils is a crucial parameter for many applications such as geothermal engineering, environmental science, and agriculture and engineering. However, it is pretty challenging to accurately determine it due to soils' complex structure and components. In the present study, the influences of different parameters, including silt content (msi), sand content (msa), clay content (mcl), quartz content (mqu), porosity, and water content on the effective thermal conductivity of soils, were firstly analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Then different artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed based on the 465 groups of thermal conductivity of unfrozen soils collected from the literature to predict the effective thermal conductivity of soils. Results reveal that the parameters ofmsi,msa,mcl, andmquhave a relatively slight influence on the effective thermal conductivity of soils compared to the water content and porosity. Although the ANN model with six parameters has the highest accuracy, the ANN model with two input parameters (porosity and water content) could predict the effective thermal conductivity well with acceptable accuracy andR2= 0.940. Finally, a correlation of the effective thermal conductivity for different soils was proposed based on the large number of results predicted by the two input parameters ANN-based model. This correlation has proved to have a higher accuracy without assumptions and uncertain parameters when compared to several commonly used existing models.

Role of METTL3-Dependent N6-Methyladenosine mRNA Modification in the Promotion of Angiogenesis.

Epigenetic alterations occur in many physiological and pathological processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. However, the role of m6A modification in pathological angiogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we showed that the level of m6A modification was significantly upregulated in endothelial cells and mouse retinas following hypoxic stress, which was caused by increased METTL3 levels. METTL3 silencing or METTL3 overexpression altered endothelial cell viability, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. METTL3 knockout in vivo decreased avascular area and pathological neovascular tufts in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model and inhibited alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization. Mechanistically, METTL3 exerted its angiogenic role by regulating Wnt signaling through the m6A modification of target genes (e.g., LRP6 and dishevelled 1 [DVL1]). METTL3 enhanced the translation of LRP6 and DVL1 in an YTH m6A RNA-binding protein 1 (YTHDF1)-dependent manner. Collectively, this study suggests that METTL3-mediated m6A modification is an important hypoxic stress-response mechanism. The targeting of m6A through its writer enzyme METTL3 is a promising strategy for the treatment of angiogenic diseases.

Causal effect between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol as risk factors for chronic kidney disease: a mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: While observational studies show an association between serum lipid levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD), intervention studies that examine the preventive effects of serum lipid levels on the development of CKD are lacking. METHODS: To estimate the role of serum lipid levels in the etiology of CKD, we conducted a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study on serum lipid levels. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were significantly associated genome-wide with serum lipid levels from the GLGC and CKDGen consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS), including total cholesterol (TC, n = 187,365), triglyceride (TG, n = 177,861), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C, n = 187,167), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C, n = 173,082), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1, n = 20,687), apolipoprotein B (ApoB, n = 20,690) and CKD (n = 117,165), were used as instrumental variables. None of the lipid-related SNPs was associated with CKD (all P > 0.05). RESULTS: MR analysis genetically predicted the causal effect between TC/HDL-C and CKD. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of TC within CKD was 0.756 (0.579 to 0.933) (P = 0.002), and HDL-C was 0.85 (0.687 to 1.012) (P = 0.049). No causal effects between TG, LDL-C- ApoA1, ApoB and CKD were observed. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that TC and HDL-C were significantly associated with CKD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this MR study indicate causal effects between TC, HDL-C and CKD. Decreased TC and elevated HDL-C may reduce the incidence of CKD but need to be further confirmed by using a genetic and environmental approach.

Selective C-F Bond Allylation of Trifluoromethylalkenes.

Selective C-F bond functionalization of CF3 group represents an appealing strategy for the incorporation of pharmaceutically privileged difluoromethylene moiety. Despite the recent significant advancement attained in the functionalization of Ar-CF3 molecules, prescriptions amenable for alkenyl-CF3 congeners remain sufficiently inadequate. Herein, we report a strategically novel protocol for the C-F bond elaboration of trifluoromethylalkene derivatives. By using readily available allyl metallics as nucleophilic coupling partner, the present reaction enables an expedient construction of structurally diversified CF2 -bridged 1,5-dienes. Furthermore, the exquisite selectivity observed in this transformation is revealed to be based on the underlying mechanism that consists of a cascade of nucleophilic SN 2' defluorinative allylation and electronically promoted Cope rearrangement.

Acid-sensing ion channel 1a mediates acid-induced pyroptosis through calpain-2/calcineurin pathway in rat articular chondrocytes.

The pyroptosis is a causative agent of rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic autoimmune disease merged with degenerative articular cartilage. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of extracellular acidosis on chondrocyte pyroptosis is largely unclear. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) belong to an extracellular H+ -activated cation channel family. Accumulating evidence has highlighted activation of ASICs induced by extracellular acidosis upregulate calpain and calcineurin expression in arthritis. In the present study, to investigate the expression and the role of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), calpain, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in regulating acid-induced articular chondrocyte pyroptosis, primary rat articular chondrocytes were subjected to different pH, different time, and different treatments with or without ASIC1a, calpain-2, and calcineurin, respectively. Initially, the research results showed that extracellular acidosis-induced the protein expression of ASIC1a in a pH- and time-dependent manner, and the messenger RNA and protein expressions of calpain, calcineurin, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1 were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of ASIC1a, calpain-2, or calcineurin, respectively, could decrease the cell death accompanied with the decreased interleukin-1ß level, and the decreased expression of ASIC1a, calpain-2, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. Taken together, these results indicated the activation of ASIC1a induced by extracellular acidosis could trigger pyroptosis of rat articular chondrocytes, the mechanism of which might partly be involved with the activation of calpain-2/calcineurin pathway.

Validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in Tripterygium wilfordii.

Validation of suitable reference genes is critical in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Suitable and reliable reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data are characterized by high gene expression stability across tissues and different experimental conditions. This study evaluated the gene expression stability of ten reference genes commonly used in Arabidopsis thaliana for their suitability in qRT-PCR analysis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. The orthologous sequences of these ten candidate genes were identified from T. wilfordii transcriptomic data (Project No. SRX472292). Five algorithms including GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder were used to assess the gene expression stability of these putative reference genes in different plant tissues and different stress conditions. The results identified ACTINT7 and TBP as the most suitable reference genes across all samples. The gene expressions of TwHMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, KU246037.1) and of TwDXR (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, KJ174341.1) were investigated to validate the suitability of the reference genes. The validation analysis confirmed the suitability of ACTINT7 and TBP as the best reference genes for elucidating secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway in T. wilfordii. In summary, this study identified the most suitable and reliable reference genes for future qRT-PCR- based studies in T. wilfordii.

Novel hypolipidemic conjugates of fatty acid and bile acid with lysine for linkage.

Novel fatty acid-bile acid conjugates (1a-1k) were designed and synthesized by coupling of the fatty acids to the 3-OH of bile acids using lysine for linkage. In the conjugates, the 24-COOH of the bile acids was kept intact to preserve liver-specific recognition. The ability of the newly synthesized conjugates (at 100 mg/kg dosage) to reduce total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) was evaluated. Conjugates of stearic acid with cholic acid and palmitic acid with ursodeoxycholic acid (at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were further evaluated to determine their ability to reduce aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), TC, and TG levels in mice fed with HFD. All conjugates showed potent hypolipidemic activity. Further investigation revealed that compounds 1c and 1 g not only dose-dependently reduced serum levels of TC and TG, but also inhibited the elevation of serum AST and ALT levels in mice fed with HFD. Thus, compounds 1c and 1 g are promising hypolipidemic agents with hepatocyte protective effects against HFD-induced liver damage.

Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Terpenoids from Resina Commiphora.

Four new compounds including two new sesquiterpenoid dimers, commiphoroids E (1) and F (2), a new triterpenoid (3), and a new sesquiterpenoid (4), along with three known terpenoids (5-7) were isolated from Resina Commiphora, whose structures were identified by NMR spectra, HRESIMS, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 both bear an O-bridge ring and feature a plausible [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Antimycobacterial activities show that all the tested compounds (200 µM) could inhibit the growth of both sensitive and clinically multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolated strains. In addition, cellular toxicity of the isolates against human cancer cells and THP-1 monocyte cells was examined.

Intermolecular Carboamination of Unactivated Alkenes.

Herein, we report the first example of group transfer radical addition of O-vinylhydroxylamine derivatives onto unactivated alkenes. By utilizing O-vinylhydroxylamine derivatives as both the N- and C-donors, this reaction enables intermolecular carboamination of unactivated alkenes in an atom economical fashion. As the process is initiated through N-radical addition followed by C-transfer, linear carboamination products are afforded. This differs from canonical radical carbofunctionalization of olefins, which typically favors branched product owing to initiation by C-radical addition.

Necrostatin-1 ameliorates adjuvant arthritis rat articular chondrocyte injury via inhibiting ASIC1a-mediated necroptosis.

Necroptosis, a necrotic cell death pathway regulated by receptor interacting protein (RIP) 1 and 3, plays a key role in pathophysiological processes, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, whether necroptosis is involved in RA articular cartilage damage processes remain unclear. The aim of present study was to investigate the dynamic changes in arthritic chondrocyte necroptosis and the effect of RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) inhibitor amiloride on arthritic cartilage injury and acid-induced chondrocyte necroptosis. Our results demonstrated that the expression of RIP1, RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein phosphorylation (p-MLKL) were increased in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat articular cartilage in vivo and acid-induced chondrocytes in vitro. High co-expression of ASIC1a and RIP1 showed in AA rat articular cartilage. Moreover, Nec-1 and amiloride could reduce articular cartilage damage and necroinflammation in AA rats. In addition, acid-induced increase in necroptosis markers RIP1/RIP3 were inhibited by Nec-1, ASIC1a-specific blocker psalmotoxin-1 (PcTx-1) or ASIC1a-short hairpin RNA respectively, which revealed that necroptosis is triggered in acid-induced chondrocytes and mediated by ASIC1a. These findings indicated that blocking ASIC1a-mediated chondrocyte necroptosis may provide potential therapeutic strategies for RA treatment.

4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate induced leukemia cell differentiation by decreasing eIF6.

4-Amino-2-Trifluoromethyl-Phenyl Retinate (ATPR), an all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) derivative, possesses the ability to relief several carcinoma. Here, we explored the potential molecular mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6) in ATPR-induced leukemia cell differentiation. Our research showed that ATPR could inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell differentiation in several leukemia cell lines. Besides, ATPR remarkably reduced the expression of eIF6 in vitro. Interestingly, the reduction of eIF6 contributed to restraining proliferation of K562 cells by inhibiting CyclinD1, C-myc and blocking cell cycle, as well as promoting differentiation of K562 cells by increasing the expression of C/EBPε, cell surface antigen CD11b and inducing renal-shrinkage of nuclear. Furthermore, the over-expression of eIF6 restrained the effects of ATPR on cell proliferation and maturation in K562 cells. In Addition, Notch1/CBF-1 signal activated by Chrysin could increase expression of eIF6 and restrain the differentiation in ATPR-induced K562 cells. Taken together, all above results indicated that ATPR induced differentiation of leukemia cells by decreasing eIF6 through Notch1/CBF-1 signal, which might exert an innovative treatment for leukemia.

A MDR transporter contributes to the different extracellular production of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids between adventitious root and hairy root liquid cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.

KEY MESSAGE: TwMDR1 transports sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, wilforine and wilforgine, into the hairy roots of T. wilfordii Hook.f. resulting in low secretion ratio of alkaloids. Hairy roots (HRs) exhibit high growth rate and biochemical and genetic stability. However, varying secondary metabolites in HR liquid cultures mainly remain in root tissues, and this condition may affect cell growth and cause inconvenience in downstream extraction. Studies pay less attention to adventitious root (AR) liquid cultures though release ratio of some metabolites in AR liquid cultures is significantly higher than that of HR. In Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., release ratio of wilforine in AR liquid cultures reached 92.75 and 13.32% in HR on day 15 of culture. To explore potential roles of transporters in this phenomenon, we cloned and functionally identified a multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter, TwMDR1, which shows high expression levels in HRs and is correlated to transmembrane transportation of alkaloids. Nicotiana tabacum cells with overexpressed TwMDR1 efficiently transported wilforine and wilforgine in an inward direction. To further prove the feasibility of genetically engineered TwMDR1 and improve alkaloid production, we performed a transient RNAi experiment on TwMDR1 in T. wilfordii Hook.f. suspension cells. Results indicated that release ratios of wilforine and wilforgine increased by 1.94- and 1.64-folds compared with that of the control group, respectively. This study provides bases for future studies that aim at increasing secretion ratios of alkaloids in root liquid cultures in vitro.