3D printed guide-assisted percutaneous screw fixation for minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures with delayed diagnosis or presentation.

OBJECTIVES: To Investigate the value of 3D printed guide-assisted percutaneous management of minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures(Herbert's B2) with delayed diagnosis or presentation. METHODS: From October 2018 to February 2022, 10 patients with established delayed diagnoses and presentation of minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures were treated with 3D printed guides assisted with percutaneous internal fixation without bone grafting. This technique was based on the patient's preoperative CT and imported into the software. Based on Boolean subtraction, the most centralized screw placement position was identified and a customized guide was produced. Intraoperative percutaneous insertion of the guide wire was assisted by the custom guide. RESULTS: All 10 patients were successful in one attempt. The fractures healed at a mean of 7.7 weeks postoperatively (range 6-10 weeks). At a mean follow-up of 7.7 months (6-13 months), patients had excellent recovery of wrist function with minimal pain reduction. There were no major postoperative complications and the patients all returned to their previous activities before the injury. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous internal fixation based on 3D printed guides is a safe and effective technique for delayed diagnosis or presentation of patients with minimally displaced fractures of the scaphoid waist. This method allows for easy insertion of screws and avoids multiple attempts.

Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Screw Guided by 3-Dimensional-Printed Guide for the Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of percutaneous fixation of minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures using a 3-dimensional-printed guide in 10 cases. METHODS: Fractures were examined using preoperative computed tomography. The skin interface and bone models were reconstructed using computed tomography data. Guidewire insertion was assisted by a guide. Computed tomography was performed 4-6 weeks after surgery until healing of the fracture was confirmed. The mean follow-up period was 7 months (range, 6-9 months). The fracture healing time, grip strength, flexion-extension arc, patient-rated wrist evaluation, and Mayo wrist score were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 6 hands were in the dominant limb. The mean operation time was 41 minutes (range, 32-70 minutes). Three (30%) scaphoids healed at 6 weeks after surgery, 8 (80%) scaphoids healed at 8 weeks after surgery, and 100% scaphoids healed at 12 weeks after surgery. After correcting for hand dominance, the mean grip strength was 84% (range, 71% to 95%) of that of the contralateral side. The flexion-extension arc was 97% (range, 82% to 100%) of that of the contralateral side. The mean Mayo wrist score was 95 (range, 85-100), and pain decreased to minimal levels. All patients returned to their preinjury activities. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional printing is an effective and feasible technology that can help guide intraoperative processes. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic V.

Limb-Salvage Outcomes of Arterial Repair Beyond Time Limit at Different Lower-Extremity Injury Sites.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of revascularization exceeding 12 h after arterial injury at different sites of the lower extremity. MATERIAL AND METHODS From January 2009 to April 2017, 58 patients with 58 lower-limb arterial injuries who underwent revascularization over 12 h after trauma were included in our study. Outcomes measured, including mortality, amputation, complications, and other parameters (gait, length discrepancy, the range of movement of the knee and ankle joint, and muscle wasting) were analyzed. RESULTS External iliac artery injury (EIAI) or femoral artery injury (FAI) was affected in 4 patients, superficial femoral artery injury (SFAI) in 18, and popliteal artery injury (PAI) (including proximal gastrocnemius muscle vascular (PGMV) and proximal gastrocnemius muscle vascular [PGMV]) in 36. The median time of arterial injury was 72 h (interquartile range, 59.5). No mortality was found. Amputations were performed in 16 patients due to non-viable limbs, progressing infection, or muscle necrosis. All patients were followed up (median, 52 months; interquartile range, 5.5). Of the 42 limb-salvage patients, most had a limp, muscle wasting, or ankle and knee dysfunctions, and 26 patients with knee or ankle dysfunction underwent secondary surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although limited recanalization of blood vessels may lead to limb complications or amputations over time, the high success rate of limb salvage still merits the surgeon's best efforts.

miR-877-5p alleviates chondrocyte dysfunction in osteoarthritis models via repressing FOXM1.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate whether forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), as a putative target of miR-877-5p, participated in interleukin (IL)-1ß-induced cartilage degeneration in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) models in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In vitro and in vivo models of OA were established using IL-1ß treated primary mouse chondrocytes and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) operation in mice. miR-877-5p mimics or agomir-miR-877-5p were used as therapeutic agents in both in vitro and in vivo models of OA. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using cell counting kit-8 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, respectively. A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to measure gene and protein expression, respectively. RESULTS: FOXM1 was up-regulated in IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes and the proximal tibia of ACLT-operated mice. Bioinformatics algorithms deduced a highly conserved sequence in the 3'-UTR of FOXM1 that could be bound with miR-877-5p. A luciferase assay indicated that miR-877-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of FOXM1. Overexpression of miR-877-5p could reduce protein expression of FOXM1 in chondrocytes. Concurrently, IL-1ß-evoked up-regulation of FOXM1 protein expression was neutralized in chondrocytes following transfection with miR-877-5p mimics. miR-877-5p mimics or agomir-miR-887-5p could inhibit IL-1ß-induced inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo models of OA. miR-877-5p might have beneficial effects on the synthesis of cartilage matrix via the promotion of SRY-box transcription factor 9 and type II collagen expression and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. CONCLUSIONS: miR-877-5p can improve chondrocyte function in both in vivo and in vitro models of OA, based on post-transcriptional repression of FOXM1 as a postulated molecular mechanism.

Over-expression of SlJA2 decreased heat tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants via salicylic acid pathway.

KEY MESSAGE: Over-expression of SlJA2 decreased the accumulation of SA, which resulted in significant physiological and gene expression changes in transgenic tobacco plants, leading to the decreased heat tolerance of transgenic tobacco. NAC family, the largest transcription factors in plants, responses to different environmental stimuli. Here, we isolated a typical NAC transcription factor (SlJA2) from tomato and got transgenic tobacco with SlJA2 over-expression. Expression of SlJA2 was induced by heat stress (42 °C), chilling stress (4 °C), drought stress, osmotic stress, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. Over-expression of SlJA2 decreased the accumulation of salicylic acid by regulating expression of salicylic acid degradation gene under heat stress. Compared to WT plants, stomatal apertures and water loss increased in transgenic plants, and the damage of photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll breakdown were more serious in transgenic plants under heat stress. Meanwhile, more H2O2 and O2·- were accumulated transgenic plants and proline synthesis was restricted, which resulted in more serious oxidative damage compared to WT. qRT-PCR analysis showed that over-expression of SlJA2 could down-regulate genes involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging, proline biosynthesis, and response to heat stress. All the above results indicated that SlJA2 may be a negative regulator responded to plant's heat tolerance. Thus, this study provides new insight into roles of NAC family member in plant response to abiotic stress.

The Relationship Between Gene Polymorphism of Leptin and Leptin Receptor and Growth Hormone Deficiency.

BACKGROUND Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a major cause of congenital short stature. GHD patients have significantly decreased serum leptin levels, which are regulated by gene polymorphism of leptin and leptin receptor. This study thus investigated the relationship between gene polymorphism and susceptibility to GHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS A case-control study was performed using 180 GHD children in addition to 160 healthy controls. After the extraction of whole genomic DNA, the genotypes of leptin and leptin receptor gene loci were analyzed by sequencing for single-nucleotide polymorphism. RESULTS The frequency distribution of all alleles identified in leptin gene (loci rs7799039) and leptin receptor gene (loci rs1137100 and rs1137101) fit Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a significant difference in allele frequency at loci rs7799039 or rs1137101, as individuals with heterozygous GA allele had lower (rs7799039) or higher (rs1137101) GHD risk. No significant difference in allele frequency was discovered at loci rs1137100 (p>0.05), which was unrelated to GHD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Gene polymorphism of leptin (loci rs7799039) and leptin receptor (loci rs1137101) are correlated with GHD susceptibility.

Plant RNA-binding proteins: Phase separation dynamics and functional mechanisms underlying plant development and stress responses.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) accompany RNA from synthesis to decay, mediating every aspect of RNA metabolism and impacting diverse cellular and developmental processes in eukaryotes. Many RBPs undergo phase separation along with their bound RNA to form and function in dynamic membraneless biomolecular condensates for spatiotemporal coordination or regulation of RNA metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that phase-separating RBPs with RNA-binding domains and intrinsically disordered regions play important roles in plant development and stress adaptation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about how dynamic partitioning of RBPs into condensates controls plant development and enables sensing of experimental changes to confer growth plasticity under stress conditions, with a focus on the dynamics and functional mechanisms of RBP-rich nuclear condensates and cytoplasmic granules in mediating RNA metabolism. We also discuss roles of multiple factors, such as environmental signals, protein modifications, and N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation, in modulating the phase separation behaviors of RBPs, and highlight the prospects and challenges for future research on phase-separating RBPs in crops.

Vacuum assisted closure therapy for treatment of complex wounds in replanted extremities.

The object of this study was to compare the outcomes of the vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy and conventional wound care with dressing change for treatment of complex wounds in patients with replantation of amputated upper and lower extremities. Data of 43 patients with replantation of amputated extremities from May 2004 to December 2011 were reviewed. There were 18 wounds of 18 patients with replantation, which were treated by dressing change and 26 wounds of 25 patients by VAC therapy. The outcomes were evaluated by the survival rate of replanted extremities, growth of granulation tissue, interval between wound treatment and secondary procedure and eventual secondary wound coverage methods. Vascular thromboses were found in 3 patients with wound treatment by dressing change and 5 by VAC. All replants of two groups of patients survived after salvage procedures. The wound score was 3.6 ± 0.7 in the conventional dressing change group and 5.8 ± 0.7 in the VAC group at the sixth day after treatment, respectively. The intervals between wound treatment and secondary wound coverage procedure were 12.0 ± 1.7 days in the dressing change group and 6.1 ± 0.7 days in the VAC group. Flaps were applied for wound coverage in 9 out of 18 (50.0%) wounds in the dressing change group and 5 out of 26 (19.2%) in the VAC group (P < 0.05), when the wounds of rest of patients were covered by the skin graft. The results showed that VAC could promote the growth of granulation tissue of wound, decrease the need of flap for wound coverage, and did not change the survival of replantation.

Rapamycin Plays an Anti-Epileptic Role by Restoring Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, Balancing T Cell Subsets and Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Rapamycin (RAP), as a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has a certain antiepileptic effect. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), neuroinflammation, lymphocyte immune cells, and neuronal apoptosis play an obligatory role in the course of a seizure. The aim of this study is to probe whether the antiepileptic mechanism of RAP involves the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, lymphocytes, and neuronal apoptosis. METHODS: First, we established a rat epilepsy model by injecting lithium chloride and pilocarpine into the rats (intraperitoneal injection). Then the epileptic rats were treated with different doses of RAP (1 mg/kg.d, 2 mg/kg.d, 4 mg/kg.d). Peripheral blood, brain tissue, and temporal lobe tissue were collected. The levels of blood-brain barrier-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of RAP on T cell subsets in epileptic rats was analyzed by flow cytometry. The apoptosis of neurons and glial cells in the temporal lobe of rats was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: This study found that RAP reduces the levels of BBB-interrelated proteins (matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) in epileptic rats compared to the model group (p < 0.05). RAP increases the level of total T cells (CD3+CD45+) and T helper cells (CD3+CD4+), decreases the level of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+), and inhibits the apoptosis of neurons and glial cells in the temporal lobe compared to the model group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The antiepileptic mechanism of RAP may be to restore BBB dysfunction, reduce the inflammatory response, balance T cell subsets, and inhibit neuronal and glial cell apoptosis in temporal lobe epilepsy lesions.

[Effect of chorioamnionitis on brain injury in preterm infants].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between chorioamnionitis and brain injury in preterm infants. METHODS: A total of 88 preterm infants (28-34 weeks), who were born between June 2008 and June 2011, were divided into a case group (n=41) and a control group (n=47) according to whether or not they had chorioamnionitis. All the infants were examined by brain ultrasonography periodically after birth and underwent brain diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) between 3 and 7 days after birth. The two groups were compared in terms of the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and periventricular and intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the corrected gestational age of 40 weeks. RESULTS: There was statistical significance in the incidence of PVL between the case and the control groups (32% vs 6%; P<0.05), but no significant difference in the incidence of PVH-IVH between the two groups (27% vs 23%; P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chorioamnionitis is associated with brain injury in preterm infants, increasing the incidence of PVL but having little influence over the incidence of PVH-IVH.

Extraosseous osteochondroma of superficial fascia layer of the heel: A case report and review of literature.

RATIONALE: Osteochondroma is a common benign bone tumor consisting of cartilage-covered bone confluent with the medullary canal of the epiphysis. Extraosseous osteochondroma shares the same appearance and histologic features as a typical osteochondroma but does not have any attachment to surrounding bone structures. Because of its low incidence, extraosseous osteochondroma is uncommon in clinical workups and thus prone to misdiagnosis. The diagnosis of extraosseous osteochondroma should be considered when there is a well-defined bony mass in the soft tissue with no direct continuity with the adjacent bone or joint. Here, we present a case of an imaging diagnosis of "calcified bursitis in the subcutaneous superficial fascial layer" and a postoperative pathological diagnosis of "extraosseous osteochondroma." PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient was a 61-year-old man who had a right plantar heel mass for 2 years and recently visited the hospital because of discomfort in shoes. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with pathological examination. INTERVENTIONS: After completing the relevant preoperative examination and preoperative preparation and excluding contraindications to surgery, surgery was performed under nerve block anesthesia. OUTCOMES: We performed surgical resection, and the patient did not have obvious discomfort when discharged from the hospital. Auxiliary examination showed no abnormalities. LESSONS: For foot tumors, we need to consider the possibility of extraosseous osteochondroma. After completing the auxiliary examination, we should determine the relationship between the tumor and its surrounding tissues and blood supply before surgery to avoid causing major trauma.

Molecular Epidemiology of Blastocystis in Confined Slow Lorises, Macaques, and Gibbons.

Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal anaerobic parasite infecting non-human primates and many other animals. This taxon threatens the health of NHPs due to its high genetic diversity, impeding efforts to improve confined management and subsequent conservation practices. This study collected 100 and 154 fecal samples from captive macaques, gibbons, and slow lorises in the summer and winter, respectively. The Blastocystis infection, its gene subtypes, and its zoonotic potential based on small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) were analyzed. The prevalence of Blastocystis in the three primate genera was 57.79% (89/154) in the summer (2021) and 29.00% (29/100) in the winter (2020). Four zoonotic subtypes-ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST4-were identified. ST2 was the most prevalent subtype, suggesting that these animals may serve as reservoirs for pathogens of human Blastocystis infections. The macaques showed a more significant variation in Blastocystis infection between seasons than gibbons and slow lorises. The slow lorises in small cages and enclosure areas were potentially more infected by Blastocystis in the summer, indicating that inappropriate captive management may have detrimental effects on their health.

Liquid-liquid phase separation of RBGD2/4 is required for heat stress resistance in Arabidopsis.

As sessile organisms, plants are highly sensitive to environmental stresses. In response to stresses, globally repressed translation initiation leads to stress granule (SG) formation. Protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) contributes to SG formation, but a direct link between protein LLPS and stress resistance has not yet been found in plants. Here, we report that two RNA-binding proteins, RBGD2 and RBGD4, function redundantly to improve heat resistance in Arabidopsis. RBGD2 and RBGD4 undergo LLPS in vitro and condense into heat-induced SGs in vivo via tyrosine residue array (TRA). Importantly, disrupting LLPS by mutating TRA abolishes RBGD2/4 condensation in SGs and impairs their protective function against heat stress (HS). Further study found that upon HS, the RBGD2/4 interaction network expands with additional SG proteins and heat-responsive mRNA. Our work shows a mechanistic basis that underlies protein LLPS in HS response in plants and suggests manipulation of protein LLPS as a general strategy to improve plant stress resistance.

NEAT1/miR-146a-3p/TrkB/ShcB axis regulates the development and function of chondrocyte.

The current study aimed to explored the regulatory effect of Tropomyosin-related kinases B (TrkB) in the development and function of chondrocyte. Correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and osteoarthritis (OA) were analyzed. The expressions of TrkA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), TrkB, Src homolog and collagen homolog B (ShcB), and ShcC in OA cartilage tissue and IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes from normal cartilage were determined by Western blot/qRT-PCR. After manipulating the expressions of TrkA, shTrkB, ShcB, miR-146a-3p and nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), the differentiation-related molecules, and apoptosis-related molecules were examined by Western blot/qRT-PCR, and migration, invasion, proliferation, tube formation, and apoptosis rate in IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocyte were examined by scratch, Transwell, colony formation, and tube formation, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Bioinformatics, dual-luciferase and Spearman were used to analyze the binding and correlation of target genes. The findings showed that OA was related to body mass Index (BMI). The expressions of TrkA, TrkB and ShcB and NEAT1 were up-regulated in OA and IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes, while miR-146a-3p was donwnregulated and was negatively correlated with TrkB or NEAT1. NEAT1 competed with TrkB in chondrocytes for miR-146a-3p binding. ShTrkB reversed the decrease in expressions of differentiation-related molecules, migration, invasion and proliferation, and the increase in ShcB expression and tube formation, of IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes. Overexpressed ShcB reversed effect of shTrkB on the functions of IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes. MiR-146a-3p inhibitor reversed effects of shTrkB on the function and apoptosis-related molecules on IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes, while NEAT1 reversed role of miR-146a-3p. This paper demonstrated that NEAT1/miR-146a-3p/TrkB/ShcB axis regulates the development and function of chondrocyte.

Exhausting circ_0136474 and Restoring miR-766-3p Attenuate Chondrocyte Oxidative Injury in IL-1ß-Induced Osteoarthritis Progression Through Regulating DNMT3A.

Circular RNA circ_0136474 is a new contributor of human osteoarthritis (OA) by suppressing chondrocyte proliferation. However, its role and mechanism in OA chondrocyte injury remain ill defined. Herein, we performed real-time quantitative PCR to detect RNA expression of circ_0136474, microRNA (miR)-766-3p, and DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and utilized Western blotting to measure protein expression of DNMT3A, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), MMP13, collagen II, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Direct interaction between miR-766-3p and circ_0136474 or DNMT3A was confirmed by bioinformatics algorithms, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation. Functional experiments including cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and special assay kits were employed to measure oxidative injury in interleukin (IL)-1ß-induced OA-like chondrocytes. First, IL-1ß administration induced cell viability inhibition, collagen II suppression, and promotion of MMP1 and MMP13 in human chondrocyte CHON-001 cells. Expression of circ_0136474 and DNMT3A was upregulated, and miR-766-3p was downregulated in human OA cartilages and IL-1ß-induced CHON-001 cells. Functionally, both blocking circ_0136474 and upregulating miR-766-3p could rescue cell viability and levels of PCNA, Bcl-2, reduced glutathione (GSH), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and attenuate apoptosis rate and levels of Bax, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA). Mechanically, circ_0136474 served as miR-766-3p sponge to govern miR-766-3p-targeted DNMT3A expression. Accidently, restoring DNMT3A counteracted the miR-766-3p upregulation role, and silencing miR-766-3p weakened circ_0136474 knockdown effect in IL-1ß-induced CHON-001 cells. In conclusion, exhausting circ_0136474 could mitigate OA chondrocyte oxidative injury through regulating miR-766-3p/DNMT3A axis.

The preparation and cytocompatibility of injectable thermosensitive chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel.

In order to investigate the strength, structure and cell cytocompatibility of injectable thermosensitive chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite hydrogel, chitosan hydrochloride solution was transferred to a neutral pH and mixed with different proportions of PVA, then the gelation time and strength of these different hydrogels were tested and spatial structures were observed under a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after freeze-drying. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogels was evaluated through cytotoxicity test and three-dimensional culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The results showed that the CS/PVA solution kept in liquid state at low temperature (0-4 degrees C) and turned into transparent elastomer about 15-20 min at 37 degrees C. Gelation time was prolonged, the strength increased and porous structure became dense with the PVA content increased in the mixed hydrogel. The cytotoxicity grades of these gels were from 0 to 1. Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could survive and proliferate in the gel within 3 weeks, and the gel had good cytocompatibility. It was concluded that thermosensitive CS/PVA composite hydrogel not only has interpenetrating network structure and better mechanical strength, but also has good cytocompatibility, and may be used as an injectable scaffold for tissue engineering.

SlSGRL, a tomato SGR-like protein, promotes chlorophyll degradation downstream of the ABA signaling pathway.

Chlorophyll (chl) degradation plays a vital role during green plant growth and development, including nutrient metabolism, fruit and seed maturation, and phototoxic detoxification. STAY-GREEN (SGR) is a plant-specific regulator involved in chl degradation. Previous studies showed that SlSGR1 functioned in chl degradation and lycopene accumulation during fruit ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, little is known about SlSGR-LIKE (SlSGRL) gene, which is a homolog of SlSGR1. We cloned the SlSGRL gene and created transgenic tomato plants overexpressing (OE) SlSGRL. Expression analysis showed that SlSGRL was up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA). Our data showed that SlSGRL-OE lines exhibited earlier leaf yellowing than wild-type (WT) lines under ABA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed that SlSGRL interacted with pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (SlPPH) and light-harvesting complex a2 (SlLHCa2) to promote the chl degradation. Further analysis demonstrated that ABA-INSENSITIVE5 (SlABI5) and SlABI5-LIKE regulated SlSGRL expression by directly binding to the sequence (-611 to -582) of the SlSGRL promoter that included an ABRE cis-element. We proposed that SlSGRL, which was regulated by SlABI5/SlABI5-LIKE, mainly acted in ABA-induced chl degradation via interacting with SlPPH and SlLHCa2.

Three-Stage Masquelet Technique and One-Stage Reconstruction to Treat Foot and Ankle Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article was to report the feasibility and effectiveness of 3-stage Masquelet technique and 1-stage operation for different stages of foot and ankle tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with foot and ankle TB were retrospectively analyzed between January 2014 and December 2018. Five patients were treated with the 3-stage Masquelet technique, including thorough debridement with vacuum sealing drainage, implantation of antibiotic cement spacer, and subsequent reconstruction. Five patients were treated with a 1-stage reconstruction. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded at the last follow-up. The follow-up was 30.3 ± 17.8 months. RESULTS: No reactivation of TB was observed in any patients. For the 3-stage operation group, 1 patient developed a distal tibia fracture. The duration of anti-TB therapy was 12.0 ± 0.8 months. The AOFAS score increased from 39.5 ± 9.9 preoperatively to 75.3 ± 7.0 postoperatively (P < .05). The VAS pain score decreased from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 1.5 ± 1.3 (P < .05). For the 1-stage operation, 1 patient had wound necrosis. The duration of anti-TB therapy was 13.8 ± 1.1 months. The AOFAS score increased from 51.8 ± 15.0 to 81.8 ± 6.3 (P < .05). The VAS pain score decreased from 5.4 ± 1.1 to 1.0 ± 0.7 (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Three-stage operation was effective for foot and ankle TB with stage IV, sinus tracts or other infections, and 1-stage reconstruction was effective for early-stage TBs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

The Masquelet technique combined with the muscle flap for use in emergency management of acute Gustilo type III trauma of the lower limb with segmental bone loss:Case series.

BACKGROUND: Gustilo-Anderson type III traumas have been described as high-energy injuries with severe bone defects and extensive soft tissue damage, which remain a challenging entity, due to an inherent risk of infection, nonunion and even amputation. The emergency management of such severe trauma presents additional difficulties. Our study attempts to retrospectively evaluate the Masquelet technique combined with the muscle flap for the management of Gustilo type III trauma of the lower limb with segmental bone loss in emergencies and assess key points of success in this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From June 2014 to December 2017, 17 patients of Gustilo type IIIA/B/C trauma of lower limb with segmental bone loss, were recruited for our studies. All the cases experienced thorough debridement, stabilization of fracture and antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer insertion. When necessary, muscle flap surgeries were performed immediately. After wound healing, cement spacers were removed, and cancellous bone was filled to repair bone defects. Procedures were performed by two experienced orthopedic surgeons. RESULTS: Among the patients studied, retrograde translocations of the medial head of the gastrocnemius were performed in 5 cases, medial hemimuscular flaps of soleus in 3 cases, and medial head of the gastrocnemius combined with medial hemimuscular flaps of soleus in 4 cases. One patient developed a necrotic soleus flap and was treated with the cross-leg flap. Using a mean 28.2 months of follow-up, results were analyzed radiologically and clinically. Failures (include infection and nonunion) were not noted. And all the patients returned to full weight bearing without pain. According to the Paley fracture healing score, 15 patients showed excellent results and 2 patients displayed good results regarding bone outcomes. When considering functional outcomes, 14 patients exhibited excellent results and 3 patients displayed good results. CONCLUSIONS: The muscle flap is synergistic with the Masquelet technique in the emergency management of severe complex fractures. The combination of both techniques in emergency surgery demonstrates an alternative option for the treatment of acute Gustilo type III trauma of the lower limb with segmental bone loss, which can effectively prevent bone infection and amputation. We also demonstrate that firm fixation is key to the Masquelet technique.

[Treatment of osteosarcoma with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or in combination with doxorubicin in animal experiment].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and in combination with doxorubicin (ADM) to xenografted tumors in nude mice and to explore its potential mechanism. METHODS: MG-63 cells (5 x 10(6)/ml) were suspended in 0.2 ml RPMI-1640 and inoculated subcutaneously into the lower limb of nude mice. Treatment groups were given TRAIL of different concentration or combination of TRAIL and ADM intraperitoneally. Normal saline was administrated in the control group. Anti-tumor effects were estimated by tumor volumes. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was detected by ALP kits. Induction of apoptosis in xenografted tumors was confirmed by TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) assay. Expression of Bax was detected by immunohistochemical assay. Expression of TRAIL receptors was detected by RT-PCR assay. RESULTS: Growth curve of tumors indicated that tumors carried by TRAIL-treated mice grew more slowly than that with normal saline and 2 microg TRAIL was more effective, Also tumors treated with combination of TRAIL and ADM grew more slowly than any other group. ALP activities of each group were moderately different but significance was not reached. TUNEL showed that there were more apoptotic cells in the combination group than any other group. Immunohistochemical assay showed that expression of Bax was up-regulated in the combination group. RT-PCR showed that expression of TRAIL-R2 mRNA was up-regulated in the combination group. CONCLUSION: TRAIL can induce an effective apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in vivo in a dose-dependent fashion. ADM can enhance the effect of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. And up-regulations of Bax and TRAIL-R2 may be the involved mechanism.