A Biomechanical Comparison Between a High and Low Barbell Placement on Net Joint Moments, Kinematics, Muscle Forces, and Muscle-Specific Moments in 3 Repetition Maximum Back Squats.

ABSTRACT: Larsen, S, de Zee, M, Kristiansen, EL, and van den Tillaar, R. A biomechanical comparison between a high and low barbell placement on net joint moments, kinematics, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in 3 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1221-1230, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the impact of a high barbell vs. low barbell placement on net joint moments, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in the lower extremity joints and muscles during maximum back squats. Twelve recreationally trained men (age = 25.3 ± 2.9 years, height = 1.79 ± 7.7 m, and body mass = 82.8 ± 6.9 kg) volunteered for the study. A marker-based motion capture system and force plate data were used to calculate the net joint moments, and individual muscle forces were estimated using static optimization. Muscle forces were multiplied by their corresponding internal moment arms to determine muscle-specific moments. Statistical parametric mapping was used to analyze the effect of barbell placement as time-series data during the concentric phase. The 3 repetition maximum barbell load lifted by the subjects was 129.1 ± 13.4 kg and 130.2 ± 12.7 kg in the high bar and low bar, which were not significantly different from each other. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in net joint moments, muscle forces, or muscle-specific moments for the hip, knee, or ankle joint between the low- and high bar placements. The findings of this study suggest that barbell placement plays a minor role in lower extremity muscle forces and moment-specific moments when stance width is standardized, and barbell load lifted does not differ between barbell placements among recreationally resistance-trained men during maximal back squats. Therefore, the choice of barbell placement should be based on individual preference and comfort.

Validation of Metabolic Models for Estimation of Energy Expenditure During Isolated Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Contractions.

Musculoskeletal modeling uses metabolic models to estimate energy expenditure of human locomotion. However, accurate estimation of energy expenditure is challenging, which may be due to uncertainty about the true energy cost of eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. The purpose of this study was to validate three commonly used metabolic models, using isolated isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee extensions/flexions. Five resistance-trained adult males (25.6 ± 2.4 year, 90.6 ± 7.5 kg, 1.81 ± 0.09 m) performed 150 repetitions at four different torques in a dynamometer. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure during these muscle contractions. All three models underestimated the energy expenditure (compared with indirect calorimetry) for up to 55.8% and 78.5% for concentric and eccentric contractions, respectively. Further, the coefficient of determination was in general low for eccentric contractions (R2 < 0.46) indicating increases in the absolute error with increases in load. These results show that the metabolic models perform better when predicting energy expenditure of concentric contractions compared with eccentric contractions. Thus, more knowledge about the relationship between energy expenditure and eccentric work is needed to optimize the metabolic models for musculoskeletal modeling of human locomotion.

Full-Body Kinematics and Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Elite Ten-Pin Bowling: A Field Study.

The purpose was to investigate full-body kinematics and vertical ground reaction forces in the lower extremities of the delivery and to determine delivery changes over time after many deliveries in ten-pin bowling. Six male elite ten-pin bowlers completed six bouts of twelve bowling deliveries, all strike attempts, while measuring full-body kinematics and vertical ground reaction forces. Full-body joint angles, peak vertical ground reaction forces in the feet, vertical breaking impulse, centre of mass velocity, bowling score, and ball release velocity (BRvel) were measured. Results revealed that the BRvel was significantly decreased over bouts (p < 0.001). Additionally, increased flexion of the dominant wrist (p < 0.001) and elbow (p = 0.004) prior to ball release (BR) and increased pronation of the dominant wrist during BR (p = 0.034) were observed at later bouts. It was concluded that these kinematic changes in the dominant wrist and elbow prior to and during BR were performed to compensate for the change in traction between ball and lane during a bowling match. This, in turn, caused a decrease in BRvel. A conservation of energy perspective was discussed to highlight training applications and possibilities to enhance elite athletes' bowling performance.

Enhanced Maximal Upper-Body Strength Increases Performance in Sprint Kayaking.

ABSTRACT: Kristiansen, M, Sydow Krogh Pedersen, A-M, Sandvej, G, Jørgensen, P, Jakobsen, JV, de Zee, M, Hansen, EA, and Klitgaard, KK. Enhanced maximal upper-body strength increases performance in sprint kayaking. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): e305-e312, 2023-The association between upper-body strength and performance in 200-m flat-water sprint kayak is not fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of study 1 was to investigate the relationship between upper-body strength and kayaking performance. In study 2, the aim was to perform a randomized training intervention to investigate whether a causal relationship was present between an increase in strength and an actual change in 200-m kayaking performance. In study 1, 37 (22 men and 15 women) elite kayak paddlers performed tests of maximal power output, isometric force, 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and 40 seconds of maximal repetition number in bench press and bench pull and a 30-second all-out on-water sprint kayak test. In study 2, 26 (16 men and 10 women) national elite junior A, U23, and senior kayak paddlers were allocated into 2 groups: a training group (TRAIN) and a maintenance group (MAIN). Each group completed a 6-week strength training intervention with the purpose of either increasing 1RM in bench press (TRAIN) or maintaining strength (MAIN). Pre- and posttests were performed in 200-m kayak ergometer sprint, 1RM bench press, and 1RM bench pull. In study 1, 1RM in bench press was the best predictor of 30-second on-water kayaking performance with a regression coefficient of 0.474. In study 2, TRAIN significantly increased 1RM strength in bench press (pre: 87.3 ± 21.2 kg, post: 93.9 ± 21.3 kg, p = 0.001) and bench pull (pre: 84.2 ± 15.3 kg, post: 86.0 ± 15.1 kg, p = 0.025). In the 200-m kayak ergometer sprint test, TRAIN significantly decreased the time to complete the test (pre: 44.8 ± 4.3 seconds, post: 44.3 ± 4.3 seconds, p = 0.042). In bench press, 1RM was the best predictor of 200-m kayaking, and an increase in bench press 1RM resulted in increased kayaking performance.

Carbon Plate Shoes Improve Metabolic Power and Performance in Recreational Runners.

This study compared metabolic power (MP) and time trial (TT) running performance between Adidas Adizero Adios (AAA) and Nike VaporFly 4% (NVP). Thirty-seven runners completed three laboratory sessions and two field sessions (n=30). After familiarization (visit 1), participants completed eight 6-min treadmill running bouts (four with each shoe, counterbalanced) at their preferred pace, and MP was assessed using indirect calorimetry (visits 2 and 3). During visits 4 and 5, participants completed two outdoor TTs (~3.5 km) in NVP and AAA (counterbalanced). Compared with AAA, NVP exhibited superior MP (NVP: median=13.88 (Q1-Q3=12.90-15.08 W/kg; AAA: median=14.08 (Q1-Q3=13.12-15.44 W/kg; z=-4.81, p<.001, effect size=.56) and TT (NVP=793±98 s; AAA=802±100 s, p=.001; effect size=.09). However, there was no relationship between changes in MP and changes in TT between shoes (r=.151 p=.425, 95% confidence interval=[-.22; .48]). Our results demonstrate that NVP, compared with AAA, improves MP and TT in recreational runners. The lack of correlation between changes in MP and TT indicates that factors other than improved MP contribute to faster short-distance TT with NVP.

Characterization of Leg Push Forces and Their Relationship to Velocity in On-Water Sprint Kayaking.

The purpose of this work was to describe the leg-muscle-generated push force characteristics in sprint kayak paddlers for females and males on water. Additionally, the relationship between leg pushing force characteristics and velocity was investigated. Twenty-eight paddlers participated in the study. The participants had five minutes of self-chosen warm-up and were asked to paddle at three different velocities, including maximal effort. Left- and right-side leg extension force were collected together with velocity. Linear regression analyses were performed with leg extension force characteristics as independent variables and velocity as the dependent variable. A second linear regression analysis investigated the effect of paddling velocity on different leg extension force characteristics with an explanatory model. The results showed that the leg pushing force elicits a sinus-like pattern, increasing and decreasing throughout the stroke cycle. Impulse over 10 s showed the highest correlation to maximum velocity (r = 0.827, p < 0.01), while a strong co-correlation was observed between the impulse per stroke cycle and mean force (r = 0.910, p < 0.01). The explanatory model results revealed that an increase in paddling velocity is, among other factors, driven by increased leg force. Maximal velocity could predict 68% of the paddlers' velocity within 1 km/h with peak leg force, impulse over 10 s, and stroke rate (p-value < 0.001, adjusted R-squared = 0.8). Sprint kayak paddlers elicit a strong positive relationship between leg pushing forces and velocity. The results confirm that sprint kayakers' cyclic leg movement is a key part of the kayaking technique.

How Precisely Can Easily Accessible Variables Predict Achilles and Patellar Tendon Forces during Running?

Patellar and Achilles tendinopathy commonly affect runners. Developing algorithms to predict cumulative force in these structures may help prevent these injuries. Importantly, such algorithms should be fueled with data that are easily accessible while completing a running session outside a biomechanical laboratory. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate whether algorithms can be developed for predicting patellar and Achilles tendon force and impulse during running using measures that can be easily collected by runners using commercially available devices. A secondary objective was to evaluate the predictive performance of the algorithms against the commonly used running distance. Trials of 24 recreational runners were collected with an Xsens suit and a Garmin Forerunner 735XT at three different intended running speeds. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects multiple regression model, which was used to model the association between the estimated forces in anatomical structures and the training load variables during the fixed running speeds. This provides twelve algorithms for predicting patellar or Achilles tendon peak force and impulse per stride. The algorithms developed in the current study were always superior to the running distance algorithm.

Muscle-Tendon Unit Parameter Estimation of a Hill-Type Musculoskeletal Model Based on Experimentally Obtained Subject-Specific Torque Profiles.

The aim of this study was to generate a subject-specific musculoskeletal muscle model, based on isometric and isovelocity measurements of the whole lower extremity. A two-step optimization procedure is presented for optimizing the muscle-tendon parameters (MTPs) for isometric and isovelocity joint torque profiles. A significant improvement in the prediction of joint torque profiles for both the solely isometric and a combined isometric and dynamic method of optimization when compared to the standard scaling method of the AnyBody Modeling System (AMS) was observed. Depending on the specific purpose of the model, it may be worth considering whether the isometric-only would be sufficient, or the additional dynamic data are required for the combined approach.

Estimation of the Knee Adduction Moment and Joint Contact Force during Daily Living Activities Using Inertial Motion Capture.

Knee osteoarthritis is a major cause of pain and disability in the elderly population with many daily living activities being difficult to perform as a result of this disease. The present study aimed to estimate the knee adduction moment and tibiofemoral joint contact force during daily living activities using a musculoskeletal model with inertial motion capture derived kinematics in an elderly population. Eight elderly participants were instrumented with 17 inertial measurement units, as well as 53 opto-reflective markers affixed to anatomical landmarks. Participants performed stair ascent, stair descent, and sit-to-stand movements while both motion capture methods were synchronously recorded. A musculoskeletal model containing 39 degrees-of-freedom was used to estimate the knee adduction moment and tibiofemoral joint contact force. Strong to excellent Pearson correlation coefficients were found for the IMC-derived kinematics across the daily living tasks with root mean square errors (RMSE) between 3° and 7°. Furthermore, moderate to strong Pearson correlation coefficients were found in the knee adduction moment and tibiofemoral joint contact forces with RMSE between 0.006⁻0.014 body weight × body height and 0.4 to 1 body weights, respectively. These findings demonstrate that inertial motion capture may be used to estimate knee adduction moments and tibiofemoral contact forces with comparable accuracy to optical motion capture.

Introduction to Force-Dependent Kinematics: Theory and Application to Mandible Modeling.

Knowledge of the muscle, ligament, and joint forces is important when planning orthopedic surgeries. Since these quantities cannot be measured in vivo under normal circumstances, the best alternative is to estimate them using musculoskeletal models. These models typically assume idealized joints, which are sufficient for general investigations but insufficient if the joint in focus is far from an idealized joint. The purpose of this study was to provide the mathematical details of a novel musculoskeletal modeling approach, called force-dependent kinematics (FDK), capable of simultaneously computing muscle, ligament, and joint forces as well as internal joint displacements governed by contact surfaces and ligament structures. The method was implemented into the anybody modeling system and used to develop a subject-specific mandible model, which was compared to a point-on-plane (POP) model and validated against joint kinematics measured with a custom-built brace during unloaded emulated chewing, open and close, and protrusion movements. Generally, both joint models estimated the joint kinematics well with the POP model performing slightly better (root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) of less than 0.75 mm for the POP model and 1.7 mm for the FDK model). However, substantial differences were observed when comparing the estimated joint forces (RMSD up to 24.7 N), demonstrating the dependency on the joint model. Although the presented mandible model still contains room for improvements, this study shows the capabilities of the FDK methodology for creating joint models that take the geometry and joint elasticity into account.

Estimation of Ground Reaction Forces and Moments During Gait Using Only Inertial Motion Capture.

Ground reaction forces and moments (GRF&M) are important measures used as input in biomechanical analysis to estimate joint kinetics, which often are used to infer information for many musculoskeletal diseases. Their assessment is conventionally achieved using laboratory-based equipment that cannot be applied in daily life monitoring. In this study, we propose a method to predict GRF&M during walking, using exclusively kinematic information from fully-ambulatory inertial motion capture (IMC). From the equations of motion, we derive the total external forces and moments. Then, we solve the indeterminacy problem during double stance using a distribution algorithm based on a smooth transition assumption. The agreement between the IMC-predicted and reference GRF&M was categorized over normal walking speed as excellent for the vertical (ρ = 0.992, rRMSE = 5.3%), anterior (ρ = 0.965, rRMSE = 9.4%) and sagittal (ρ = 0.933, rRMSE = 12.4%) GRF&M components and as strong for the lateral (ρ = 0.862, rRMSE = 13.1%), frontal (ρ = 0.710, rRMSE = 29.6%), and transverse GRF&M (ρ = 0.826, rRMSE = 18.2%). Sensitivity analysis was performed on the effect of the cut-off frequency used in the filtering of the input kinematics, as well as the threshold velocities for the gait event detection algorithm. This study was the first to use only inertial motion capture to estimate 3D GRF&M during gait, providing comparable accuracy with optical motion capture prediction. This approach enables applications that require estimation of the kinetics during walking outside the gait laboratory.

In-Field Training of a Passive Back Exoskeleton Changes the Biomechanics of Logistic Workers.

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONSOccupational exoskeletons receive rising interest in industry as these devices diminish the biomechanical load during manual materials handling. Still, we have limited knowledge when it comes to in-field use. This gap often contributes to failure in the implementation of exoskeleton in industry. In this study, we investigated how a training protocol consisting of in-field use of a passive back exoskeleton affected the biomechanics of logistic workers. More specifically, we focused on how the variation of the muscular and kinematic patterns of the user was altered after exoskeleton training. We found that training had a positive effect on exoskeleton use, as a relative decrease of 6-9% in peak back muscle activity was observed post-training. Additionally, training decreased knee flexion by 6°-16°, indicating a more stoop lifting technique. The findings point at the potential benefits of applying a training approach when implementing a back-supporting exoskeleton in logistics.

Background: Occupational exoskeletons are an attractive solution to reduce the prevalence of attrition and work-related musculoskeletal disorders, such as low back pain, among manual workers. However, research has mostly focused on acute effects, while the effects of in-field use, and exoskeleton training are still to be addressed. Purpose: The aim of the present paper was to investigate how in-field use and exoskeleton training affected the biomechanics, acceptance, and comfort of logistic workers when using a passive back exoskeleton. Methods: Twenty workers were randomly distributed into control and intervention group. The tests consisted of standard lifting tasks with and without exoskeleton before and after a 5-week period. The intervention group underwent a 5-week progressive training protocol aiming at increasing the duration of use of the exoskeleton. The variation in muscle activity (surface electromyography) and full-body kinematics (IMU-based motion capture) were assessed during logistic work tasks. Additionally, acceptance, comfort, and perceived effort were collected. Compliance to the training protocol reached 74%. Results: Using the exoskeleton resulted in a 13­20% reduced variation in muscle activity of the back muscles across groups and lifting conditions including trunk extension. The changes in variation were driven by a decrease in peak muscle activity, which was further lowered by 6­9% after the 5-week training. Additionally, training induced decreased knee flexion indicating a more stoop lifting technique in the intervention group. Conclusions: The present results demonstrate that exoskeleton training optimized the human-exoskeleton interaction by deriving more effects of the exoskeleton ­ in this case by lowering the peak muscle activity of the user during manual materials handling. This underlines the importance of introducing training when implementing exoskeletons in industry. Additionally, the results indicate that a progressive implementation of back supporting exoskeletons in logistics can be beneficial in terms of lowering the biomechanical load during manual materials handling.

Lateral Ankle Joint Injuries in Indoor and Court Sports: A Systematic Video Analysis of 445 Nonconsecutive Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in indoor and court sports. Self-reports and case studies have indicated that these injuries occur via both contact and noncontact injury mechanisms typically because of excessive inversion in combination with plantarflexion and adduction of the foot. Video-based documentation of the injury mechanism exists, but the number of cases reported in the literature is limited. PURPOSE: To retrieve and systematically analyze a large number of video-recorded lateral ankle injuries from indoor and court sports, as well as describe the injury mechanism, injury motion, and injury pattern across different sports. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 445 unique video-recorded lateral ankle sprain injuries were retrieved from indoor and court sports of broadcasted levels of competition. The videos were independently analyzed by 2 different reviewers. Outcomes included classification of the injury mechanism according to the International Olympic Committee consensus guidelines, primary and secondary motions of ankle joint distortion, and documentation of the fixation point (fulcrum) around which the foot rotates. RESULTS: Overall, 298 (67%) injuries were direct contact, 113 (25%) were noncontact, and 32 (7%) were indirect contact incidents. Direct contact injuries were especially prevalent in basketball (76%), handball (80%), and volleyball (85%), while noncontact injuries dominated in tennis and badminton (96% vs 95% across both). Inversion (65%) and internal rotation (33%) were the primary distortion motions, with the lateral forefoot (53%) and lateral midfoot (40%) serving as the main fulcrums. Landing on another player's foot was the leading cause of injury (n = 246; 55%), primarily characterized by inversion (79%) around a midfoot fulcrum (54%). The noncontact and indirect landings on floor (n = 144; 33%) were primarily characterized by a distortion around a forefoot fulcrum (69%). CONCLUSION: Two of 3 ankle sprains from online video platforms were direct contact injuries, with most involving landing on another player's foot. The distortion motion seems to be related to the injury mechanism and the fixation point between the foot and the floor. The injury mechanisms varied greatly between sports, and future studies should clearly differentiate and investigate the specific injury mechanisms.

Elliptical posts allow for detailed control of non-equibiaxial straining of cell cultures.

BACKGROUND: A modification of the Flexcell system that allows imposition of homogenous, controlled non-equibiaxial strains to cell cultures is developed and experimentally validated. The Flexcell system by default applies equibiaxial strain to cell cultures, meaning no shear strain, while soft tissue cells in vivo are subjected to a range of mechanical deformations including shear strain caused by activities of daily living. Shear strains are suspected to play an important role in tissue necrosis. METHOD: The Flexcell system was redesigned using a finite element model in order to obtain large areas of the membrane in a controlled, uniform non-equibiaxial strain state. RESULTS: The redesign was manufactured and the resulting strains were experimentally validated by means of image analysis methods. The results showed that the system could be used for experiments varying the shear strain. CONCLUSION: The result allows scientists and experimentalists to apply detailed control of the strain tensor applied to tissue samples in two dimensions.

Biomechanical changes, acceptance, and usability of a passive shoulder exoskeleton in manual material handling. A field study.

Occupational exoskeletons contribute to diminish the biomechanical load during manual work. However, familiarization to the use of exoskeletons is rarely considered, which may lead to failure of acceptance and implementation. In this study, ten logistic workers underwent a 5-week progressive familiarization to a passive shoulder exoskeleton, while ten workers acted as controls. Tests pre and post the familiarization applied measurements of muscle activity and kinematics of back, neck, and shoulder, perceived effort, and usability-ratings of the exoskeleton. Exoskeleton use resulted in lower muscle activity of anterior deltoid (13-39%) and upper trapezius (16-60%) and reduced perceived effort. Additionally, it induced an offset in shoulder flexion and abduction during resting position (8-10°). No conclusions on familiarization could be drawn due to low adherence to the protocol. However, the emotions of the workers towards using the exoskeleton decreased making it questionable whether the shoulder exoskeleton is suitable for use in the logistics sector.

On validation of multibody musculoskeletal models.

We review the opportunities to validate multibody musculoskeletal models in view of the current transition of musculoskeletal modelling from a research topic to a practical simulation tool in product design, healthcare and other important applications. This transition creates a new need for justification that the models are adequate representations of the systems they simulate. The need for a consistent terminology and established standards is identified and knowledge from fields with a more progressed state-of-the-art in verification and validation is introduced. A number of practical steps for improvement of the validation of multibody musculoskeletal models are pointed out and directions for future research in the field are proposed. It is hoped that a more structured approach to model validation can help to improve the credibility of musculoskeletal models.

The impact of an underactuated arm exoskeleton on wrist and elbow kinematics during Prioritized Activities of daily living.

This study addresses the feasibility of underactuated arm exoskeletons as an alternative solution to the often bulky and heavy exoskeletons which actuate the shoulder with 3 DoF. Specifically, the study investigates how the wrist and elbow joint adapts their kinematics when the shoulder abduction is constrained. Ten healthy participants conducted three different grasping activities of daily living, during natural motion and during constrained shoulder abduction at two fixed angles: the resting position angle and at an angle of 10 ° abduction from the resting position. Motion capture data was collected and used as input for a musculoskeletal computer model adapted to this study. Statistical parametric mapping tools were employed to analyze the joint angles estimated by the model. The results show significant differences within the joint angles when the shoulder abduction is constrained. The wrist flexion angle deviated up to 13.6 ° and the elbow pronation angle decreased by 8.7 ° on average throughout the movement compared to the natural motion during restricted shoulder abduction motion. Thus, the shoulder could be underactuated and the participants could still accomplish the activities of daily living with changes in the wrist and elbow joint kinematic angles.

Manual material handling in the supermarket sector. Part 2: Knee, spine and shoulder joint reaction forces.

Manual material handling is common in supermarkets and may be a contributing factor to the high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, particularly to the lower back. This cross-sectional study applied state-of-the-art musculoskeletal models driven by kinematic data obtained in two supermarkets to estimate joint reaction forces in the knees, shoulders and lumbar spine under dynamic lifting conditions. Based on 1479 lifts from 15 workers, 8 tasks for which the compression or shear forces in the L5-S1 joint exceeded well-known biomechanical tolerance limits were identified. High shoulder forces were associated with lifting relatively heavy merchandise to high shelves, while the weight of the handled merchandise was the main predictor of high knee forces. The study addressed well-known limitations associated with traditional lifting analysis tools and was the first to present a detailed analysis of the biomechanical loads during manual material handling tasks in the supermarket sector based on field measurements.

Manual material handling in the supermarket sector. Part 1: Joint angles and muscle activity of trapezius descendens and erector spinae longissimus.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent in the supermarket sector with manual material handling being one of the most commonly identified occupational risk factors. This cross-sectional study applied inertial motion capture and electromyography (EMG) to measure full-body kinematics and muscle activity of trapezius descendens and erector spinae longissimus during 50 manual material handling tasks performed by 17 workers in two supermarkets. The handling of bread and cucumbers to high shelf heights showed the highest trapezius muscle activity (from 47% to 59% peak normalized EMG), while the handling of bananas as well as lifting milk, bread and cucumbers from low to high positions showed the highest erector spinae activity (from 59% to 71%). Twenty-two tasks involved flexing the shoulders and trunk more than 90° and 50°, respectively. Based on these results, several manual handling practices in supermarkets should be reconsidered to reduce the physical work demands.

Effects of load mass and position on the dynamic loading of the knees, shoulders and lumbar spine during lifting: a musculoskeletal modelling approach.

Musculoskeletal models may enhance our understanding of the dynamic loading of the joints during manual material handling. This study used state-of-the-art musculoskeletal models to determine the effects of load mass, asymmetry angle, horizontal location and deposit height on the dynamic loading of the knees, shoulders and lumbar spine during lifting. Recommended weight limits and lifting indices were also calculated using the NIOSH lifting equation. Based on 1832 lifts from 22 subjects, we found that load mass had the most substantial effect on L5-S1 compression. Increments in asymmetry led to large increases in mediolateral shear, while load mass and asymmetry had significant effects on anteroposterior shear. Increased deposit height led to higher shoulder forces, while the horizontal location mostly affected the forces in the knees and shoulders. These results generally support the findings of previous research, but notable differences in the trends and magnitudes of the estimated forces were observed.