Intermolecular Crossed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Promoted by Visible-Light Triplet Photosensitization: Expedient Access to Polysubstituted 2-Oxaspiro[3.3]heptanes.

This paper describes an intermolecular cross-selective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of exocyclic arylidene oxetanes, azetidines, and cyclobutanes with simple electron-deficient alkenes. The reaction takes place under mild conditions using a commercially available Ir(III) photosensitizer upon blue light irradiation. This transformation provides access to a range of polysubstituted 2-oxaspiro[3.3]heptane, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and spiro[3.3]heptane motifs, which are of prime interest in medicinal chemistry as gem-dimethyl and carbonyl bioisosteres. A variety of further transformations of the initial cycloadducts are demonstrated to highlight the versatility of the products and enable selective access to either of a syn- or an anti-diastereoisomer through kinetic or thermodynamic epimerization, respectively. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations suggest that this reaction proceeds through a sensitized energy transfer pathway.

A Catalytic Approach for Enantioselective Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols Bearing a Z-Alkenyl Chloride or Trifluoromethyl Group. A Concise and Protecting Group-Free Synthesis of Mycothiazole.

A protecting group-free strategy is presented for diastereo- and enantioselective routes that can be used to prepare a wide variety of Z-homoallylic alcohols with significantly higher efficiency than is otherwise feasible. The approach entails the merger of several catalytic processes and is expected to facilitate the preparation of bioactive organic molecules. More specifically, Z-chloro-substituted allylic pinacolatoboronate is first obtained through stereoretentive cross-metathesis between Z-crotyl-B(pin) (pin = pinacolato) and Z-dichloroethene, both of which are commercially available. The organoboron compound may be used in the central transformation of the entire approach, an α- and enantioselective addition to an aldehyde, catalyzed by a proton-activated, chiral aminophenol-boryl catalyst. Catalytic cross-coupling can then furnish the desired Z-homoallylic alcohol in high enantiomeric purity. The olefin metathesis step can be carried out with substrates and a Mo-based complex that can be purchased. The aminophenol compound that is needed for the second catalytic step can be prepared in multigram quantities from inexpensive starting materials. A significant assortment of homoallylic alcohols bearing a Z-F3C-substituted alkene can also be prepared with similar high efficiency and regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. What is more, trisubstituted Z-alkenyl chloride moiety can be accessed with similar efficiency albeit with somewhat lower α-selectivity and enantioselectivity. The general utility of the approach is underscored by a succinct, protecting group-free, and enantioselective total synthesis of mycothiazole, a naturally occurring anticancer agent through a sequence that contains a longest linear sequence of nine steps (12 steps total), seven of which are catalytic, generating mycothiazole in 14.5% overall yield.

Traceless Protection for More Broadly Applicable Olefin Metathesis.

An operationally simple in situ protection/deprotection strategy that significantly expands the scope of kinetically controlled catalytic Z- and E-selective olefin metathesis is introduced. Prior to the addition of a sensitive Mo- or Ru-based complex, treatment of a hydroxy- or a carboxylic-acid-containing olefin with commercially available HB(pin) or readily accessible HB(trip)2 (pin=pinacolato, trip=2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl) for 15 min is sufficient for efficient generation of a desired product. Routine workup leads to quantitative deprotection. A range of stereochemically defined Z- and E-alkenyl chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and boronates or Z-trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes with a hydroxy or carboxylic acid group were thus prepared in 51-97 % yield with 93 to >98 % stereoselectivity. We also show that, regardless of whether a polar functional unit is present or not, a small amount of HB(pin) may be used to remove residual water, significantly enhancing efficiency.

Practical, Broadly Applicable, α-Selective, Z-Selective, Diastereoselective, and Enantioselective Addition of Allylboron Compounds to Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Polyfluoroalkyl Ketones.

A practical method for enantioselective synthesis of fluoroalkyl-substituted Z-homoallylic tertiary alcohols has been developed. Reactions may be performed with ketones containing a polylfluoro-, trifluoro-, difluoro-, and monofluoroalkyl group along with an aryl, a heteroaryl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, or an alkyl substituent. Readily accessible unsaturated organoboron compounds serve as reagents. Transformations were performed with 0.5-2.5 mol % of a boron-based catalyst, generated in situ from a readily accessible valine-derived aminophenol and a Z- or an E-γ-substituted boronic acid pinacol ester. With a Z organoboron reagent, additions to trifluoromethyl and polyfluoroalkyl ketones proceeded in 80-98% yield, 97:3 to >98:2 α:γ selectivity, >95:5 Z:E selectivity, and 81:19 to >99:1 enantiomeric ratio. In notable contrast to reactions with unsubstituted allylboronic acid pinacol ester, additions to ketones with a mono- or a difluoromethyl group were highly enantioselective as well. Transformations were similarly efficient and α- and Z-selective when an E-allylboronate compound was used, but enantioselectivities were lower. In certain cases, the opposite enantiomer was favored (up to 4:96 er). With a racemic allylboronate reagent that contains an allylic stereogenic center, additions were exceptionally α-selective, affording products expected from γ-addition of a crotylboron compound, in up to 97% yield, 88:12 diastereomeric ratio, and 94:6 enantiomeric ratio. Utility is highlighted by gram-scale preparation of representative products through transformations that were performed without exclusion of air or moisture and through applications in stereoselective olefin metathesis where Z-alkene substrates are required. Mechanistic investigations aided by computational (DFT) studies and offer insight into different selectivity profiles.

Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo- and Enantioselective γ-Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines.

Catalytic allylboron additions to aldimines are presented for which small amounts of Zn(OMe)2 serve as the co-catalyst to accelerate allyl exchange and 1,3-borotropic shift processes. Low-yielding and moderately α- and diastereoselective reactions are thus turned into highly efficient γ-, diastereo-, and enantioselective transformations that exhibit considerable scope.

Catalytic enantioselective addition of organoboron reagents to fluoroketones controlled by electrostatic interactions.

Organofluorine compounds are central to modern chemistry, and broadly applicable transformations that generate them efficiently and enantioselectively are in much demand. Here we introduce efficient catalytic methods for the addition of allyl and allenyl organoboron reagents to fluorine-substituted ketones. These reactions are facilitated by readily and inexpensively available catalysts and deliver versatile and otherwise difficult-to-access tertiary homoallylic alcohols in up to 98% yield and >99:1 enantiomeric ratio. Utility is highlighted by a concise enantioselective approach to the synthesis of the antiparasitic drug fluralaner (Bravecto, presently sold as the racemate). Different forms of ammonium-organofluorine interactions play a key role in the control of enantioselectivity. The greater understanding of various non-bonding interactions afforded by these studies should facilitate the future development of transformations that involve fluoroorganic entities.