Impact of skeletal muscle mass evaluating methods on severity of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in non-elderly adults.

The study aimed to explore the relationships of skeletal muscle mass with disease severity in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) patients with different methods. Consecutive subjects undergoing bioelectrical impedance analysis were included. The steatosis grade and liver fibrosis were evaluated by MRI-derived proton density fat fraction and two-dimensional shear wave elastography. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was adjusted by height2 (ASM/H2), weight (ASM/W) and BMI (ASM/BMI). Overall, 2223 subjects (50·5 %, MAFLD; 46·9 %, male) were included, with the mean age 37·4 ± 10·6 years. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the subjects with the lowest quartile (Q1) of ASM/W or ASM/BMI had higher risk ratios for MAFLD (OR (95 % CI) in male: 2·57 (1·35, 4·89), 2·11(1·22, 3·64); in female: 4·85 (2·33, 10·01), 4·81 (2·52, 9·16), all P < 0·05, all for Q1 v. Q4). The MAFLD patients with lower quartiles of ASM/W had the higher risk OR for insulin resistance (IR), both in male and female (2·14 (1·16, 3·97), 4·26 (1·29, 14·02) for Q4 v. Q1, both P < 0·05). While the significant OR were not observed when ASM/H2 and ASM/BMI were used. There were significant dose-dependent associations between decreased ASM/W as well as ASM/BMI and moderate-severe steatosis (2·85(1·54, 5·29), 1·90(1·09, 3·31), both P < 0·05) in male MAFLD patients. In conclusion, ASM/W is superior to ASM/H2 and ASM/BMI in predicting the degree of MAFLD. A lower ASM/W is associated with IR and moderate-severe steatosis in non-elderly male MAFLD.

Dietary Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that dietary one-carbon metabolism-related B-vitamins are associated with the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. However, only a few studies have assessed their associations in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the associations between the intake of three one-carbon metabolism-related B-vitamins (folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12) and CVD risk in Chinese patients with T2D. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study of 419 patients with T2D and newly diagnosed CVD and 419 age- (±5 years) and sex-matched T2D-only controls was carried out in China. A validated 79-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire administered in face-to-face interviews was used to measure dietary B-vitamin intake. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess associations, which were tested by estimating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for highest quartile were 0.32 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.52; p trend <0.001) for folate, 0.47 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.76; p trend = 0.002) for vitamin B6, and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.55; p trend = 0.841) for vitamin B12. Consistent inverse associations were found for folate intake from eggs, vegetables, fruits, soy, and other foods but not for folate intake from grains. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the high consumption of folate and vitamin B6, but not that of vitamin B12, might be associated with the low risk of CVD in patients with T2D. This study suggests that dietary folate and vitamin B6 protect against CVD in patients with T2D.

A diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from a case-control study in South China.

OBJECTIVE: Various foods are associated with or protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was to examine the associations of foods and food patterns with the risk of T2DM in South China. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The dietary patterns were identified by a principal components factor analysis. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the associations between food groups and dietary patterns and the risk of T2DM. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 384 patients with T2DM and 768 controls. RESULTS: After adjustment for total energy intake, the standard intake of grains (228·3 ± 71·9 v. 238·8 ± 73·1 g/d, P = 0·025) and fruits (109 ± 90 v. 145 ± 108 g/d, P < 0·001) were lower in T2DM than in controls. Four dietary patterns were identified: (1) high light-coloured vegetables and low grains, (2) high fruits, (3) high red meat and low grains and (4) high dark-coloured vegetable. After adjustment for covariables, multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses showed significant dose-dependent inverse associations between total fruit intake, whole grains intake and the score of the high-fruit dietary pattern (all Pfor trend < 0·001) and the risk of T2DM. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) for T2DM comparing the extreme quartiles were 0·46 (0·29, 0·76) for total fruits, 0·48(0·31, 0·77) for whole grains and 0·42 (0·26, 0·68) for the high-fruit dietary pattern, respectively. Similar associations were observed for all subgroups of fruits (dark-colour and light-colour). CONCLUSION: In South China, a diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with lower risk of T2DM.

Development and Feasibility of a Mobile Health-Supported Comprehensive Intervention Model (CIMmH) for Improving the Quality of Life of Patients With Esophageal Cancer After Esophagectomy: Prospective, Single-Arm, Nonrandomized Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with esophageal cancer often experience clinically relevant deterioration of quality of life (QOL) after esophagectomy owing to malnutrition, lack of physical exercise, and psychological symptoms. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a comprehensive intervention model using a mobile health system (CIMmH) in patients with esophageal cancer after esophagectomy. METHODS: Twenty patients with esophageal cancer undergoing the modified McKeown surgical procedure were invited to join the CIMmH program with both online and offline components for 12 weeks. The participants were assessed before surgery and again at 1 and 3 months after esophagectomy. QOL, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, nutrition, and physical fitness were measured. RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 16 (80%) completed the program. One month after esophagectomy, patients showed significant deterioration in overall QOL (P=.02), eating (P=.005), reflux (P=.04), and trouble with talking (P<.001). At the 3-month follow-up, except for pain (P=.02), difficulty with eating (P=.03), dry mouth (P=.04), and trouble with talking (P=.003), all other QOL dimensions returned to the preoperative level. There were significant reductions in weight (P<.001) and BMI (P=.02) throughout the study, and no significant changes were observed for physical fitness measured by change in the 6-minute walk distance between baseline and the 1-month follow-up (P=.22) or between baseline and the 3-month follow-up (P=.52). Depressive symptoms significantly increased 1 month after surgery (P<.001), while other psychological measures did not show relevant changes. Although there were declines in many measures 1 month after surgery, these were much improved at the 3-month follow-up, and the recovery was more profound and faster than with traditional rehabilitation programs. CONCLUSIONS: The CIMmH was feasible and safe and demonstrated encouraging efficacy testing with a control group for enhancing recovery after surgery among patients with esophageal cancer in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPR-1800019900); http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=32811.

Anticancer drug-loaded multifunctional nanoparticles to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy in lung cancer metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of chemotherapeutic drugs directly into the lungs augments the drug exposure to lung cancers. The inhalation of free drugs however results in over exposure and causes severe adverse effect to normal cells. In the present study, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-modified gelatin nanoparticles (EGNP) was developed to administer doxorubicin (DOX) to lung cancers. RESULTS: The EGNP released DOX in a sustained manner and effectively internalized in EGFR overexpressing A549 and H226 lung cancer cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that EGNP effectively inhibited the growth of A549 and H226 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo biocompatibility study showed that both GNP and EGNP did not activate the inflammatory response and had a low propensity to cause immune response. Additionally, EGNP maintained a high therapeutic concentration in lungs throughout up to 24 h comparing to that of free drug and GNP, implying the effect of ligand-targeted tumor delivery. Mice treated with EGNP remarkably suppressed the tumor growth (~90% tumor inhibition) with 100% mice survival rate. Furthermore, inhalation of EGNP resulted in elevated levels of cleaved caspase-3 (apoptotic marker), while MMP-9 level significantly reduced comparing to that of control group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results suggest that EGF surface-modified nanocarriers could be delivered to lungs via inhalation and controlled delivery of drugs in the lungs will greatly improve the therapeutic options in lung cancer therapy. This ligand-targeted nanoparticulate system could be promising for the lung cancer treatment.

Specific metabolic impairments indicate loss of sustained liver improvements in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease treatment.

Background: High liver fat content (LFC) induces increased risks of both hepatic and extrahepatic progression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), while maintaining a significant decline in magnetic resonance imaging-based proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) (≥30% decline relative to baseline) without worsening fibrosis results in improved histological severity and prognosis. However, the factors associated with the loss of sustained responses to treatment remain unclear, and we aim to identify them. Methods: Consecutive treatment-naïve MASLD patients between January 2015 and February 2022, with follow-up until April 2023, were included in this prospective cohort study. LFC quantified by MRI-PDFF and liver stiffness measurements (LSM) determined by two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) were evaluated at weeks 0, 24 and 48. MRI-PDFF response was defined as a ≥30% relative decline in PDFF values, and LSM response was defined as a ≥1 stage decline from baseline. Results: A total of 602 MASLD patients were enrolled. Of the 303 patients with a 24-week MRI-PDFF response and complete follow-up of 48 weeks, the rate of loss of MRI-PDFF response was 29.4%, and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that 24-week insulin resistance (IR), still regular exercise and caloric restriction after 24 weeks, and the relative decline in LFC were risk factors for loss of MRI-PDFF response. Loss of LSM response at 48 weeks occurred in 15.9% of patients, and multivariable analysis confirmed 24-week serum total bile acid (TBA) levels and the relative decline in TBA from baseline as independent predictors. No significant association was found at 48 weeks between loss of MRI-PDFF response and loss of LSM response. Conclusions: MASLD patients with IR and high TBA levels are at higher risks of subsequent diminished sustained improvements of steatosis and fibrosis, respectively.

Decoding polyphenol metabolism in patients with Crohn's disease: Insights from diet, gut microbiota, and metabolites.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease that can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The protective role of dietary polyphenols has been documented in preclinical models of CD. Gut microbiota mediates the metabolism of polyphenols and affects their bioactivity and physiological functions. However, it remains elusive the capacity of microbial polyphenol metabolism in CD patients and healthy controls (HCs) along with its correlation with polyphenols intake and polyphenol-derived metabolites. Thus, we aimed to decode polyphenol metabolism in CD patients through aspects of diet, gut microbiota, and metabolites. Dietary intake analysis revealed that CD patients exhibited decreased intake of polyphenols. Using metagenomic data from two independent clinical cohorts (FAH-SYSU and PRISM), we quantified abundance of polyphenol degradation associated bacteria and functional genes in CD and HCs and observed a lower capacity of flavonoids degradation in gut microbiota residing in CD patients. Furthermore, through analysis of serum metabolites and enterotypes in participants of FAH-SYSU cohort, we observed that CD patients exhibited reduced levels of serum hippuric acid (HA), one of polyphenol-derived metabolites. HA level was higher in healthier enterotypes (characterized by dominance of Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae, dominant by HCs) and positively correlated with multiple polyphenols intake and abundance of bacteria engaged in flavonoids degradation as well as short-chain fatty acid production, which could serve as a biomarker for effective polyphenol metabolism by the gut microbiota and a healthier gut microbial community structure. Overall, our findings provide a foundation for future work exploring the polyphenol-based or microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies in CD.

Treatment of obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease with a diet or orlistat: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Losing weight by lifestyle interventions is the first-line treatment for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) but is limited by low compliance. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the effects of orlistat or an experimental high-protein/lower-carbohydrate diet with a control diet in Asian patients with obesity and MAFLD. METHODS: A total of 118 Asian patients with obesity and MAFLD confirmed with MRI-based proton density fat fraction with Dixon sequence were enrolled and allocated to the control group, the orlistat group, or the experimental diet group for 24 wk. The primary endpoint was the relative change in liver fat content (LFC) assessed by MRI-based proton density fat fraction. RESULTS: A total of 118 subjects with obesity and MAFLD were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 39), the orlistat group (n = 40), or the experimental diet group (n = 39). All 3 groups demonstrated improvement in liver steatosis at wk 24. The absolute decrease in LFC in the orlistat group was 9.1% and 5.4% in the experimental diet group, both significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The relative reduction in LFC was 30.2% in the experimental diet group, which was significantly higher than the 12.2% observed in the control group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Orlistat and the experimental diet group reduced liver steatosis compared to the control group. This trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-1900027172). http://www.chictr.org.cn.

Restoring skeletal muscle mass as an independent determinant of liver fat deposition improvement in MAFLD.

AIMS: Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the association of skeletal muscle mass with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), while longitudinal data are scarce. We aimed to explore the impact of changes in relative skeletal muscle mass on the MAFLD treatment response. METHODS: MAFLD patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging-based proton density fat fraction for liver fat content (LFC) assessments and bioelectrical impedance analysis before and after treatment (orlistat, meal replacement, lifestyle modifications) were enrolled. Appendicular muscle mass (ASM) was adjusted by weight (ASM/W). RESULTS: Overall, 256 participants were recruited and divided into two groups: with an ASM/W increase (n=166) and without an ASM/W increase (n=90). There was a great reduction in LFC in the group with an ASM/W increase (16.9% versus 8.2%, P < 0.001). However, the change in LFC in the group without an ASM/W increase showed no significant difference (12.5% versus 15.0%, P > 0.05). △ASM/W Follow-up-Baseline [odds ratio (OR)=1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.07, P = 0.024] and △total fat mass (OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.12-1.87, P = 0.004) were independent predictors for steatosis improvement (relative reduction of LFC ≥ 30%). The subgroup analysis showed that, despite without weight loss, decrease in HOMA-IR (OR=6.21, 95% CI 1.28-30.13, P=0.023), △total fat mass Baseline -Follow-up (OR=3.48, 95% CI 1.95-6.21, P <0.001 and △ASM/W Follow-up-Baseline (OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.12-4.05, P=0.022) independently predicted steatosis improvement. CONCLUSIONS: ASM/W increase and loss of total fat mass benefit the resolution of liver steatosis, independent of weight loss for MAFLD.

Greater Adherence to Dietary Guidelines Associated with Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The evidence regarding the impact of the scores on healthy eating indices on the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. As such, in this study, we examined the associations of adherence to the Chinese and American dietary guidelines and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Chinese individuals with T2D. We conducted a 1:1 age- and sex-matched case−control study based on a Chinese population. We used a structured questionnaire and a validated 79-item food-frequency questionnaire to collect general information and dietary intake information, and calculated the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) and the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). As participants, we enrolled a total of 419 pairs of hospital-based CVD cases and controls, all of whom had T2D. We found a significant inverse association between diet quality scores on the CHEI and HEI-2015 and the risk of CVD. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per five-score increment were 0.68 (0.61, 0.76) in the CHEI and 0.60 (0.52, 0.70) in the HEI-2015. In stratified analyses, the protective associations remained significant in the subgroups of sex, BMI, smoking status, tea-drinking, hypertension state, dyslipidemia state, T2D duration, and medical nutrition therapy knowledge (all p < 0.05). These findings suggest that a higher CHEI or HEI-2015 score, representing a higher-quality diet relative to the most recent Chinese or American dietary guidelines, was associated with a decreased risk of CVD among Chinese patients with T2D.

Dietary inflammatory potential mediated gut microbiota and metabolite alterations in Crohn's disease: A fire-new perspective.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pro-inflammatory diet interacting with gut microbiome might trigger for Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and microflora/metabolites change and their link with CD. METHODS: The dietary inflammatory potential was assessed using a dietary inflammatory index (DII) based on the Food Frequency Questionnaire from 150 new-onset CD patients and 285 healthy controls (HCs). We selected 41 CD patients and 89 HCs who had not received medication for metagenomic and targeted metabolomic sequencing to profile their gut microbial composition as well as fecal and serum metabolites. DII scores were classified into quartiles to investigate associations among different variables. RESULTS: DII scores of CD patients were significantly higher than HCs (0.56 ± 1.20 vs 0.23 ± 1.02, p = 0.017). With adjustment for confounders, a higher DII score was significantly associated with higher risk of CD (OR: 1.420; 95% CI: 1.049, 1.923, p = 0.023). DII score also was positively correlated with disease activity (p = 0.001). Morganella morganii and Veillonella parvula were increased while Coprococcus eutactus was decreased in the pro-inflammatory diets group, as well as in CD. DII-related bacteria were associated with disease activity and inflammatory markers in CD patients. Among the metabolic change, pro-inflammatory diet induced metabolites change were largely involved in amino acid metabolic pathways that were also observed in CD. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-inflammatory diet might be associated with increased risk and disease activity of CD. Diet with high DII potentially involves in CD by mediating alterations in gut microbiota and metabolites.

The relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and blood lipids and C-reactive protein in Chinese adults: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). METHODS: The observational study consisted of a population-based cross-sectional study of 456 Chinese and a subsequent 1-year follow-up study of 171 subjects with the fasting plasma total cholesterol of 5.13-8.00 mmol/L. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional analysis, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) had a significant and negative association with the erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio (P for trend=0.019) after adjusting for sex, age and total PUFA percentage. In the follow-up study, 171 subjects were categorized into quartiles by the changes of n-6:n-3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane (Δ=month 12-month 0). In the top quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 increased by an average of 1.25 during the follow-up, the LDL-c-lowering extent was 3.3 times of that in the lowest quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 decreased by an average of 1.13 (-1.07 mmol/L v.s. -0.32 mmol/L). The hsCRP decreased by 0.11 mg/dL in the lowest quartile while increasing by 0.10 mg/dL in the top quartile (P for difference=0.052). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may optimize the cardiovascular benefits from dietary PUFAs.

Effects of daidzein and genistein on markers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with impaired glucose regulation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: soy protein and soy isoflavones have been suggested to be associated with improved cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lipid profiles and uric acid (UA)), but few studies have been conducted among women with impaired glucose regulation (IGR). This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated daidzein and genistein on lipid profiles, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and uric acid (UA) among Chinese women with IGR. METHODS AND RESULTS: this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 165 Chinese women aged 30-70 years with IGR. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 0 mg of daidzein and genistein with 10 g soy protein (placebo group), 50 mg of daidzein with 10 g soy protein (daidzein group), or 50 mg of genistein with 10 g soy protein (genistein group) supplementation for 24 weeks. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), lipoprotein a (LP (a)), hs-CRP, and UA were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks after intervention. The results showed no significant differences in the changes (%) of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, LP (a), hs-CRP, and UA between the three treatment groups at weeks 12 or 24 (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: neither isolated daidzein nor genistein had a significant effect on cardiovascular health in Chinese women with IGR.

Index-Based Dietary Patterns and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.

Diet is one of the most critical factors for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A whole dietary pattern should be considered when doing nutrient-based research to preserve the potential for synergism between nutrients. Dietary indices are important tools to evaluate diet quality, and we investigated the associations of it with IBD. Fourteen studies on the relation between index-based dietary patterns and IBD were included. 6 studies showed the relation between index-based dietary patterns and IBD risk, 7 studies explored the dietary indices and progression of IBD, and 1 study investigated the relationship between index and all-cause mortality in IBD patients. These results implied that a high score on the Mediterranean diet was negatively associated with risk and progression of IBD. However, a diet with high inflammatory potential could increase risk and aggravate disease activity in IBD. Dietary scores have the potential to evaluate the association between overall diet quality and risk and progression of IBD. Future randomized controlled trials are required to confirm the effect of the change in dietary score. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020220926.

Validation of an FFQ to estimate the intake of fatty acids using erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and multiple 3d dietary records.

OBJECTIVE: The estimation of dietary intake in population-based studies is often assessed by the FFQ. The objective of our study is to evaluate the validity of an FFQ used to assess dietary fatty acid intake among middle-aged Chinese adults in Southern China. DESIGN: The method of triads was applied to obtain the validity coefficients (VC) of the FFQ for specific fatty acids. A subsample was randomly selected from an earlier cross-sectional study. The FFQ and 3d dietary records were used for dietary assessment, and the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes was determined as the biomarker. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation coefficients between the FFQ and 3d dietary records were moderate to good (r = 0.28-0.66). The VC of the FFQ estimated by the method of triads were 0.72, 0.61, 0.65, 0.75 and 0.67 for MUFA, total n-6 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA, respectively. The VC could not be calculated for SFA, PUFA and total n-3 fatty acids because of negative correlations among the three measurements. But, the correlations between the FFQ and the dietary records were moderate for these fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: Our FFQ applied in Southern Chinese adults was valid to estimate their dietary fatty acid intake and was thus suitable for use in a large cohort study.

Effects of plant oils with different fatty acid composition on cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic Chinese adults: a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial.

OBJECTIVES: Plant oil for cooking typically provides 40% to 50% of dietary fat, 65% of linoleic acid, 44% of α-linolenic acid and 41% of oleic acid in the Chinese diet. However, the comparative effects of fatty acids derived from plant oil on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese are still inconclusive. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors are altered depending on various types of plant oils such as peanut oil rich in oleic acid, corn oil rich in linoleic acid, and blend oil fortified by α-linolenic acid. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. SETTING: The First and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 251 volunteers with fasting blood total cholesterol between 5.13 and 8.00 mmol L-1 were enrolled. INTERVENTION: Volunteers received peanut oil, corn oil or blend oil to use for cooking for one year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition, fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured before, during and after the intervention. The level of α-linolenic acid in erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased in the blend oil group after the intervention (P < 0.001). The level of other fatty acids did not show any statistically significant differences between the three groups. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of fasting plasma lipids, hsCRP, glucose, and insulin among the three groups using different types of plant oils. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although ingesting cooking oil with different fatty acid composition for one year could change erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions, it did not significantly modify cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic people.

Long-term treatment with metformin in the prevention of fatty liver in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with metformin, the biguanide of hepatic insulin sensitizer, in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported with contradictory findings regarding the effectiveness on blood lipids and liver histology. In this study, we aimed to explore the preventive effects of metformin on NAFLD in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS: Male ZDF rats and Zucker lean rats aged 4-8 weeks were subjected to vehicle or metformin treatment for 6 months. Liver cDNA microarray assay, and protein semiquantitative and histological examinations were performed. RESULTS: Data demonstrated that ZDF rats developed hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, liver deficiency and hepatocyte degeneration. The metformin treatment significantly reduced post-load blood glucose levels, but not blood lipid profiles or liver enzyme levels. Hepatocyte degeneration was not attenuated after the treatment. The metformin-treated ZDF rats showed activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by Western blot and overexpression of cytochrome c oxidase by immunofluorescent microscopy. Gene expression microarray assay demonstrated that a panel of genes participating in glucose and lipid metabolisms were changed in the ZDF rats, and most of the altered genes involved in glucose and cholesterol metabolisms, but not those in fatty acid metabolisms, were corrected by the metformin treatment. No genes associated with inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, or cell death were overexpressed in the metformin-treated ZDF rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that long-term metformin treatment presents no preventive effect for NAFLD in ZDF rats.

[Relation between dietary patterns and insulin resistance in 40-59 years old Guangzhou adults].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall diet quality of adults in Guangzhou and investigate whether adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents could help to reduce the risk of obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS: All 540 adults aged 40-59 years completed 3 consecutive 24-hour diet recalls. Diet quality were evaluated by using Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI) scoring and evaluating system. Anthropometric parameters, fast glucose and fast insulin were measured. Insulin resistance was defined as the highest quartile of the homeostasis model assessment scores. RESULTS: The DBI-Lower Bound Score (DBI-LBS), DBI-Higher Bound Score (DBI-HBS) and DBI-Diet Quality Distance (DBI-DQD) were 16.1-17.5, 7.6-8.2, 23.6-25.7 relatively. The intake of cereals, beans and dietary products were insufficient in the population, while the intake of animal food, salt and edible oils were excessive. Subjects in model A had a lower body mass index (BMI, P=0.022) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, P=0.001) than those in model E. Compared with model A, subjects in model E had greater odds ratio for insulin resistance (odds ratio: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.21, 7.67). CONCLUSION: The dietary structure of the residents in Guangzhou was relatively balanced and reasonable, but the problems such as inadequate food intake and excessive food intake still co-exist. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents could help to reduce the risk of insulin resistance.

[Study of effects of dietary fatty acids on the serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of dietary fatty acids on the serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. METHODS: All 297 residents with hypercholesterolemia were enrolled in Guangzhou. The dietary composition and the changes in serum lipid levels during the 6-month follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: (1) 297 subjects were enrolled and 281 subjects (88 male, 193 female) completed the 6-month follow-up. The serum TC concentration of the subjects was (6.09+/-0.68) mmol/L at baseline. (2) According to the percentage of energy from total fat, all of the subjects were divided into three groups, including total fat % en<25% (group I, 90 subjects), 25%-30% (group II, 97 subjects), >30% (group III, 94 subjects). The reduction of TC and LDL-C in group I and group II was greater than that in group III. (3) According to the percentage of energy from SFA, all of the subjects were divided into three groups, including SFA % en<7% (group I, 81 subjects), 7%-10% (group II, 129 subjects), >10% (group III, 71 subjects). The reduction of TC and LDL-C in group I and group II was greater than that in group III. (4) All of the subjects were divided into three groups, according to the percentage of energy from MUFA, including MUFA % en<10% (group I, 93 subjects), 10%-13% (group II, 106 subjects), >13% (group III, 82 subjects). The reduction of TC and LDL-C in group II was greater than that in group I and group III. (5) All of the subjects were divided into three groups according to the percentage of energy from PUFA, including PUFA % en<7% (88 subjects), 7%-9% (94 subjects), >9% (99 subjects). No significant difference was found among the reduction of serum lipids in the three groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary total fat % en

Daidzein and genistein fail to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Chinese women with impaired glucose regulation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

SCOPE: This randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effect of isolated daidzein and genistein on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in 165 Chinese women aged 30-70 with impaired glucose regulation (IGR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups with a daily dose of 10 g of soy protein plus (i) no addition, (ii) 50 mg of daidzein, or (iii) 50 mg of genistein for 24 wk. Fasting glucose (FG), insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), and glucose concentrations at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min and insulin concentrations at 30, 60, and 120 min after an oral 75-g glucose tolerance test were assessed at baseline and at 12 and 24 wk postintervention. a total of 158 and 151 subjects completed the measures at wk 12 and 24, respectively. There were no significant differences in the changes (%) of FG and the 2-h glucose, HbA1c , fasting, and 2-h insulin or the area under the curve of glucose and insulin between the three treatment groups at wk 12 or 24 (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Neither isolated daidzein nor genistein has a significant effect on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Chinese women with IGR over a 6-month supplementation period.