[Health Professionals expectations' about the benefit of regular Primary Care interventions]. / Expectativas de los profesionales sanitarios sobre el beneficio obtenido por intervenciones habituales en atención primaria.

AIM: Examine the expectations expressed by healthcare professionals about the benefit of several primary prevention interventions that are usually carried out in The Primary Care Consultations with evidence from moderate-high validity studies. DESIGN: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study by Survey. SITTING: Spanish Primary Healthcare Centers, between February 6 and May 5, 2020. PARTICIPANTS: General Practitioner and other practicing Primary Care professionals. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: a) the number and percentage of participants whose estimate of benefit deviates from the benefit supported by the evidence; b) the magnitudes of OVERestimation, NORMOestimation and UNDERestimation of each participant and each professional subgroup. RESULTS: Of the 701 respondents (67% women), 694 answered all eight questions and 4 between one and seven. The overestimation of benefit in the 8 interventions ranged from 86% to 90% of all medical participants and between 90% and 96% of all nursing participants. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the surveyed (healthcare) professionals overestimate both, prevention activities and preventive treatments, this may lead them to instil false hope in patients, to put patients at risk of serious side effects arising from such interventions and to squander resources.

Prenatal expectations and other psycho-social factors as risk factors of postnatal bonding disturbance.

The mother's bond to her baby starts to develop during pregnancy, and it is related to the baby's attachment. We study how the mother's prenatal expectations of her unborn baby, the mother's adult relationships, and postnatal psycho-social factors (stress, depression, and anxiety) are related to the risk of bonding disturbance. The study comprised 1398 mothers and their unborn babies assessed both during pregnancy and when the babies were 3 months old (47.7% girls). The mother's risk of bonding disturbance was investigated using Brockington's Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. According to the results, 71 (5.1%) of all the mothers in the study had a risk of a bonding disturbance. In a final adjusted logistic regression model, the most important risk factors were the mother's inability to form positive expectations about relationships with the baby during the third trimester of pregnancy (AOR = 7.78, p ≤ .001), maternal postnatal stress (AOR = 4.95, p ≤ .001) and maternal postnatal depression (AOR = 3.46, p ≤ .01). The results challenge healthcare professionals to screen pregnant mothers to identify at-risk groups for post-partum bonding disturbances. Intervention programs to prevent the development of bonding disturbances, and thus their possible serious consequences for children's development, should be considered.

La unión afectiva entre la madre y su bebé comienza a desarrollarse durante el embarazo y está relacionado a la afectividad del bebé. Estudiamos cómo las expectativas prenatales que la madre tenía de su bebé aún no nacido, las relaciones adultas de la madre, así como los factores sicosociales (estrés, depresión y ansiedad) están relacionados con la alteración de la unión afectiva. El estudio incluyó a 1,398 madres y sus no nacidos bebés evaluados ambos durante el embarazo y cuando los bebés tenían tres meses de nacidos (47.7% niñas). El riesgo de la madre de alteraciones en la unión afectiva fue investigado usando el Cuestionario Brockington sobre la Unión Afectiva Posterior al Parto. De acuerdo con los resultados, 71 (5.1%) de todas las madres en el estudio presentaban un riesgo de alteración de la unión afectiva. En un modelo final de regresión logístico ajustado, los más importantes factores de riesgo fueron la inhabilidad de la madre de formar expectativas positivas acerca de las relaciones con el bebé durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo (AOR = 7.78, p < .001), el estrés materno postnatal (AOR = 4.95, p < .001) y la depresión materna postnatal (AOR = 3.46, p < .01). Los resultados presentan un reto a los profesionales del cuidado de la salud para examinar a mujeres embarazadas con el fin de identificar grupos bajo riesgo de alteraciones en la unión afectiva posterior al parto. Se deben considerar programas de intervención para prevenir el desarrollo de alteraciones en la unión afectiva y, por tanto, posibles serias consecuencias para el desarrollo de los niños.

Le lien de la mère avec son bébé commence à se développer durant la grossesse, et est lié à l'attachement du bébé. Nous étudions la manière dont les attentes prénatales que la mère se fait de son bébé à naître, les relations adultes de la mère, et les facteurs postnatals psycho-sociaux (stress, dépression, anxiété) sont liés au risque de trouble du lien. L'étude a compris 1398 mères et leurs bébé à naître évalués à la fois durant la grossesse et quand les bébés avaient trois mois (47,7% de filles). Le risque de trouble du lien de la mère a fait l'objet de l'étude, au moyen du Questionnaire du Lien Postpartum de Brockington. Selon les résultats, 71 (soit 5,1%) de toutes les mères de l'étude avaient un risque de trouble du lien. Dans un modèle de régression logistique ajusté final les facteurs de risque les plus importants étaient l'incapacité de la mère à former des attentes positives sur les relations avec le bébé durant le troisième trimestre de la grossesse (AOR - 7,78, p ≤,001), le stress postnatal maternel (AOR = 4,95, p ≤,001) et la dépression postnatale maternelle (AOR = 3,46, p ≤,01). Les résultats défient les professionnels de la santé de dépister les mères enceintes afin d'identifier les groupes à risque de troubles du lien postpartum. Des programmes d'intervention destinés à prévenir le développement de troubles du lien ainsi que leurs conséquences sévères pour le développement des enfants devraient être considérés.

Introducing the Expectations and Preference Scales for Couple Therapy (EPSCT): Development, Psychometric Evaluation, and Suggested Use in Practice and Research.

While it is known that client factors account for the largest proportion of outcome variance across treatment modalities, little is known about how clients' characteristics affect the process and effectiveness of couple therapy. To further knowledge in this area, we created a brief, practice-friendly measure, the Expectation and Preference Scales for Couple Therapy (EPSCT). Three self-report scales assess clients' Outcome expectations (e.g., I expect our relationship to improve as a result of couple therapy) and role expectations for Self (e.g., I expect to listen to my partner's concerns) and Partner (e.g., I expect my partner to blame me). Three Cognitive-Behavioral, Emotionally Focused, and Family Systems preference scales use a forced-choice format to measure the comparative strength of respondents' preferences for interventions broadly reflective of each approach. A large item pool was developed from relevant literature and clinical experience and refined based on face and content analyses with two panels of experienced couple therapists and researchers. Across four studies with 1,175 participants, the scales' internal consistency reliabilities were similar and their construct validity was supported with confirmatory factor analyses and significant correlations with several established measures, including expectation measures developed for individual psychotherapy and measures of attitudes toward professional help seeking and valuing personal growth. Across all studies, participants had stronger role expectations for themselves than their partners, although gender effects differed by sample. We discuss how to use the 15-item EPSCT in clinical practice and in future research as a predictor of couple therapy processes and outcomes.

Aunque se sabe que los factores de los clientes representan la mayor parte de la variación en los resultados a través de las modalidades de tratamiento diversas, no se sabe mucho acerca de cómo las características de los clientes afectan el proceso y efectividad de la terapia de pareja. Para avanzar el conocimiento en este campo, hemos creado una breve medida favorable a la práctica, las Escalas de expectativas y preferencias para terapia de pareja (EPSCT en inglés). Tres escalas de autoinforme evalúan las expectativas de resultados de los clientes (p.ej. Espero que nuestra relación mejore como resultado de la terapia de pareja) y las expectativas de roles para sí mismo (p.ej. Espero escuchar las preocupaciones de mi pareja) y para la pareja (p.ej. Espero que mi pareja me culpe). Tres escalas de preferencias cognitivo-conductiva, enfocada en emociones y de sistemas familiares emplean un formato de elección forzada para medir la fortaleza comparativa de las preferencias de los interrogados por intervenciones que reflejan cada enfoque a grandes rasgos. Se elaboró un conjunto amplio de ítems a partir de la literatura y experiencia clínica pertinentes y se refinó a base de análisis de apariencia y contenido con dos paneles de terapistas de pareja e investigadores experimentados. En la totalidad de cuatro estudios con 1175 participantes, las fiabilidades de coherencias internas fueron similares y su validez de constructo fue respaldada por análisis factoriales confirmatorios y correlaciones significativas con varias medidas ya establecidas, incluyendo medidas de expectativas desarrolladas para psicoterapias individuales y medidas de actitudes hacia la búsqueda de ayuda profesional y la valoración del crecimiento personal. En todos los estudios, los participantes mostraron expectativas de roles más fuertes para sí mismos que para sus parejas, aunque hubo diferencias en los efectos de género por muestra. Discutimos cómo usar el EPSCT con sus 15 ítems en la práctica clínica e investigaciones futuras como predictor de procesos y resultados de la terapia de pareja.

"What support would you find helpful?" The relationship between treatment expectations, therapeutic engagement, and clinical outcomes in parent-infant psychotherapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of pretreatment expectations on clinical outcomes and engagement in Parent-Infant Psychotherapy (PIP). Sixty-one mothers who were experiencing mental health difficulties and who were receiving PIP with their young infants participated in the study. A mixed-methodology was used to examine participants' expectations through transformation content analysis of pretreatment interviews; recurring themes were classified and quantified. Further statistical analyses explored relationships between the quantified themes of parental expectations and clinical outcomes and engagement in treatment. No significant correlation was found between expectations and engagement. One of the six clinical outcomes significantly correlated with parental expectations. Improved reflective functioning (RF) was predicted by participants describing expectations of wanting to improve their parent-infant relationship through the treatment, and expressing concerns about discussing their past experiences. These two expectations predicted improvements in RF independently and when combined. These results indicate that PIP may be more effective for some mothers than others and that assessing future clients' expectations before beginning PIP may be beneficial.

El propósito de este estudio fue investigar el impacto de las expectativas anteriores al tratamiento acerca de los resultados clínicos y la participación en la Sicoterapia Progenitor-Infante (PIP). Sesenta y una madres que experimentaban dificultades de salud mental y que estaban recibiendo PIP con sus pequeños infantes participaron en el estudio. Se utilizó una metodología mixta para examinar las expectativas de las participantes a través de análisis de contenido de transformación de las entrevistas anteriores al tratamiento; los temas recurrentes fueron clasificados y cuantificados. Análisis estadísticos adicionales exploraron las relaciones entre los temas cuantificados de expectativas de las madres y los resultados clínicos y participación en el tratamiento. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre las expectativas y la participación. Uno de los seis resultados clínicos se correlacionó significativamente con las expectativas de las madres. Las participantes predijeron el funcionamiento reflexivo mejorado (RF) al describir sus expectativas de querer mejorar su relación progenitor-infante por medio del tratamiento, así como al expresar preocupación sobre discutir sus experiencias pasadas. Estas dos expectativas predijeron las mejoras en RF independientemente y cuando estaban combinadas. Estos resultados indican que PIP pudiera ser más eficaz para ciertas madres que para otras y que evaluar las expectativas de futuros clientes antes de comenzar PIP pudiera ser beneficioso.

Le but de cette étude était de se pencher sur l'impact des attentes pré-traitement sur les résultats cliniques et l'engagement clinique dans une Psychothérapie Parent-Nourrisson (abrégée ici PPN)/ Soixante et une mères qui faisaient l'expérience de difficultés de santé mentale et qui recevaient une PPN avec leur jeune bébé ont participé à cette étude. Une méthodologie mixte a été utilisée afin d'examiner les attentes des participantes à travers une analyse de contenu de transformation des entretiens pré-traitement. Les thèmes qui revenaient ont été ont été classifiés et quantifiés. Des analyses statistiques supplémentaires ont exploré les relations entre les thèmes quantifiés des attentes des parents et les résultats cliniques ainsi que l'engagement clinique dans le traitement. Aucune corrélation n'a été trouvée avec les attentes parentales. Un fonctionnement réfléchi (abrégé RF en français) amélioré a été prédit par les participantes, décrivant des attentes, attentes selon lesquelles elles voulaient améliorer leur relation parent-nourrisson à travers le traitement, et exprimant leurs soucis concernant la discussion de leurs expériences passées. Ces deux attentes ont prédit des améliorations dans le RF indépendamment et lors combinées. Ces résultats indiquent que la PPN peut être plus efficaces pour certaines mères que d'autre et que le fait d'évaluer les attentes des clients avant de commencer la PPN peut s'avérer être une bénéfice.

Marital Expectations in Strong African American Marriages.

The current exploratory study utilized a family strengths framework to identify marital expectations in 39 strong African American heterosexual marriages. Couples reflected on their marital expectations over their 10 or more years of marriage. Three themes emerged through qualitative analysis and the participants' own words were used in the presentation of the themes. African Americans indicated that there was growth in marital expectations over time, with marital expectations often beginning with unrealistic expectations that grew into more realistic expectations as their marriages progressed. Participants also indicated that core expectations in strong African American marriages included open communication, congruent values, and positive treatment of spouse. Finally, participants explained there is an "I" in marriage as they discussed the importance of autonomy within their marital relationships. Results are discussed in association with existing research and theory.

Communication between the obese patient and bariatric surgeon.

Communication between the bariatric surgeon and the obese patient is very important as it influences the expectations of patients with regard to surgery, aim of the surgery and the understanding of the mechanisms of failure of surgery. Furthermore, the incidence of certain psychopathology in these patients makes it necessary for the surgeon to have the ability to communicate to the patient the need for motivation and the maintenance of healthy life habits. Although the topic is subjective, in this article we review several useful recommendations to optimize communication before and after surgery. Finally, we emphasize the need to create workshops to train the bariatric surgeon in these issues that we consider so important.

Satisfaction assessment study in patients (and their partners) with/without Peyronie's disease and penile prosthesis implantation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Among the many treatments for erectile dysfunction, implantation of a penile prosthesis has been associated with high patient satisfaction rates. However, patients with coexistent Peyronie's disease (PD) and refractory erectile dysfunction and/or severe deformities may show different results. The aim of our study was to assess and to compare the level of satisfaction, with an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP), in men with/without coexistent PD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey study based on a five-item satisfaction questionnaire was submitted to all those live patients implanted in the period 1992-2022 at our center (n=570) and their partners. Ninety-two percent of implants were inflatable devices. Surgeries were mainly performed by two surgeons. The main outcome measure used was the level of patient and partner satisfaction with sexual intercourse after IPP. RESULTS: Of the 570 eligible patients, 479 (84%) completed the survey (393 Non-PD: GROUP 1; 70 non-complex PD-Group 2; 16 complex PD). Eighty-six per cent of patients in Group 1 reported satisfactory sexual intercourse (very or moderately satisfied). Non-complex PD implanted patients (Group 2) reported a global 81% satisfactory sexual intercourse (very or moderately satisfied) (p>0.05). However, when we evaluated the PD subgroup of patients with severe PD who require incision/excision/grafting at the time of implant (Group 3: n=20), only 61% reported satisfactory sexual intercourse (p<0.01) with predominance of moderately satisfied patients over very satisfied: 78% vs. 22%). Additionally, 84% (Group 1), 80% (Group 2) and 54% (Group 3) of partners reported satisfactory intercourses, respectively (p<0.01). Overall, 84% of Group 1 implants and 79% of Group 2 reported that they would undergo the procedure again if the IPP failed (p>0.05; ns). Only 50% of Group 3 patients would do it again. With regard to cosmetic aspects, 48% of the Group 3 implant reported penile shortness or soft glans as the main causes of their dissatisfaction. Only 2.4% of total PP patients expressed difficulty in manipulating the device. CONCLUSION: The presence of PD alone may not impact PP patient and partner satisfaction, but patients with more severe baseline deformity who require incision/grafting may be less satisfied with outcomes including penile length and glans sensation.

Translation, validation, and cultural adaptation of the HSS-ES scale (Hospital for Special Surgery's [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey). / Traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del cuestionario HSS-ES (Hospital for Special Surgery [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey).

INTRODUCTION: The questionnaire Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey (HSS-ES) is a tool used to assess the preoperative expectations of patients with shoulder pathologies. The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the HSS-ES questionnaire to assess preoperative expectations in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODOLOGY: Questionnaire validation study, using a structured method where a survey-type tool was processed, evaluated and validated. The study involved 70 patients from the shoulder surgery outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital, with shoulder pathologies requiring surgery. RESULTS: The version of the questionnaire translated into Spanish presented a very good internal consistency with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.94 and a very good reproducibility with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.99. CONCLUSION: The HSS-ES questionnaire presents an adequate intragroup validation and a strong intergroup correlation according to the internal consistency analysis of the questionnaire and the ICC. Therefore, it is considered an adequate questionnaire to use in the Spanish-speaking population.

[Translated article] Translation, validation, and cultural adaptation of the HSS-ES scale (Hospital for Special Surgery's [HSS] Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey).

INTRODUCTION: The questionnaire Hospital for Special Surgery Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey (HSS-ES) is a tool used to assess the preoperative expectations of patients with shoulder pathologies. The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the HSS-ES questionnaire to assess preoperative expectations in Spanish-speaking patients. METHODOLOGY: Questionnaire validation study, using a structured method where a survey-type tool was processed, evaluated and validated. The study involved 70 patients from the shoulder surgery outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital, with shoulder pathologies requiring surgery. RESULTS: The version of the questionnaire translated into Spanish presented a very good internal consistency with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.94 and a very good reproducibility with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.99. CONCLUSION: The HSS-ES questionnaire presents an adequate intragroup validation and a strong intergroup correlation according to the internal consistency analysis of the questionnaire and the ICC. Therefore, it is considered an adequate questionnaire to use in the Spanish-speaking population.

Influence of fulfilment patient expectations in outcomes after total knee arthroplasty. / Influencia del cumplimiento de las expectativas del paciente en los resultados de la artroplastia total de rodilla.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Compliance with preoperative expectations of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is related to the degree of satisfaction, but its effect on other outcomes has not been studied. The aim of this study is to determine whether meeting expectations influences clinical, functional and quality of life outcomes at one year after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The expectations of 183 patients were evaluated through the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Replacement Expectations Survey. The Visual Analog Scale, Knee Society Score, WOMAC and SF-36 questionnaires were administered preoperatively and at the annual review. Comparisons were made between compliance with expectations and socio-demographic variables, postoperative complications, improvement in the questionnaires and degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: Patients without postoperative complications were significantly (P<.005) in the group that had fulfilled all their expectations. A statistically significant relationship (P<.001) was also observed between this group and a higher degree of satisfaction. Finally, the fulfillment of all expectations was associated with a greater improvement (P<.001) in the KSS-Function and SF-36 questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with preoperative expectations is related to a greater improvement in functionality and quality of life at one year of the RTA and significantly affects satisfaction. These findings will allow us to adjust expectations to what is really expected from the surgery, in order to avoid poor results and dissatisfaction.

Satisfaction, fulfillment of expectations and adherence to subcutaneous biological drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARCO study. / Satisfacción, cumplimento de expectativas y adherencia al fármaco biológico subcutáneo en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Estudio ARCO.

OBJECTIVES: In the ARCO study, adherence to subcutaneous biological agents by patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved with monthly administration. We assess whether adherence can be related to fulfillment of expectations and satisfaction with treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adherence was assessed by calculating the Medication Possession Ratio, and satisfaction and fulfillment of expectations using the «EXPRESAR¼ group questionnaire. RESULTS: In 346 patients, those who were satisfied/very satisfied with efficacy and tolerability were ≥80% and 64.4%, with no differences between weekly, biweekly or monthly administration regimens. Regarding the fulfillment of expectations, 59.9% considered the effect of the treatment greater than expected and 52.6% reported lower/much lower than expected discomfort; the latter percentage was higher in patients with monthly administration (P=.049). The percentages for nonadherence were 15.6% (discomfort greater than expected), 18.5% (expected discomfort) and 11.1% (lower than expected or no discomfort) (P=.189). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction and fulfillment of expectations were high. Fulfillment of expectations of tolerability was better with monthly administration, which could contribute to better adherence.

[Symptoms severity profile and expectations in hyperactive bladder patients - VHEXPECTA Study.] / Perfil de severidad sintomática y expectativas en pacientes con vejiga hiperactiva - Estudio VHEXPECTA.

OBJECTIVES: To Evaluate the severity of symptoms in OAB patients and their outcomes expectations, symptoms management and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Epidemiological, multicentre, non-interventional, cross-sectional study, conducted by 294 physicians in Spain in clinical practice. Female adult patients with OAB symptoms, newly diagnosed or during follow-up were included. B-SAQ, OABq-SF and an ad-hoc patient expectation questionnaire were completed. Association between expectations, symptom severity and prior treatments was analyzed using Chi- Square. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the relationship between the intensity of the urgency and the impact of OAB symptoms on HRQoL and between expectative and symptoms characteristics and HRQoL. RESULTS: 1.107 patients were included. Mean age was 58 years. 60.6% were newly diagnosed and urinary urgency was the most frequent symptom reported (93.3%). According the B-SAQ score 58.7% suffered moderatedor severe OAB. Expectations in patients without previous treatment about " their symptoms will be cured permanently" were higher than in patients previously treated (p<0.005). The percentage of patients who expected a positive response to treatment decreased while the OAB symptom severity increased (73.9% mild symptoms, 32.5% very severe symptoms; p<0.005). Moreover, patients with higher symptom discomfort were less agreement with all expectations ( p<0.005), and HRQL was higher in patients with higher expectations (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The expectations of patients with OAB regarding their pathology and the expected outcomes of treatments are related to symptom severity and HRQL.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la gravedad sintomática en pacientes con Vejiga Hiperactiva (VH) y sus expectativas respecto a evolución, manejo y Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS).MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico, realizado en práctica clínica habitual por 294 investigadores españoles. Se incluyeron mujeres adultas con síntomas de VH, de nuevo diagnóstico o en visita de seguimiento. Las pacientes completaron cuestionarios CACV, OABq-SF y una encuesta ad-hoc de expectativas. La asociación entre expectativas y gravedad sintomática, y entre expectativas y experiencia previa de tratamiento, se analizó mediante Chi-Cuadrado. La relación entre gravedad de la urgenciae impacto de los síntomas sobre la CVRS, y entre expectativas y molestia sintomática y CVRS, se evaluó mediante la prueba no-paramétrica Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1107 pacientes, con una edad media de 58,8 años. El 60,6% era de nuevo diagnóstico, y la urgencia fue el síntoma más frecuente (93,3%). Según CACV, 58,7% tenía sintomatología grave o muy grave. Las expectativas en las pacientes  sin tratamiento previo de que sus síntomas se curen para siempre eran mayores que en las pacientes tratadas previamente (p<0,05). El porcentaje de pacientes que esperaban una respuesta positiva al tratamiento disminuía al aumentar la gravedad de VH (73,9% con sintomatología leve, 32,5% con sintomatología muy grave; p<0,005). Igualmente, las pacientes con mayor molestia sintomática mostraban un menor acuerdo con todas las expectativas planteadas (p<0,005), y la  CVRS fue mayor en las pacientes con mejores expectativas (p<0,005). CONCLUSIONES: Las expectativas de las pacientes con VH respecto a su patología y al resultado de los tratamientos están relacionadas con la gravedad sintomática y la CVRS.

Analysis of preoperative and postoperative expectations of penile implant candidates. / Evaluación de las expectativas preoperatorias y postoperatorias del candidato a prótesis peneana. Estudios de satisfacción.

Penile prosthesis implantation is a good option for the treatment of refractory erectile dysfunction. However, the patient's expectations, among other factors, condition his satisfaction after surgery. This review article aims to present the scientific evidence available concerning patient satisfaction with penile prosthesis surgery.

Una investigación etnográfica sobre la violencia médica en los centros de salud de Nepal / Ethnographic Investigation into Medical Violence in Nepali Healthcare Facilities / Uma investigação etnográfica da violência médica em centros de saúde no Nepal

Introducción: la violencia no es un subproducto inherente de las relaciones humanas, pero los con-flictos sí lo son. En este artículo se examinan los factores y circunstancias que conducen a la tensión y los conflictos entre las personas que buscan atención médica y los establecimientos médicos nepalíes y los miembros del personal que trabajan allí. Desarrollo: embebido con una revisión de la literatura relevante, a través del análisis de datos etnográficos generada a partir de la investigación de campo y el análisis de contenido de la representación de noticias seleccionada, el artículo se desarrolla en cuatro secciones diferentes. La primera parte trata sobre el contexto de las consultas médicas que resultan en el desarrollo de una relación problemática. A esto le sigue el examen de los diferentes tipos de violencia, enfrentamientos y protestas que surgen a través de tales relaciones. En la tercera parte se analizan las implicaciones de las crecientes promesas médicas y el consiguiente aumento de las expectativas, mien-tras que la última parte destaca cómo las prácticas médicas típicas que existen en los propios hospitales nepaleses aumentan la posibilidad de enfrentamientos y violencia. Conclusión: la frecuente ocurrencia de peleas y violencia médica tanto en hospitales públicos como privados en Nepal sugiere que hay una bre-cha de comunicación entre los proveedores de servicios y el paciente debido a la naturaleza esotérica de la medicina. El conflicto y la violencia hacia los proveedores de servicios también pueden prosperar en el contexto de un modelo explicativo diferencial de las dos partes. La creciente animosidad también indica una disminución de la confianza entre los proveedores de atención médica y los solicitantes en Nepal

Introduction: Violence is not an inherent by-product of human relationships, but conflicts are. This arti-cle examines the factors and circumstances that lead to tension and conflicts between health seekers, and their counterpart Nepali medical establishments, and their staff members. Development: The article is divided into four sections by embedding a relevant literature review, analyzing ethnographic data generated from field research, and analyzing the content analysis of selected news portrayals. The first section discusses the context of the medical consultations that lead to the development of a problematic relationship. This is followed by examining the various types of violence, confrontations, and protests that arise from such relationships. The implications of rising medical promises and resulting height-ened expectations are discussed in the third section. The last section focuses on how common medical practices in Nepali hospitals increase the possibility of confrontations and violence. Conclusions: The prevalence of tussles and medical violence in Nepal's public and private hospitals suggests that they can occur in any hospital, regardless of ownership. Because of the esoteric nature of medicine, there is always a communication gap between service providers and patients. Conflict and violence against service providers can thrive in the context of a two-sided differential explanatory model. The growing hostility also indicates a decline in trust between healthcare providers and patients in Nepal

Introdução: a violência não é um subproduto inerente às relações humanas, mas o conflito é. Este artigo examina os fatores e circunstâncias que levam à tensão e ao conflito entre as pessoas que pro-curam cuidados médicos e os estabelecimentos médicos nepaleses e os funcionários que aí trabalham. Desenvolvimento: incorporada a uma revisão da literatura relevante, através da análise de dados etno-gráficos gerados a partir da pesquisa de campo e da análise de conteúdo da representação noticiosa selecionada, o artigo desenvolve-se em quatro seções distintas. A primeira parte trata do contexto das consultas médicas que resultam no desenvolvimento de uma relação problemática. Em seguida, exa-minamos os diferentes tipos de violência, confrontos e protestos que surgem através de tais relações. A parte três discute as implicações das crescentes promessas médicas e o consequente aumento das expectativas, enquanto a última parte destaca como as práticas médicas típicas que existem nos próprios hospitais nepaleses aumentam o potencial de confrontos e violência. Conclusão: a frequente ocorrência de brigas e violência médica em hospitais públicos e privados no Nepal sugere-nos que podem ocorrer em qualquer hospital, independentemente do proprietário. Sempre existe uma lacuna de comunicação entre os prestadores de serviços e o paciente devido à natureza esotérica da medicina. O conflito e a vio-lência contra os prestadores de serviços também podem florescer no contexto de um modelo explicativo diferencial das duas partes. A crescente animosidade também indica um declínio na confiança entre os prestadores de cuidados de saúde e os requerentes no Nepal

Autoeficacia de profesores de la escuela prescolar y básico 1 para prácticas inclusivas / Autoeficácia de professores da pré-escola e ensino fundamental 1 para práticas inclusivas / Self-efficacy of preschool and elementary school 1 teachers for inclusive practices

RESUMO Este artigo objetivou comparar o senso de autoeficácia dos professores da Pré-Escola e Ensino Fundamental I para ensinar estudantes público-alvo da Educação Especial (PAEE) na sala de aula regular da rede pública municipal e relacionar o senso de autoeficácia com dados demográficos e de atuação profissional. Participaram da pesquisa 17 professores da Pré-Escola e 27 do Ensino Fundamental 1 de um município do interior paulista. Os dados foram obtidos mediante questionário de caracterização e a Escala de Eficácia Docente para Práticas Inclusivas (EEDPI) via tendência central, dispersão e correlacionais. Quando comparados com os professores do Fundamental 1, os da Pré-Escola possuem mais idade, menos alunos em sala e sentem-se mais preparados para incluir. Os valores de autoeficácia foram semelhantes entre os grupos e são descritos os dados de correlação entre os instrumentos. Corroborou-se na sinalização da potência e sensibilidade da EEDPI para avaliação da autoeficácia docente e da influência do constructo no contexto educativo.

RESUMEN En este artículo se tuvo por objetivo comparar el sentido de autoeficacia de los profesores de la Preescuela y Enseñanza Básica I para enseñar estudiantes destinatario de la educación especial (PAEE) en la clase regular de la red pública municipal y relacionar el sentido de autoeficacia con datos demográficos y de actuación profesional. Participaron 17 profesores de la Preescuela y 27 de la Enseñanza Básica 1 de un municipio do interior paulista. Se obtuvieron los datos por intermedio de un cuestionario de caracterización y la Escala de Eficacia Docente para Prácticas Inclusivas (EEDPI) vía tendencia central, dispersión y correlacionales. Cuando comparados con los profesores de la Enseñanza Básica 1, los de la Preescuela posee más edad, menos alumnos en clase y se sienten más preparados para incluir. Los valores de autoeficacia fueron semejantes entre los grupos y son descriptos los datos de correlación entre los instrumentos. Se corroboró en la señalización de la potencia y sensibilidad de la EEDPI para evaluación de la autoeficacia docente y de la influencia del constructo en el contexto educativo.

ABSTRACT This article aimed to compare the sense of self-efficacy of Pre-School and Elementary School I teachers to teach students target audience of Special Education (PAEE) in the regular classroom of the municipal public network and to relate the sense of self-efficacy with demographic and professional performance. In the research, a total of 17 teachers from Pre-School and 27 from Elementary School 1 from a city in the interior of São Paulo participated. Data were obtained through a characterization questionnaire and the Teacher Effectiveness Scale for Inclusive Practices via central tendency, dispersion and correlations. When compared to Elementary 1 teachers, Pre-School teachers are older, have fewer students in the classroom and they feel more prepared to include. The self-efficacy values ​​were similar between the two groups and the correlation data between the instruments are described. It was corroborated in the signaling of the potency and sensitivity of the EEDPI for the evaluation of teacher self-efficacy and the influence of the construct in the educational context.

Academic Expectations, Gender and Working Status: Comparing Two Cohorts of University Students / Expectativas Acadêmicas, Gênero e Situação Profissional: Comparando Duas Coortes de Estudantes Universitários

ABSTRACT The expansion of higher education is associated with the progressive diversification of student's profiles, such as the increasing number of older, working and female students. The transition to higher education poses challenges for students entering it, generating expectations that can impact academic adaptation. This study compared academic expectations by gender and work situation in two cohorts of first-year students from a Brazilian public university, involving 13,336 participants. The Brazilian Scale of Academic Expectations for First-Year University Students was administered. Non-working and female students had higher academic expectations in both cohorts. The findings provide subsidies to higher education institutions to develop support programs and policies targeting first-year students.

RESUMO A expansão da educação superior está associada à progressiva diversificação dos perfis discentes, tais como aumento do número de estudantes mais velhos, trabalhadores e mulheres. A transição para o ensino superior comporta desafios para os estudantes que nele ingressam, gerando expectativas que podem impactar a adaptação acadêmica. Este estudo comparou as expectativas acadêmicas por gênero e situação de trabalho em dois coortes de estudantes ingressantes em uma universidade pública brasileira, envolvendo 13.336 participantes. Utilizou-se a Escala Brasileira de Expectativas Acadêmicas para Estudantes Ingressantes na Educação Superior. Estudantes mulheres e não trabalhadores apresentaram maiores expectativas acadêmicas em ambas as coortes. Os resultados fornecem subsídios às instituições de ensino superior para desenvolvimento de programas de apoio e políticas voltadas aos estudantes ingressantes.

MOTIVOS INTRÍNSECOS, EXTRÍNSECOS Y EXPECTATIVAS PARA ELECCIÓN DE LA CARRERA, COMO PREDICTORES DE RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE ENFERMERÍA / INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATIONS AND EXPECTATIONS FOR CAREER CHOICE, AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN NURSING STUDENTS

[{"text": "INTRODUCCIÓN. El decantarse por una carrera universitaria, es una decisión que marca el futuro profesional de los jóvenes; en ella están envueltas motivaciones intrínsecas, extrínsecas y expectativas que pueden predecir el desempeño académico. OBJETIVO. Predecir el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de una facultad de enfermería, a través de los motivos intrínsecos, extrínsecos y expectativas para la elección de la carrera. METODOLOGÍA. Estudio correlacional, longitudinal, analítico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 400 estudiantes de primer semestre. Se aplicó una cédula socio demográfica; Escala de Motivación en Educación (EME); Escala de Expectativas Para la Elección de la Carrera e Interés Hacia los Estudios (EEPECIHE); Escala de Seguimiento Cambios en las Expectativas, Grado de Interés y Satisfacción de los Estudiantes (ESCEGIS). Los datos se analizaron con el software SPSS versión 25 para iOS; el estudio contó con la aprobación del comité de bioética en investigación de la Facultad de Enfermería Culiacán. RESULTADOS. Existen diferencias significativas de las motivaciones, expectativas y rendimiento académico (p <.05) al inicio del semestre y al finalizar el semestre; las motivaciones y expectativas predicen el rendimiento académico, en 74.6%, (R2=0,747, Ajuste R2 = 0,746,

Expectativas relacionadas con la elección de un postgrado para los egresados de Odontología en México / The prospective graduates expectations in relation to choosing an advanced education dental specialty in Mexico

En la presente publicación se consideró la compilación de información disponible en sitios de la red informática al respecto de las diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas oferentes de postgrados en áreas de la odontología, en la intención de presentar un contexto a considerar antes de decidirse por un postgrado en alguna de las diferentes disciplinas estomatológicas disponibles en la República Mexicana. Considerando además las expectativas profesionales, académicas y económicas, vinculadas a la pertinencia, factibilidad y calidad de los postgrados. Material y métodos: se analizó la información disponible de 17 de las principales universidades ofertantes de los postgrados que han obtenido reconocimiento por su calidad académica, considerando sus ubicaciones, costos relativos y posicionamiento en el Ranking Nacional de Universidades en México. Por otro lado, se identificaron las expectativas expresadas por un grupo de estudiantes de licenciatura en Cirujano Dentista de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, al momento de elegir un postgrado, información obtenida de un estudio previo realizado en el año 2018 (AU)

In the following publication, a compilation of information available from various network sites were considered in regards to the different public and private institutions that offer a postgraduate program in the dental field. Also, the information collected was used to format all of the contextual considerations a prospective graduate must acknowledge like feasibility and quality of the program; as well as, professional, academic benefits and expenses, when deciding to enroll and pursue a dental specialty in Mexico. Material and methods: a total of 17 universities in the country were analysed and aspects like their location, general expenses (academic and living) academic quality awards received, as well as, their national ranking were taken into consideration. In addition, the results obtained from a previous study carried out in 2018 concerning a series of expectations expressed by a group of students from the Autonomous University of Chihuahua Dental School with respect to choosing a postgraduate Advance dental program were also included to enrich the following conclusions (AU)

Entre a expectativa e a prática do profissional da psicologia na escola / Entre las expectativas y la práctica de un profesional da psicología en la escuela / Between the expectations and practice of a psychology professional at school

RESUMO O artigo objetiva analisar, a partir de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, as expectativas atribuídas à atuação do psicólogo na escola e à efetiva prática desse profissional nesse contexto. De acordo com os critérios da revisão sistemática, delimitou-se o campo do conhecimento científico em três bases de dados virtuais: The Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Biblioteca Virtual em Psicologia (BVS-PSI) e Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PEPSIC). Selecionaram-se 25 trabalhos para constituir a base de análise e discussão deste texto, 12 são de revisão bibliográfica e 13 resultantes de relatos de práticas profissionais. A análise destes trabalhos se deu por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Quanto às expectativas atribuídas a atuação desse profissional na escola, verificou-se a perspectiva de que atue de forma preventiva em relação ao coletivo da escola; conheça o contexto educacional e as normas institucionais, as variáveis que interferem no processo de ensinar e aprender; embase sua prática em teorias psicológicas e mantenha interlocução com outras áreas de conhecimento. Os poucos trabalhos identificados, que apresentam relatos de práticas do psicólogo na escola, revelam que poucos são os profissionais que se autorizam a escrever e relatar as suas práticas, o que fazem, porque fazem e como fazem. Estima-se que diminuir o distanciamento entre expectativa e prática do psicólogo na escola implica em reconhecer variáveis intra e extraescolares, persistir inquirindo e compreendendo a interferência dessas variáveis no clima da escola, nas relações de convivência, nos problemas de diferentes naturezas que se apresentam nesse contexto.

RESUMEN El presente artículo objetiva analizar, a partir de un análisis sistemático de la bibliografía, las expectativas atribuidas a la práctica del psicólogo en la escuela y la práctica efectiva de este profesional en esto contexto. De acuerdo con los criterios de análisis sistemática, el campo de conocimiento científico fue reducido en tres bancos de dados virtuales: The Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), la Biblioteca Virtual de Psicología (BVS-SCI) y los Periódicos Científicos de Psicología (PEPSIC). Fueran seleccionados 25 artículos para constituir la base de análisis y de discusión de este texto, 12 de ellos siendo revisiones bibliográficas y 13 siendo análisis de prácticas profesionales. Los análisis de estos artículos fueran hechos por medio de la técnica de análisis de contenido. En lo que se refiere a las expectativas atribuidas a la práctica del psicólogo en la escuela, fue verificada la perspectiva de que: lo psicólogo debería actuar de manera preventiva con relación al colectivo de la escuela; saber el contexto educacional y las normas institucionales, las variables que interfieren en el proceso de aprendizaje y enseño, basar sus prácticas en teorías psicológicas y mantener contacto con otras áreas de conocimiento. Pocos artículos fueran identificados que presentan análisis de la práctica del psicólogo en la escuela, revelando que san pocos los profesionales que se autorizan para escribir y analizar sus prácticas, o que lo hacen, porque lo hacen y como lo hacen. Fue estimado que reducir la distancia entre expectativas y la práctica del profesional da psicología implica en reconocer los desafíos de las variables intra y extraescolares, en persistir inquiriendo y comprendiendo las implicaciones de estas variables en lo ambiente escolar, en los relacionamientos de convivencia y en los problemas de diferentes naturalezas que se presentan en este contexto.

ABSTRACT The following article aims to analyze, coming form a systematic literature review, the expectations attributed to the psychologist practice in school and the effective practice of this professional in this context. According to the criteria of the systematic review, the field of scientifical knowledge was narrowed into three virtual data bases: The Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), the Virtual Library in Psyschology (BVS-PSI) and the Electronic Journals of Psychology (PEPSIC). It was selected 25 articles to constitute the basis of analysis and discussion of this text, 12 of those being bibliographical reviews and 13 coming from reports of professional practice. The analysis of these articles was made through the technique of content analysis. Regarding the expectations attributed to the practice of the psychologist in school, it was verified the perspective that this professional should act in a preventive manner in relation to the school's collective; know the educational context and the institutional norms, the variables that interfere in the process of teaching and learning, base its practices in psychological theories and maintain contact with other knowledge areas. Few articles were identified that presented reports of the psychologist practices in school, revealing the few are the professionals that have the authority to write and reports its practices, what they do, why they do it and how they do it. It is estimated that reducing the distance between expectations and practice of the psychology professional implies in recognizing the challenges of the inner and out of school variables, to persist inquiring and comprehending the implications of these variables in the school's climate, in the coexistence relationships, and on the problems of different natures that present in this context.

Comparación de las expectativas académicas de universitarios colombianos de primer año según el nivel de escolaridad de los padres

Introducción: Las expectativas académicas representan aquello que los estudiantes esperan alcanzar durante su formación y son un factor predictivo del desempeño académico y social. Estas expectativas académicas son moldeadas por los padres, luego la educación de estos es una variable importante en el desarrollo académico de los hijos. Si bien los progenitores proyectan sus anhelos sobre sus hijos, los motivan a tener altos niveles de aspiración y son los responsables de crear ambientes intelectualmente más estimulantes; el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las diferencias en las expectativas académicas de una muestra de estudiantes, según el nivel de escolaridad de sus padres. Método: Esta investigación contó con la participación de 261 estudiantes colombianos universitarios quienes están cursando su primer año de pregrado, entre los 16 y 54 años (media=21,9). Para este estudio se utilizó el Cuestionario de percepciones académicas-expectativas (CPA-E; Deaño et al., 2015); se obtuvieron los puntajes de cada participante, junto con sus datos sociodemográficos que estipulaban el nivel de escolaridad de los padres, y se llevaron a cabo los análisis descriptivos de cada grupo, y los análisis de varianza unidireccional (ANOVA). Resultados: Las expectativas académicas de los estudiantes con ambos padres sin educación superior (media = 189.176), se encuentran por debajo de la media, siendo significativamente diferentes a los puntajes de expectativas académicas de individuos con uno (media = 202.050) o ambos padres con estudios superiores (media = 204.286, p < 0,001). Discusión: Se demuestra la relevancia y necesidad del acceso a la educación para la mayoría de la población colombiana, entendiendo que este es un factor influyente en las expectativas académicas de una persona, y que debe tenerse un acompañamiento diferencial a los estudiantes con padres sin formación profesional.

Introduction: Academic expectations represent what students hope to achieve during their training and are a predictor of academic and social performance. These academic expectations are shaped by the parents, therefore their education is an important variable in the academic development of the children. Although parents project their aspirations on their children, motivate them to have high levels of aspiration and are responsible for creating more intellectually stimulating environments, the objective of this study was to identify the differences in the academic expectations of a sample of students, according to the level of education of their parents. Method: This research had the participation of 261 Colombian university students who are studying their first year of undergraduate, between the ages of 16 and 54 (mean = 21,9). For this study, the Academic Perceptions-Expectations Questionnaire (CPA-E; Deaño et al., 2015), was used, the scores of each participant were obtained, together with their sociodemographic data stipulating the parents' level of education, and descriptive data and one-way variance (ANOVA) analyzes were done. Results: The academic expectations of students with both parents without higher education (mean= 189.176), are below the average, being significantly different from the academic expectations scores of individuals with one (mean= 202.050) or both parents with higher education (mean= 204.286, p < 0,001). Discussion: The relevance and need of access to education for most of the Colombian population is demonstrated, understanding that this is an influential factor in the academic expectations of a person, and that there must be differential support for students with parents without training professional.