Multi-organ point-of-care ultrasound for COVID-19 (PoCUS4COVID): international expert consensus.

COVID-19 has caused great devastation in the past year. Multi-organ point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) including lung ultrasound (LUS) and focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) as a clinical adjunct has played a significant role in triaging, diagnosis and medical management of COVID-19 patients. The expert panel from 27 countries and 6 continents with considerable experience of direct application of PoCUS on COVID-19 patients presents evidence-based consensus using GRADE methodology for the quality of evidence and an expedited, modified-Delphi process for the strength of expert consensus. The use of ultrasound is suggested in many clinical situations related to respiratory, cardiovascular and thromboembolic aspects of COVID-19, comparing well with other imaging modalities. The limitations due to insufficient data are highlighted as opportunities for future research.

Precision medicine: "Point of Care Ultrasound" (PoCUS) in the diagnostic approach to the patient with hyponatremia.

Hyponatremia is a multifactorial disorder defined as a decrease in plasma sodium concentration. Its differential diagnosis requires an adequate evaluation of the extracellular volume (ECV). However, ECV determination, simply based on the clinical history, vital signs, physical examination, and laboratory findings can leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS), through the combination of Lung Ultrasound (LUS), Venous Excess UltraSound (VExUS) and Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (FoCUS), allows a much more accurate holistic assessment of the patient's ECV status in combination with the other parameters.

Cost-effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy of focused cardiac ultrasound in the pre-participation screening of athletes: the SPORT-FoCUS study.

AIMS: The role of pre-participation screening (PPS) modalities in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is debated due to a high false-positive rate. Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) has shown higher sensitivity and specificity, but its cost-effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance and cost-effectiveness of FoCUS use in PPS. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2111 athletes (77.4% male, mean age 24.9 ± 15.2years) underwent standardized family and medical history collection, physical examination, resting electrocardiography (ECG), FoCUS (10 min/5 views protocol), comprehensive echocardiography and exercise stress test. We prospectively evaluated three PPS incremental models: Model A, standardized medical history and physical examination Model B, Model A plus resting and stress ECG and Model C, Model B plus FoCUS (10 min/5 views protocol). We determined their incremental diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness ratio. A total of 30 athletes were diagnosed with a cardiac condition associated with SCD: 3 were identified by Model A, 14 by Model B, and 13 athletes by Model C. The introduction of FoCUS markedly increased the sensitivity of PPS, compared with Model A and Model B (sensitivity 94% vs. 19% vs. 58% specificity 93% vs. 93% vs. 92%). The total screening costs were as follows: Model A 35.64 euros, Model B 87.68 euros, and Model C 120.89 euros. Considering the sole conditions at risk of SCD, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 135.62 euros for Model B and 114.31 for Model C. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of FoCUS into the PPS allows to identify a significantly greater number of athletes at risk of SCD and markedly lowers the false negative rate. Furthermore, the incorporation of FoCUS into the screening process has shown to be cost-effective.

A significant electrocardiography false-positive rate makes pre-participation screening (PPS) for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes controversial. Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) may increase sensitivity and specificity however, its cost-effectiveness is unknown. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance and cost-effectiveness of FoCUS in PPS. Incorporating a simplified echocardiographic exam called FoCUS into PPS resulted in higher diagnostic reliability, with a lower rate of false negatives and a higher number of athletes at risk for SCD identified.The integration of FoCUS into the screening process resulted to be cost-effective in our athletes' cohort.

Neonatologist Performed Echocardiography for Evaluating the Newborn Infant.

The interest in the use of cardiac ultrasound for hemodynamic evaluation in neonates has increased in the last decades. Several overlapping terms exists, and a non-comprehensive list includes point-of-care ultrasound, clinician-performed ultrasound, focused cardiac ultrasound, targeted neonatal echocardiography, and neonatologist performed echocardiography. This review will use the term neonatologist performed echocardiography. Neonatologist performed echocardiography is primarily echocardiography to obtain snapshots of hemodynamics and heart function, usually as repeated exams during intensive care. It provides the neonatologist with in-depth information on the hemodynamics not available by blood pressure, pulse oximetry, capillary refill time, and various blood tests. The review provides a brief overview of some relevant methods for assessment of hemodynamics and heart function. It does not discuss training, implementation, accreditation, and certification nor in-depth technical aspects and detailed use of neonatologist performed echocardiography. If the information obtainable by neonatologist performed echocardiography had been accessible easily (e.g., via a sensor put on the neonate similarly to a pulse oximeter), neonatologist performed echocardiography would have been more widely used. Acquiring skills for neonatologist performed echocardiography take time and resources. Future developments probably include a stronger focus on education, training, and certification. It is likely that echocardiographic methods will evolve further, probably involving establishing new indexes and methods and implementing artificial intelligence in the analyses procedure to improve accuracy and workflow. It is important to acknowledge that neonatologist performed echocardiography is not a therapeutic intervention; it is a diagnostic tool providing additional information.

Creatine phosphokinase MB levels as a diagnostic marker of myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with electrical burns.

Background: The decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as consequence of a ventricular dysfunction is reported in cardiac alterations secondary to electrical injury. The focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) helps to complete the clinical examination because it allows a faster non-invasive evaluation, and provides information that contributes to make better therapeutic decisions, especially those for patients in critical condition. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB) as a diagnostic tool of myocardial dysfunction in patients from 6 to 18 years old with electrical burn. Methods: From November 2018 to August 2019, we conducted a transversal analytic study of 10 children with electric burn (6 to 18 years of age), in whom the percentage of LVEF was obtained through the FoCUS protocol in the first 24 hours after injury. Results: We found 10 cases of electrical burn injury, eight males and two females, with an average of 13 years of age. Eighty percent of these cases showed a slight decrease in LVEF (45-59%). When performing the FoCUS protocol, myocardial hypokinesia was reported in seven patients. We observed a moderate correlation between LVEF and CPK-MB levels (r = -0.671), and no correlation between LVEF and body surface area affected by the electrical burn. Conclusions: The cardiac ultrasound influences decision making to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Background: Introducción">La disminución de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) como consecuencia de una disfunción ventricular se reporta dentro de las alteraciones cardiacas secundarias a una lesión eléctrica. Como complemento de la exploración física, la ecografía cardiaca enfocada (FoCUS) permite una evaluación rápida, no invasiva, que da información para contribuir a tomar mejores decisiones terapéuticas, sobre todo en pacientes en estado crítico. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la utilidad de la creatina fosfocinasa MB (CPK-MB) como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes de 6 a 18 años con quemadura eléctrica. Métodos: Durante el periodo de noviembre de 2018 a agosto de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico de 10 pacientes, de 6 a 18 años de edad, con quemadura eléctrica, en quienes se obtuvo el porcentaje de FEVI a través del protocolo FoCUS. Posteriormente, el porcentaje de FEVI se correlacionó con los valores de CPK-MB y el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada (SCQ) en las primeras 24 horas después de la lesión. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 casos de quemadura eléctrica, ocho de sexo masculino y dos de sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 13 años. El 80% de estos casos presentó disminución leve de la FEVI (45-59%). Al realizar el protocolo FoCUS se reportó hipocinesia miocárdica en siete pacientes. Se encontró una correlación moderada entre la FEVI y los valores de CPK-MB (r = −0.671), aunque no se observó correlación entre la FEVI y la SCQ. Conclusiones: La ecografía cardiaca influye en la toma de decisiones y mejora el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Medicina de precisión: «Point of Care Ultrasound» (PoCUS) en el abordaje diagnóstico del paciente con hiponatremia / Precision medicine: “Point of Care Ultrasound” (PoCUS) in the diagnostic approach to the patient with hyponatremia

La hiponatremia es un trastorno multifactorial definido como una disminución en la concentración plasmática de sodio. Su diagnóstico diferencial requiere una evaluación adecuada del volumen extracelular. Sin embargo, la determinación del volumen extracelular, simplemente basada en la historia clínica, las constantes vitales, el examen físico y los hallazgos de laboratorio, conducen en ocasiones a un diagnóstico erróneo por lo que el enfoque terapéutico puede ser equivocado. El empleo de ecografía a pie de cama (Point-of-Care Ultrasound [PoCUS]), mediante la combinación de ecografía pulmonar (Lung Ultrasound [LUS]), Venous Excess UltraSound (VExUS) y la ecocardioscopia (Focused Cardiac Ultrasound [FoCUS]) permiten, en combinación con el resto de los parámetros, una valoración holística mucho más precisa del estado del volumen extracelular del paciente.(AU)

Hyponatremia is a multifactorial disorder defined as a decrease in plasma sodium concentration. Its differential diagnosis requires an adequate evaluation of the extracellular volume. However, extracellular volume determination, simply based on the clinical history, vital signs, physical examination, and laboratory findings can leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (PoCUS), through the combination of Lung Ultrasound (LUS), Venous Excess UltraSound (VExUS) and Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (FoCUS), allows a much more accurate holistic assessment of the patient's extracellular volume status in combination with the other parameters.(AU)

Creatina fosfocinasa MB como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes pediátricos con quemadura eléctrica / Creatine phosphokinase MB levels as a diagnostic marker of myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with electrical burns

Resumen Introducción: La disminución de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) como consecuencia de una disfunción ventricular se reporta dentro de las alteraciones cardiacas secundarias a una lesión eléctrica. Como complemento de la exploración física, la ecografía cardiaca enfocada (FoCUS) permite una evaluación rápida, no invasiva, que da información para contribuir a tomar mejores decisiones terapéuticas, sobre todo en pacientes en estado crítico. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la utilidad de la creatina fosfocinasa MB (CPK-MB) como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes de 6 a 18 años con quemadura eléctrica. Métodos: Durante el periodo de noviembre de 2018 a agosto de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico de 10 pacientes, de 6 a 18 años de edad, con quemadura eléctrica, en quienes se obtuvo el porcentaje de FEVI a través del protocolo FoCUS. Posteriormente, el porcentaje de FEVI se correlacionó con los valores de CPK-MB y el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada (SCQ) en las primeras 24 horas después de la lesión. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 casos de quemadura eléctrica, ocho de sexo masculino y dos de sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 13 años. El 80% de estos casos presentó disminución leve de la FEVI (45-59%). Al realizar el protocolo FoCUS se reportó hipocinesia miocárdica en siete pacientes. Se encontró una correlación moderada entre la FEVI y los valores de CPK-MB (r = −0.671), aunque no se observó correlación entre la FEVI y la SCQ. Conclusiones: La ecografía cardiaca influye en la toma de decisiones y mejora el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: The decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as consequence of a ventricular dysfunction is reported in cardiac alterations secondary to electrical injury. The focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) helps to complete the clinical examination because it allows a faster non-invasive evaluation, and provides information that contributes to make better therapeutic decisions, especially those for patients in critical condition. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB) as a diagnostic tool of myocardial dysfunction in patients from 6 to 18 years old with electrical burn. Methods: From November 2018 to August 2019, we conducted a transversal analytic study of 10 children with electric burn (6 to 18 years of age), in whom the percentage of LVEF was obtained through the FoCUS protocol in the first 24 hours after injury. Results: We found 10 cases of electrical burn injury, eight males and two females, with an average of 13 years of age. Eighty percent of these cases showed a slight decrease in LVEF (45-59%). When performing the FoCUS protocol, myocardial hypokinesia was reported in seven patients. We observed a moderate correlation between LVEF and CPK-MB levels (r = −0.671), and no correlation between LVEF and body surface area affected by the electrical burn. Conclusions: The cardiac ultrasound influences decision making to improve the prognosis of these patients.

The diagnosis of right heart thrombus by focused cardiac ultrasound in a critically ill patient in compensated shock.

Right heart thrombus (RHT) is a life-threatening diagnosis that is rarely made in the emergency department (ED), but with the increasing use of focused cardiac ultrasound (FocUS), more of these cases may be identified in a timely fashion. We present a case of an ill-appearing patient who had an immediate change in management due to the visualization of RHT soon after arrival to the ED. The diagnosis was confirmed after a cardiology-performed ultrasound (US). This case illustrates the value of the recognition of RHT on FocUS and how US protocols designed for the evaluation of shock and shortness of breath may potentially be expanded to patients in a 'compensated' or 'pre-shock' state to expedite the correct diagnosis and to facilitate more timely management.