Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with disease recurrence after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment and who are ineligible for/refuse radical cystectomy. FGFR alterations are commonly detected in NMIBC. We evaluated the activity of oral erdafitinib, a selective pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, versus intravesical chemotherapy in patients with high-risk NMIBC and select FGFR3/2 alterations following recurrence after BCG treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years with recurrent, BCG-treated, papillary-only high-risk NMIBC (high-grade Ta/T1) and select FGFR alterations refusing or ineligible for radical cystectomy were randomized to 6 mg daily oral erdafitinib or investigator's choice of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or gemcitabine). The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). The key secondary endpoint was safety. RESULTS: Study enrollment was discontinued due to slow accrual. Seventy-three patients were randomized 2 : 1 to erdafitinib (n = 49) and chemotherapy (n = 24). Median follow-up for RFS was 13.4 months for both groups. Median RFS was not reached for erdafitinib [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.9 months-not estimable] and was 11.6 months (95% CI 6.4-20.1 months) for chemotherapy, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.28 (95% CI 0.1-0.6; nominal P value = 0.0008). In this population, safety results were generally consistent with known profiles for erdafitinib and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Erdafitinib prolonged RFS compared with intravesical chemotherapy in patients with papillary-only, high-risk NMIBC harboring FGFR alterations who had disease recurrence after BCG therapy and refused or were ineligible for radical cystectomy.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Recurrence after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: 2-Year Follow-Up Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to investigate the risk factors for recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and to provide a basis for clinical prevention of recurrence of NMIBC. METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2020, 592 patients with NMIBC who underwent TURBT attending the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were retrospectively included in this study. Patients were divided into relapse and relapse-free groups according to whether relapse occurred within 2 years. Ultimately, 72 patients were included in the relapse group and 350 patients were included in the relapse-free group. Observation indicators included age, sex, smoking, underlying disease (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease), two or more lesions, tumor size, hematuria, pathology grading (low, medium, high), staging (Ta, T1), muscular invasion in initial pathology, tumor base (sessile, pedunculated), use of intravesical drug (pirarubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guerin [BCG], mitomycin, hydroxycamptothecin, gemcitabine). RESULTS: In this study, the 2-year recurrence rate of NMIBC patients after TURBT was 17.06%. There were significant differences in comparison of pirarubicin, BCG, and mitomycin treatment between the two groups (p < 0.05). To avoid missing risk factors for recurrence, factors with p < 0.1 were analyzed. The results of univariate logistic regression analysis showed that NMIBC patients with BCG treatment (OR = 5.088, 95% CI = 1.444-17.73, p = 0.012), high pathology grading (OR = 0.415, 95% CI = 0.197-0.880, p = 0.023), T1 stage (OR = 2.097, 95% CI = 0.996-4.618, p = 0.059), mitomycin treatment (OR = 5.029, 95% CI = 1.149-21.77, p = 0.031), and pirarubicin treatment (OR = 1.794, 95% CI = 1.079-3.030, p = 0.024) had significantly higher risk of recurrence within 2 years after TURBT. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NMIBC patients with high pathology grading (OR = 0.4030, 95% CI = 0.1702-0.8426, p = 0.0241), pirarubicin treatment (OR = 1.961, 95% CI = 1.159-3.348, p = 0.0125), and BCG treatment (OR = 6.201, 95% CI = 1.275-29.73, p = 0.0190) had significantly higher risk of recurrence within 2 years after TURBT. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the importance of postoperative surveillance and individualized treatment for patients with NMIBC. Our findings show that high pathology grading, pirarubicin treatment, and BCG treatment are independent risk factors for recurrence after TURBT in patients with NMIBC. However, caution is warranted when interpreting our findings due to the small sample size and the need for further research to confirm the negative impact of mitomycin and BCG on recurrence rates.

Targeting tumour surface collage with hydrogel probe: a new strategy to enhance intraoperative imaging sensitivity and stability of bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: The incomplete resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) augments the risk of disease recurrence. Imaging-guided surgery by molecular probes represents a pivotal strategy for mitigating postoperative recurrence. Traditional optical molecular probes, primarily composed of antibodies/peptides targeting tumour cells and fluorescent groups, are challenged by the high heterogeneity of NMIBC cells, leading to inadequate probe sensitivity. We have developed a collagen-adhesive probe (CA-P) to target the collagen within the tumour microenvironment, aiming to address the issue of insufficient imaging sensitivity. METHODS: The distribution characteristics of collagen in animal bladder cancer models and human bladder cancer tissues were explored. The synthesis and properties of CA-P were validated. In animal models, the imaging performance of CA-P was tested and compared with our previously reported near-infrared probe PLSWT7-DMI. The clinical translational potential of CA-P was assessed using human ex vivo bladder tissues. RESULTS: The distribution of collagen on the surface of tumour cells is distinct from its expression in normal urothelium. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of the CA-P to undergo a "sol-gel" transition upon interaction with collagen. In animal models and human ex vivo bladder specimens, CA-P exhibits superior imaging performance compared to PLSWT7-DMI. The sensitivity of this probe is 94.1%, with a specificity of 81%. CONCLUSION: CA-P demonstrates the capability to overcome tumour cell heterogeneity and enhance imaging sensitivity, exhibiting favorable imaging outcomes in preclinical models. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of CA-P in intraoperative navigation for NMIBC.

Clinical characteristics and factors associated with survival rate of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer attending at a Tertiary Hospital in Somalia.

BACKGROUND: A few studies regarding the epidemiology and risk factors of Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) are reported from Sub-Saharan African countries (SSA), including Somalia, and the African literature is scant on the management of NMIBC. The present study aims to evaluate the clinical-histopathological characteristics and factors associated with the survival rate of patients with NMIBC. METHOD: This six-year cohort study included 196 patients with NMIBC. It reviewed the clinical and histopathological characteristics and factors predicting cancer-specific survival for these patients. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 59.01 ± 11.50 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) constituted the most common pathological type, accounting for 90.8%; Ta LG and T1HG were the most common histopathological tumour stage and grade (n = 90, 45.9%, vs. n = 56, 28.6%), respectively. The mean tumour size was 4.72 ± 2.81 cm. The cancer-specific mortality(CSM) was 13.3%. Age [2.252(2.310-2.943], p < 0.001], Gender [1.031(0.981-1.1.242),p < 0.001], tumour stage and grade [4.902(3.607-5.614),p < 0.001], tumour location [1.135(0.806-1.172),p < 0.001], number [0.510(0.410-0.920),p = 0.03], tumour size [1.523(0.936-1.541),p < 0.001], use of intravesical chemotherapy or BCG [2.810(1.972-4.381),p < 0.001], preoperative hydronephrosis grade [1.517(1.172-2.154),p < 0.001], and follow-up compliance [3.376(2.633-5.018),p < 0.001] were all associated with CSM. The 5-year overall survival was 57.1%, and cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality (n = 34), followed by diabetes (n = 28). CONCLUSION: Our study findings revealed that UC constituted the most common pathological subtype, though less than forty per cent of our patients receive intravesical adjuvant therapies, which are crucial to minimizing disease morbidity and mortality. Initiatives improving uro-oncological care, including subspecialty training in oncology and essential cancer therapies, better access to urology services, and cancer screening programs, are much needed for optimal management plans and care in the country.

Association between CYP1A2 gene variants -163 C/A (rs762551) and -3860 G/A (rs2069514) and bladder cancer susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BLCA) poses a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the association between two specific polymorphisms, CYP1A2-163 C/A and CYP1A2-3860G/A, within the Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene and susceptibility to BLCA. METHODS: The study employed a case-control design, genotyping 340 individuals using Polymerase Chain Reaction-High-Resolution Melting Curve (PCR-HRM). Various genetic models were applied to evaluate allele and genotype frequencies. Genetic linkage analysis was facilitated using R packages. RESULTS: The study reveals a significant association with the - 163 C/A allele, particularly in the additive model. Odds ratio (OR) analysis links CYP1A2-163 C/A (rs762551) and CYP1A2-3860G/A(rs2069514) polymorphisms to BLCA susceptibility. The rs762551 C/A genotype is prevalent in 55% of BLCA cases and exhibits an OR of 2.21. The A/A genotype has an OR of 1.54. Regarding CYP1A2-3860G/A, the G/A genotype has an OR of 1.54, and the A/A genotype has an OR of 2.08. Haplotype analysis shows a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. This study underscores associations between CYP1A2 gene variants, particularly rs762551 (CYP1A2-163 C/A), and an increased susceptibility to BLCA. Haplotype analysis of 340 individuals reveals a predominant C-C haplotype at 38.2%, followed by a C-A haplotype at 54.7%, and a less frequent A-A haplotype at 7.1%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the - 163 C/A allele, C/A genotype of rs762551, and G/A genotype of rs2069514 emerge as potential genetic markers associated with elevated BLCA risk.

Multiparametric MRI-Based Deep Learning Radiomics Model for Assessing 5-Year Recurrence Risk in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Accurately assessing 5-year recurrence rates is crucial for managing non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC). However, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) model exhibits poor performance. PURPOSE: To investigate whether integrating multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) with clinical factors improves NMIBC 5-year recurrence risk assessment. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: One hundred ninety-one patients (median age, 65 years; age range, 54-73 years; 27 females) underwent mp-MRI between 2011 and 2017, and received ≥5-year follow-ups. They were divided into a training cohort (N = 115) and validation/testing cohorts (N = 38 in each). Recurrence rates were 23.5% (27/115) in the training cohort and 23.7% (9/38) in both validation and testing cohorts. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3-T, fast spin echo T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), single-shot echo planar diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and volumetric spoiled gradient echo dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences. ASSESSMENT: Radiomics and deep learning (DL) features were extracted from the combined region of interest (cROI) including intratumoral and peritumoral areas on mp-MRI. Four models were developed, including clinical, cROI-based radiomics, DL, and clinical-radiomics-DL (CRDL) models. STATISTICAL TESTS: Student's t-tests, DeLong's tests with Bonferroni correction, receiver operating characteristics with the area under the curves (AUCs), Cox proportional hazard analyses, Kaplan-Meier plots, SHapley Additive ExPlanations (SHAP) values, and Akaike information criterion for clinical usefulness. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The cROI-based CRDL model showed superior performance (AUC 0.909; 95% CI: 0.792-0.985) compared to other models in the testing cohort for assessing 5-year recurrence in NMIBC. It achieved the highest Harrell's concordance index (0.804; 95% CI: 0.749-0.859) for estimating recurrence-free survival. SHAP analysis further highlighted the substantial role (22%) of the radiomics features in NMIBC recurrence assessment. DATA CONCLUSION: Integrating cROI-based radiomics and DL features from preoperative mp-MRI with clinical factors could improve 5-year recurrence risk assessment in NMIBC. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Prognostic role of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in high-risk BCG-naïve non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical gemcitabine/docetaxel.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the prediction of response to sequential intravesical therapy, gemcitabine and docetaxel (Gem/Doce), given to patients with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)- naïve high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 115 patients who received intravesical Gem/Doce for high-risk NMIBC between January 2011 and December 2021. Data were computed as the median (interquartile range [IQR]) or mean (standard deviation [sd]). Cox regression analysis was performed to determine if neutrophilia, NLR, platelet counts, and PLR before instillation therapy were predictive of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Predictive performance was estimated using Uno's C-statistic. RESULTS: The median (IQR) follow-up for the overall cohort was 23 (13-36) months. The mean (sd) values for NLR, PLR and platelet counts were 3.4 (2.3), 142.2 (85.5), and 225.2 (75.1) × 109/L, respectively. NLR was associated with RFS, with a hazard ratio of 1.32 (95% confidence interval CI 1.19-1.46). Concordance analysis showed that NLR had a good ability to predict RFS (C-index: 0.7, P < 0.01). The PLR and platelet count were not associated with RFS and did not predict recurrence. In terms of OS, none of these cellular inflammatory markers showed any prediction value. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment NLR provides some predictive accuracy for RFS in high-risk BCG-naïve patients receiving Gem/Doce. Further prospective trials are needed to validate this finding.

Influence of lamina propria invasion extension on T1 high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in patients undergoing BCG or radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of T1 substaging in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or immediate radical cystectomy (iRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an institutional review board-approved retrospective study analysing non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients with pT1 disease treated with either BCG or iRC between 2000 and 2020. Lamina propria (LP) invasion characteristics were extracted from the pathology report. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS). Multivariable Cox models were used to determine the association between progression-free survival (PFS) and characteristics in the BCG cohort. A logistic regression model explored the relationship between T1 substaging and upstaging to >pT2 at iRC. RESULTS: A total of 411 T1 high-grade patients were identified. LP invasion characteristics were as follows: not specified: 115 (28%); focal/superficial (F/S): 147 (35.8%); and extensive/multifocal (E/M): 149 (36.2%). Overall, 303 patients (73.7%) received BCG, and 108 patients (26.3%) underwent iRC. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 53 (32-96) months. Patients with E/M LP invasion were significantly more likely to undergo iRC (34% vs. 19%; P = 0.003). Patients with E/M LP invasion showed poorer MFS and CSS compared to those with F/S LP invasion when treated with BCG but not when treated with iRC. Among BCG-treated patients, progression occurred in 41 patients and E/M LP invasion was independently associated with progression after BCG (hazard ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-13.1; P < 0.001). T1 substaging was not associated with upstaging at RC (odds ratio 3.15, 95% CI 0.82-12.12; P = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: Extensive/multifocal LP invasion was associated with poor PFS, MFS and CSS in patients treated with BCG. T1 substaging provides valuable prognostic information and should be reported in pathology reports.

Impact of age >70 years on oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of age on oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study analysing patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG at our institution from 2000 to 2020. Adequate BCG was defined as per United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines as being receipt of at least five of six induction BCG instillations with a minimum of two additional doses (of planned maintenance or of re-induction) of BCG instillations within a span of 6 months. The study's primary outcome was to determine if age >70 years was associated with progression to MIBC cancer or distant metastasis. The cumulative incidence method and the competing-risk regression analyses were used to investigate the association of advanced age (>70 years) with progression, high-grade (HG) recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS: Overall, data from 632 patients were analysed: 355 patients (56.2%) were aged ≤70 years and 277 (43.8%) were >70 years. Age >70 years did not adversely affect either cumulative incidence of progression or HG recurrence (P = 0.067 and P = 0.644, respectively). On competing-risk regression analyses, age >70 years did not emerge as an independent predictor of progression or HG recurrence (sub-standardised hazard ratio [SHR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-2.81, P = 0.134; and SHR 1.05, 95% CI 0.77-1.44, P = 0.749). Not unexpectedly, patients in the older group did have higher overall mortality (P < 0.001) but not CSM (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: Age >70 years was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large contemporary cohort of patients receiving adequate intravesical BCG for NMIBC. BCG should not be withheld from older patients seeking for bladder sparing options.

The potential benefits of concomitant statins treatment in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of statins on the survival outcomes of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adjuvant intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with NMIBC who received intravesical BCG therapy from 2001 to 2020 and statins prescription were identified. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were analysed between the Statins Group vs No-Statins Group using Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 2602 patients with NMIBC who received intravesical BCG were identified. The median follow-up was 11.0 years. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, the Statins Group had significant better OS (P < 0.001), CSS (P < 0.001), and PFS (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated statins treatment started before BCG treatment had better CSS (P = 0.02) and PFS (P < 0.01). Upon multivariable Cox regression analysis, the 'statins before BCG' group was an independent protective factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.607, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.514-0.716), and CSS (HR 0.571, 95% CI 0.376-0.868), but not RFS (HR 0.885, 95% CI 0.736-1.065), and PFS (HR 0.689, 95% CI 0.469-1.013). CONCLUSIONS: Statins treatment appears to offer protective effects on OS and CSS for patients with NMIBC receiving adjuvant intravesical BCG.

An international multicentre randomised controlled trial of en bloc resection of bladder tumour vs conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumour: first results of the en bloc resection of urothelium carcinoma of the bladder (EBRUC) II trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and oncological advantages of en bloc resection of bladder tumour (ERBT) vs conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumour (cTURBT) in terms of resection quality, staging quality, and safety. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a single-blinded randomised controlled trial at seven European hospitals with the following inclusion criteria: first diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, no singular carcinoma in situ, and tumour size >4.3 mm. Patients were randomised intraoperatively in a 1:1 ratio to either the ERBT or cTURBT group. Outcome analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t-test, and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were randomised into the study (cTURBT = 40, ERBT = 57). A switch to cTURBT was necessary in two patients (3.5%) and 11.5% of the screened patients were preoperatively excluded for ERBT. There was no difference in the specimen presence of detrusor muscle with 73.7% in cTURBT and 67.3% in ERBT specimens (P = 0.69). There were no significant differences in mean operative time (ERBT 27.6 vs cTURBT 25.4 min, P = 0.450) or mean resection time (ERBT 16.3 vs cTURBT 15.5 min, P = 0.732). Overall the complication rate did not differ significantly (ERBT 18.2% vs cTURBT 7.5%, P = 0.142). Bladder perforations occurred significantly more often in the ERBT group (ERBT seven vs cTURBT none, P = 0.020). R0 status was reported more often after ERBT, whilst a second resection was significantly less frequent after ERBT (P = 0.018). Recurrence rates were comparable for both techniques after 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The feasibility of ERBT is higher than previously reported. Whereas other perioperative and safety parameters are comparable to cTURBT, bladder perforations occurred significantly more often in the ERBT group and raised safety concerns. This is why this trial was terminated.

Cumulative incidence of and risk factors for BCG infection after adjuvant BCG instillations.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cumulative incidence proportion of disseminated or local Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections after adjuvant BCG instillations in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed the timing and occurrence of BCG infections and absolute and relative risk in relation to patient characteristics available in the Swedish nationwide database 'BladderBaSe 2.0'. The cumulative incidence proportion of a BCG infection was indicated by a reported diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in the patient registry or filing a prescription for tuberculostatic drugs. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence proportion was 1.1% at the 5-year follow-up in 5033 patients exposed to adjuvant BCG instillations. The incidence rate was highest during the first 2 years after start of BCG instillations. Women had a lower risk than men (hazard ratio 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.74). Age and calendar time at diagnosis, comorbidity, tumour risk group, previous medication with corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or time between transurethral resection of the bladder tumour and commencing the adjuvant BCG instillation were not associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS: These data further supports that the overall risk of a BCG infection after BCG-instillation treatment for NMIBC is low. The great majority of infections occur in the first 2 years, calling for an awareness of the diverse symptoms of BCG infection during this period. We provide evidence for male sex as a risk factor; however, the statistical precision is low and with a risk of selection bias, making it difficult to rule out the other suggested risk factors without further studies with different approaches.

Long-term outcomes and cost savings of office fulguration of papillary Ta low-grade bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether office-based fulguration (OF) under local anaesthesia for small, recurrent, pathological Ta low-grade (LG) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is an effective alternative to transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), avoiding the costs and risks of procedure, and anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 521 patients with primary TaLG NMIBC, this retrospective study included 270 patients who underwent OF during follow-up for recurrent, small, papillary LG-appearing tumours at a university centre (University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada). We assessed the cumulative incidence of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and disease progression (to MIBC or metastases), as well as possible direct cost savings. RESULTS: In the 270 patients with recurrent TaLG NMIBC treated with OF, the mean (sd) age was 64.9 (13.3) years, 70.8% were men, and 60.3% had single tumours. The mean (sd, range) number of OF procedures per patient was 3.1 (3.2, 1-22). The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 10.1 (5.8-16.2) years. Patients also underwent a mean (sd) of 3.6 (3.0) TURBTs during follow-up in case of numerous or bulkier recurrence. In all, 44.4% of patients never received intravesical therapy. The 10-year incidence of CSM and progression were 0% and 3.1% (95% confidence interval 0.8-5.4%), respectively. Direct cost savings in Ontario were estimated at $6994.14 (Canadian dollars) per patient over the study follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that properly selected patients with recurrent, apparent TaLG NMIBC can be safely managed with OF under local anaesthesia with occasional TURBT for larger or numerous recurrent tumours, without compromising long-term oncological outcomes. This approach could generate substantial cost-saving to healthcare systems, is patient-friendly, and could be adopted more widely.

Real-word outcomes for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: screened patients for the BRAVO trial.

OBJECTIVE: To report real-world outcomes for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HRNMIBC), including bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and radical cystectomy (RC), as randomised comparisons of these have not been possible. METHODS: We detail consecutive participants screened for the BRAVO randomised controlled trial comparing RC with BCG (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number [ISRCTN]12509361). Patients were prospectively registered and case-note review used for outcomes. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes included recurrence, progression, metastasis, and bladder cancer-specific survival. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 193 patients were screened, including 106 (54.9%) who received BCG, 43 (22.3%) primary RC, 37 (19.2%) 'other' treatment and seven (3.6%) hyperthermic intravesical mitomycin C. All-cause death occurred in 55 (28.5%) patients at median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 29.0 (19.5-42.0) months. In multivariable analysis, overall mortality was more common in older patients (hazard ratio [HR] 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-5.13; Cox P = 0.004 for age >70 years), those recruited from district hospitals (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.3-0.95; P = 0.032) and those who did not undergo RC as their first treatment (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.17-3.99; P = 0.014). In all, 17 (8.8%) patients died from bladder cancer (BC) at median (IQR) of 22.5 (19-36.25) months. In multivariable analysis, BC-specific mortality was more common in older patients (HR 4.87, 95% CI 1.1-21.6; P = 0.037) and those with Tis/T1 disease (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.23-4.16; P = 0.008) but did not vary with initial treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HRNMIBC are at high-risk of mortality. Those choosing RC as their initial treatment have lower risks of mortality than others, although this may reflect fitness and selection.

VI-RADS followed by Photodynamic Transurethral Resection of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer vs White-Light Conventional and Second-resection: the 'CUT-less' Randomised Trial Protocol.

BACKGROUND: A second transurethral resection of bladder tumour (Re-TURBT) is recommended by European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs) due to the risk of understaging and/or persistent disease following the primary resection. However, in many cases this may be unnecessary, potentially harmful, and significantly expensive constituting overtreatment. The CUT-less trial aims to combine the preoperative staging accuracy of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) and the intraoperative enhanced ability of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) to overcome the primary TURBT pitfalls thus potentially re-defining criteria for Re-TURBT indications. STUDY DESIGN: Single-centre, non-inferiority, phase IV, open-label, randomised controlled trial with 1:1 ratio. ENDPOINTS: The primary endpoint is short-term BC recurrence between the study arms to assess whether patients preoperatively categorised as VI-RADS Score 1 and/or Score 2 (i.e., very-low and low likelihood of MIBC) could safely avoid Re-TURBT by undergoing primary PDD-TURBT. Secondary endpoints include mid- and long-term BC recurrences and progression (i-ii). Also, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes (iii) and health-economic cost-benefit analysis (iv) will be performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients will undergo preoperative Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the bladder with VI-RADS score determination. A total of 327 patients with intermediate-/high-risk NMIBCs, candidate for Re-TURBT according to EAU Guidelines, will be enrolled over a 3-year period. Participants will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to either standard of care (SoC), comprising primary white-light (WL) TURBT followed by second WL Re-TURBT; or the Experimental arm, comprising primary PDD-TURBT and omitting Re-TURBT. Both groups will receive adjuvant intravesical therapy and surveillance according to risk-adjusted schedules. Measure of the primary outcome will be the relative proportion of BC recurrences between the SoC and Experimental arms within 4.5 months (i.e., any 'early' recurrence detected at first follow-up cystoscopy). Secondary outcomes measures will be the relative proportion of late BC recurrences and/or BC progression detected after 4.5 months follow-up. Additionally, we will compute the HRQoL variation from NMIBC questionnaires modelled over a patient lifetime horizon and the health-economic analyses including a short-term cost-benefit assessment of incremental costs per Re-TURBT avoided and a longer-term cost-utility per quality-adjusted life year gained using 2-year clinical outcomes to drive a lifetime model across the two arms of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov identifier (ID): NCT05962541; European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) ID: 2023-507307-64-00.

Efficacy and tolerance of hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC) according to the number of instillations administered.

PURPOSE: To report the oncological outcomes and the tolerance between 6 instillations and more than 6 cycles of hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy(HIVEC) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective study from a national database including 9 expert centers. All patients treated with HIVEC between 2016 and 2023 for NMIBC were included. Patients were classified into two groups according to the total number of HIVEC instillations, including induction plus maintenance. Kaplan-Meier curves were computed to present survival outcomes. RESULTS: 261 patients with a median follow-up of 25.5 months were included. 199(76.2%) and 62(23.8%) were treated by 6 and more than 6 cycles of HIVEC, respectively. The 2-years RFS(40.2% vs. 34.4%,p = 0.3) and the 2-years PFS(86% vs. 87%,p = 0.85) were similar between group treated with 6 and more than 6 instillations. 2-years CSS and OS were also similar between both groups. Univariate Cox regression showed no association between the number of bladder instillation and RFS (HR = 1.2 95%CI[0.8-1.84], p = 0.3) or PFS (HR = 0.8 95%CI[0.29-2.02], p = 0.2). In the group treated with more than 6 cycles, 2-years RFS and 2-years PFS were similar between patients who received induction plus maintenance compared to those treated with induction only. Finally, hematuria and urinary burning were significantly higher in the group treated by more than 6 cycles (21% vs. 8.5%(p < 0.01),and 29% vs. 17% (p = 0.03), respectively). Serious side effects(grade ≥ 3) are rare(3.1%) and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results show no significant difference in two years RFS, PFS, CSS and OS according to number of instillations received, while toxicity profile seems better in the group receiving six instillations only.

Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder Tumour: post-hoc analysis of a prospective trial.

INTRODUCTION: Previously, in a randomised trial we demonstrated bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) could achieve a higher detrusor sampling rate than monopolar TURBT. We hereby report the long-term oncological outcomes following study intervention. METHODS: This is a post-hoc analysis of a randomized phase III trial comparing monopolar and bipolar TURBT. Only patients with pathology of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) were included in the analysis. Per-patient analysis was performed. Primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: From the initial trial, 160 cases were randomised to receive monopolar or bipolar TURBT. 24 cases of non-urothelial carcinoma, 22 cases of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and 9 cases of recurrences were excluded. A total of 97 patients were included in the analysis, with 46 in the monopolar and 51 in the bipolar group. The median follow-up was 97.1 months. Loss-to-follow-up rate was 7.2%. Regarding the primary outcome of RFS, there was no significant difference (HR = 0.731; 95%CI = 0.433-1.236; P = 0.242) between the two groups. PFS (HR = 1.014; 95%CI = 0.511-2.012; P = 0.969), CSS (HR = 0.718; 95%CI = 0.219-2.352; P = 0.584) and OS (HR = 1.135; 95%CI = 0.564-2.283; P = 0.722) were also similar between the two groups. Multifocal tumours were the only factor that was associated with worse RFS. CONCLUSION: Despite the superiority in detrusor sampling rate, bipolar TURBT was unable to confer long-term oncological benefits over monopolar TURBT.

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the follow-up of non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors after intravesical instillations: a promising tool.

PURPOSE: The standard follow-up for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is based on cystoscopy. Unfortunately, post-instillation inflammatory changes can make the interpretation of this exam difficult, with lower specificity. This study aimed to evaluate the interest of bladder MRI in the follow-up of patients following intravesical instillation. METHODS: Data from patients who underwent cystoscopy and bladder MRI in a post-intravesical instillation setting between February 2020 and March 2023 were retrospectively collected. Primary endpoint was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of cystoscopy and bladder MRI in the overall cohort (n = 67) using the pathologic results of TURB as a reference. The secondary endpoint was to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of cystoscopy and bladder MRI according to the appearance of the lesion on cystoscopy [flat (n = 40) or papillary (n = 27)]. RESULTS: The diagnostic performance of bladder MRI was better than that of cystoscopy, with a specificity of 47% (vs. 6%, p < 0.001), a negative predictive value of 88% (vs. 40%, p = 0.03), and a positive predictive value of 66% (vs. 51%, p < 0.001), whereas the sensitivity did not significantly differ between the two exams. In patients with doubtful cystoscopy and negative MRI findings, inflammatory changes were found on TURB in most cases (17/19). The superiority in MRI bladder performance prevailed for "flat lesions", while no significant difference was found for "papillary lesions". CONCLUSIONS: In cases of doubtful cystoscopy after intravesical instillations, MRI appears to be relevant with good performance in differentiating post-therapeutic inflammatory changes from recurrent tumor lesions and could potentially allow avoiding unnecessary TURB.

Preoperative blood-based nutritional biomarkers as significant prognostic factors after intravesical BCG therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic role of blood-based nutritional biomarkers, including red blood cell (RBC count), hemoglobin (Hb), total protein (TP), albumin, the serum albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients who underwent intravesical treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). A total of 501 NMIBC patients who received intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) were included. The optimal cutoff values for these nutrition-based indicators were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We observed a significantly higher recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate in patients with elevated levels of RBC count, Hb, TP, and albumin. Cox univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that serum albumin (P = 0.002, HR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.33-0.78), RBC count (P = 0.002, HR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.32-0.77), TP (P = 0.028, HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.41-0.95), Hb (P = 0.004, HR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.33-0.84), AGR (P = 0.003, HR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.27-0.76) and PNI (P = 0.019, HR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.35-0.91) were significant independent factors predicting RFS. These cost-effective and convenient blood-based nutritional biomarkers have the potential to serve as valuable prognostic indicators for predicting recurrence in NMIBC patients undergoing BCG-immunotherapy.

Urine-based SERS and multivariate statistical analysis for identification of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is an epidemiological urologic malignancy that continues to increase each year. Early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring is always significant in clinical practice, especially in distinguishing non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), due to the various depths of tumor invasion related to different therapeutic schedules and recurrence rates. Common diagnostic approaches are too invasive or generally inefficient in accuracy and specificity. In this work, a totally non-invasive and cost-effective method is established by investigating urine samples using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and multivariate statistical analysis. The comparison of urine SERS spectra shows the intensities of characteristic peaks for DNA/RNA, hypoxanthine, albumin, D-( +)-galactosamine, fatty acids, and some amino acids are distinguishable in BC occurrence and invasion progression. A PLS-LDA-based two-step binary classification scheme is performed on urine SERS spectra and the diagnostic accuracies were 97.7% and 96.3% for healthy individuals versus BC patients and NMIBC versus MIBC patients, respectively. Moreover, the impact of urine SERS spectral lengths in reaching high-precision recognition of BC is investigated. The results show that the Raman peaks at 803, 893, 1139, 1375, and 1466 cm-1 play an essential role in correctly categorizing healthy control, NMIBC, and MIBC patients, and SERS spectra ranges from 400 to 1600 cm-1 are enough for this identification task. These findings provide a sensitive, label-free, rapid, and totally non-invasive way for assessment of invasion depth of BC to its early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring, as well as valuable insights for selecting reasonable spectral range to enhance the measurement efficiency especially in large-scale sample datasets.