RESUMEN
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of partial epilepsy and affects 40% of the patients. Seizures arising from the mesial temporal lobe structures (i.e., amygdala and hippocampus) are common, whereas neocortical seizures are rare. In recent years, many studies aimed to identify the pattern of gene expression of neurotransmitters involved in molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. We used real-time PCR to quantify the expression of GABA(A) (subunits α1, ß1, ß2) and NMDA (subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) receptor genes in amygdalae of 27 patients with TLE and 14 amygdalae from autopsy controls. The NR1 subunit was increased in patients with epilepsy when compared with controls. No differences were found in expression of NMDA subunits NR2A and NR2B or in α1, ß1, and ß2 subunits of GABA(A) receptors. Our results suggest that the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors is involved in the amygdala hyperexcitability in some of the patients with TLE.
Asunto(s)
Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/genética , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Receptores de GABA-A/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Amígdala del Cerebelo/metabolismo , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is emergent in swine herds. Recent studies have shown an increased frequency of TTSuV2 in Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases (PCVAD), which are endemic in many swine-producing countries, including Brazil. Coinfection with several other viral and bacterial agents results in an increased incidence of more severe PCVAD. Given the limited information on TTSuV and PCV2 coinfection, especially in Brazilian swine herds, this study made a preliminary estimation of the occurrence of coinfection in swine herds by testing samples from different categories. Between 2008 and 2009, 111 samples of feces and 23 serum samples from 5 swine herds were tested for PCV2 and TTSuVs and the results analyzed for associations between these agents. No significant differences in coinfection frequency were observed for PCV2 + TTSuV1 or for PCV2 + TTSuV2 between nursery piglets (P = 0.730), growing pigs (P = 0.331), or sows (P = 0.472). However, a significant difference was observed for PCV2 + TTSuV1 + TTSuV2 between nursery piglets and growing pigs (P = 0.004; Fisher's exact test). Phylogenetic studies agreed with the grouping of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 into 2 different clades, with no distinct pattern of clustering of these isolates with the animal categories.