Enteral feeding via jejunostomy as a cause of intestinal perforation and necrosis.

Jejunostomy for enteral feeding is excellent for patients who cannot manage oral intake, with a low complication rate. A Foley catheter, Ryle tube, Kerh tube or needle-catheter (Jejuno-Cath®) are commonly used. It is a safe procedure but it can lead to severe complications. We present two cases: firstly, an 80 year old male who was admitted to the Emergency Room with a bowel perforation secondary to Jejuno-Cath® for enteral feeding after a subtotal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction; and secondly, a 53 year old male who was admitted to the Emergency Room due to gastric perforation developing multiple complications, including bowel necrosis and enteral feeding impaction. We have reviewed the recent literature with regard to this rare complication.

Central pancreatectomy for the treatment of a benign pancreatic lesion. Case report and literature review.

We present the case of a 45 year old female patient with an incidental diagnosis of a cystic pancreatic lesion corresponding to a serous cystadenoma of 14 mm. During a 5-year follow-up (CT and MRT) the lesion tripled in size and a surgical intervention was decided upon. The lesion was thought to have a benign pathology and, in an attempt to preserve the spleen and a major portion of pancreatic tissue, a central pancreatectomy with a diversion of the remaining distal pancreas was carried out. The authors reviewed national and international publications.

First case reported of Bouveret´s syndrome associated to duodenal and biliary perforation to retroperitoneum.

We present the case of a 69 year old woman with a history of cholecystitis, who consulted for severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Abdominal CT showed duodenal obstruction caused by a gallstone, cholecystoduodenal fistula and pneumobilia, what is known as Bouveret's syndrome, a rare form of gallstone ileus. Additionally, she presented free duodenal and vesicular perforation to retroperitoneum at the same level of the cholecystoduodenal transit point. The patient underwent a difficult cholecystectomy, enterolithotomy, repair of the duodenal defect, extensive washing and drainage of the retroperitoneum. The postoperative course was uneventful except for a laparotomy infection.

Ligamentum Teres Cardiopexy Might Not Prevent Gastro-esophageal Reflux After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Case Series.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered the gold standard procedure in patients with obesity and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), but in patients with preoperative hiatal hernia (HH) or GERD, who are unfit for RYGB, there are no clear guidelines. Ligamentum teres cardiopexy (LTC) has been proposed as an effective alternative. The purpose of this study was to analyze medium-term results of LTC procedure associated with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with GERD or HH, according to the absence of pathologic acid reflux in esophageal 24 h pH monitoring test, symptom release, or PPI reduction. Five patients underwent LSG-LTC between March 2018 and October 2019. In one patient, the effectiveness of LTC as an anti-reflux procedure could not be assessed because of conversion to RYGB was required. After a follow-up period of 30 [24-42] months and excessive BMI loss of 62.74 ± 18.18%, GERD recurrence was observed in 75% of patients. The study was discontinued due to unsatisfactory preliminary results with LTC. Our results suggest that LTC might not prevent GERD after LSG in patients with preoperative GERD or HH.

Bariatric surgery versus conservative management for morbidly obese patients in Spain: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery (BS) versus conservative management (CM) for treating morbid obesity in Spain. METHODS: We developed a probabilistic Markov model to estimate health outcomes, quality-adjusted life years (QALY), life years gained (LYG), and costs over lifetime and 10-year horizons. Combined common BS procedures were compared with CM. Clinical and utility inputs were obtained from the literature and resource use and costs from local sources (€2017). RESULTS: Over the 10-year horizon, BS led to a cost increment of €9,386 and 1.6 additional QALY (€5,966/QALY). Leading to 0.6 LYG and 4.4 QALY gains and €300/patient average cost savings over lifetime, BS could potentially significantly reduce diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk over the considered horizons. Despite short-term cost reductions, surgery delay may lead to significant clinical benefits loss. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to CM, BS is a more effective and less costly alternative for treating morbid obesity in Spain.

[Intrathyroidal location of parathyroid glands. Atypical presentation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome]. / Localización intratiroidea de glándulas paratiroides. Presentación atípica del síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1.

BACKGROUND: The most common manifestation of MEN 1 syndrome is primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with parathyroid multiglandular affectation. The intrathyroidal situation represents 3-4% of all glands, and it is the second most frequent location in the cervical ectopias. CLINICAL CASE: 11 year old patient, with a family history of MEN1 syndrome and carrier of this same mutation. Patient presents HPTP with osteopenia. The cervical ultrasound shows three compatible images with pathological parathyroid glands (bilateral lower and upper left). The Scan and MRI are normal. Bone densitometry displays data on osteopenia. The patient is surgically intervened, only the upper parathyroid glands are located and removed, after this implantation is performed on the forearm, to prevent the possible devascularization in the dissection of the other glands. However, osteopenia persists and an elevated PTH, therefore new diagnostic tests are held which seem to show two lower parathyroid glands with intrathyroidal location. The patient is reoperated. A subtotal parathyroidectomy of the lower right gland and the resection of the left gland is performed, with the use of intraoperative ultrasound and placement of harpoon. The intraoperative pathology study confirms parathyroid tissue in both cases. DISCUSSION: It is necessary to locate the parathyroid glands preoperatively in order to alert us of the existence of topographical and ectopia abnormalities, as well as their intrathyroidal location (0.5-3.6%). CONCLUSION: The intraoperative ultrasound can be a complement to the experience of the endocrine surgeon for the localization of the parathyroid glands and therefore can help determine the best surgical strategy for each clinical case.

Initial Approach to Childhood Obesity in Spain. A Multisociety Expert Panel Assessment.

PURPOSE: In recent years, the incidence of childhood obesity in Europe, and Spain in particular, has increased dramatically. Bariatric surgery could play a major role in treating of adolescents with severe obesity. However, no specific guidelines for bariatric surgery currently exist in Spain. METHODS: The Board of the Spanish Society for Obesity Surgery and Metabolic Diseases (SECO) proposed a study of childhood obesity by using the Delphi method. This prospective study involved 60 experts from nine national societies. Each society leader recruited experts from their society in obesity-related fields. Two online questionnaires were taken, and consensus on guidelines for various obesity treatments was reached according to the percentage of answers in favor or against inclusion of a given guideline. Based on these results, preoperative, surgical management and follow-up of childhood obesity management among others were analyzed. RESULTS: The survey results indicated significant concern among all societies regarding obesity. There was strong consensus with regard to adolescents and obesity, medical treatment, dietary recommendations, environmental and social factors, and goals for adolescents with obesity. Consensus on the use of intragastric balloons and other techniques was not reached. However, biliopancreatic diversion was rejected as a primary treatment, and mandatory psychological/psychiatric assessment was agreed upon. Inclusion criteria accepted were similar to those for adults with the exception of surgery in those with a body mass index <40. CONCLUSIONS: Spanish obesity-related societies are aware of the societal problem of childhood obesity. Multisociety development of national approaches may arise from consensus-building studies among specialists.

Recalcitrant hypocalcaemia in a patient with post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

INTRODUCTION: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) places patients at an increased risk of hypocalcaemia due to the reduction in calcium absorption (because the procedure bypasses the duodenum and jejunum) and vitamin D deficiency. Subsequent thyroid surgery increases the risk of severe hypocalcaemia due to potential post-operative hypoparathyroidism. Only a few cases have been published before of this type of treatment-challenging hypocalcaemia. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 31-year-old woman with a previous RYGB, who suffered severe and symptomatic chronic hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy. She required aggressive therapy with oral calcium and calcitriol and frequent calcium infusions, but there was no improvement in serum calcium level. Due to the lack of response to standard therapy, teriparatide treatment was started (first with subcutaneous injections and thereafter with a multipulse subcutaneous infusor) but the results were disappointing. As there was no response to different medical treatments, reversal of RYGB was performed with no complications and a subsequent sustained increase in serum calcium level. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows that patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism and RYGB have increased risk of severe recalcitrant symptomatic hypocalcaemia. In our case teriparatide was ineffective but, as this is the first patient reported, more results are needed to evaluate properly the effect of teriparatide in this multifactorial hypocalcaemia. Reversal of RYGB should be considered when medical therapy has failed, because surgery restores an adequate absorption of calcium and vitamin D from previously bypassed duodenum and proximal jejunum.

Perforación intestinal por citomegalovirus durante un Síndrome de Reconstitución Inmune / Intestinal Perforation for Cytomegalovirus in Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de reconstitución inmune se produce debido a un aumento de la inmunocompetencia en pacientes previamente inmunocomprometidos. La situación es frecuente tras iniciar un tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia, en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. En determinados casos, puede conllevar un empeoramiento paradójico de una infección previa. El citomegalovirus, es un germen oportunista que, en el seno de un síndrome de reconstitución inmune, puede dar lugar a perforación intestinal multifocal y peritonitis secundaria de difícil tratamiento. Es más frecuente en pacientes con recuento de linfocitos cooperadores inferior a 50 células/mm3 al iniciar el tratamiento antirretroviral. El objetivo es comunicar dicha situación a través, de un caso clínico para facilitar su sospecha lo más pronto posible, y realizar un tratamiento adecuado. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con virus de inmunideficiencia humana de reciente diagnóstico, en tratamiento con terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia, que acude a urgencias con abdomen agudo secundario a perforación por citomegalovirus. La infección conlleva importante morbimortalidad, siendo imprescindible un diagnóstico temprano e iniciar precozmente el tratamiento antiviral intravenoso, asociado generalmente a tratamiento quirúrgico(AU)

ABSTRACT Immune reconstitution syndrome occurs due to increased immunocompetence in previously immunocompetent patients. The condition is frequent in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who have started a highly active antiretroviral therapy. In certain cases, the syndrome can lead to a paradoxical worsening of a previous infection. Cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic germ that, during an immune reconstitution syndrome, can lead to multifocal intestinal perforation and secondary peritonitis, in cases that are difficult to treat. The syndrome is more frequent in patients with CD4 lymphocyte count below 50/mm3 at the time of starting antiretroviral treatment. The objective is to communicate this situation through a clinical case presentation in order to facilitate suspicion as soon as possible, and to carry out appropriate treatment. We present the case of a patient with a recently diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus, under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, who attended the emergency department with an acute abdomen secondary to perforation due to cytomegalovirus. Infection carries significant morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis is essential and intravenous antiviral treatment should be started early, generally associated with surgical treatment(AU)

Early-onset colorectal cancer: a separate subset of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a great impact on the world population. With increasing frequency, CRC is described according to the presenting phenotype, based on its molecular characteristics. Classification of CRC tumors according to their genetic and/or epigenetic alterations is not only important for establishing the molecular bases of the disease, but also for predicting patient outcomes and developing more individualized treatments. Early-onset CRC is a heterogeneous disease, with a strong familial component, although the disease is sporadic in an important proportion of cases. Different molecular alterations appear to contribute to the apparent heterogeneity of the early-onset population and subgroups can be distinguished with distinct histopathologic and familial characteristics. Moreover, compared with late-onset CRC, there are characteristics that suggest that early-onset CRC may have a different molecular basis. The purpose of this review was to analyze the current state of knowledge about early-onset CRC with respect to clinicopathologic, familial and molecular features. Together, these features make it increasingly clear that this subset of CRC may be a separate disease, although it has much in common with late-onset CRC.