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1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(24): e2402547121, 2024 Jun 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38830097

RESUMEN

This paper exploits the potential of Global Positioning System datasets sourced from mobile phones to estimate the racial composition of road users, leveraging data from their respective Census block group. The racial composition data encompasses approximately 46 million trips in the Chicago metropolitan region. The research focuses on the relationship between camera tickets and racial composition of drivers vs. police stops for traffic citations and the racial composition in these locations. Black drivers exhibit a higher likelihood of being ticketed by automated speed cameras and of being stopped for moving violations on roads, irrespective of the proportion of White drivers present. The research observes that this correlation attenuates as the proportion of White drivers on the road increases. The citation rate measured by cameras better matches the racial composition of road users on the links with cameras than do stops by police officers. This study therefore presents an important contribution to understanding racial disparities in moving violation stops, with implications for policy interventions and social justice reforms.

2.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 119(45): e2203089119, 2022 11 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36322743

RESUMEN

A large and growing share of the American public turns to Facebook for news. On this platform, reports about crime increasingly come directly from law enforcement agencies, raising questions about content curation. We gathered all posts from almost 14,000 Facebook pages maintained by US law enforcement agencies, focusing on reporting about crime and race. We found that Facebook users are exposed to posts that overrepresent Black suspects by 25 percentage points relative to local arrest rates. This overexposure occurs across crime types and geographic regions and increases with the proportion of both Republican voters and non-Black residents. Widespread exposure to overreporting risks reinforcing racial stereotypes about crime and exacerbating punitive preferences among the polity more generally.


Asunto(s)
Policia , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Aplicación de la Ley , Crimen
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 119(14): e2118780119, 2022 04 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35344441

RESUMEN

SignificanceOur study is a randomized trial in policing confirming that intensive training in procedural justice (PJ) can lead to more procedurally just behavior and less disrespectful treatment of people at high-crime places. The fact that the PJ intervention reduced arrests by police officers, positively influenced residents' perceptions of police harassment and violence, and also reduced crime provides important guidance for police reform in a period of strong criticism of policing. This randomized trial points to the potential for PJ training not simply to encourage fair and respectful policing but also to improve evaluations of the police and crime prevention effectiveness.


Asunto(s)
Policia , Justicia Social , Crimen/prevención & control , Humanos , Aplicación de la Ley , Violencia/prevención & control
4.
Am J Epidemiol ; 2024 Sep 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39277559

RESUMEN

The high-profile police murder of George Floyd is likely to have an aftermath of negative health consequences, particularly among Black people. Our study evaluates the impact of the murder of Mr. Floyd on mental health in Black, Latine, and white communities in Minneapolis, Minnesota. We constructed a panel dataset merging data from the Minnesota Hospital Association, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minneapolis Police Department, and American Community Survey. First, we specify an overall and racial subgroup autoregressive interrupted time-series design to identify the impact of the murder on rates of mental health hospital discharge at the city-level. We then examine the spatial heterogeneity in the impact of the murder by specifying zip code tabulation area (ZCTA)-level panel models. We find a 0.23 per 1,000 increase in mental health conditions among Black people in the immediate post-murder period, followed by a weekly decline (-.007) in mental health diagnoses. We do not find a substantial rate increase in White or Latine residents. Further, our analyses at the ZCTA-week-level corroborate these findings, while showing that the increase for Black residents was global. These findings speak to the traumatizing effects of police violence and the short- and longer-term public health consequences for Black communities.

5.
Am J Epidemiol ; 2024 Jun 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38879741

RESUMEN

Police violence is a pervasive issue that may have adverse implications for severe maternal morbidity (SMM). We assessed how the occurrence of fatal police violence (FPV) in one's neighborhood before/during pregnancy may influence SMM risk. Hospital discharge records from California between 2002-2018 were linked with the Fatal Encounters database (N=2,608,682). We identified 2,184 neighborhoods (census-tracts) with at least one FPV incident during the study period and used neighborhood fixed-effects models adjusting for individual sociodemographic characteristics to estimate odds of SMM associated with experiencing FPV in one's neighborhood anytime within the 24-months before childbirth. We did not find conclusive evidence on the link between FPV occurrence before delivery and SMM. However, estimates show that birthing people residing in neighborhoods where one or more FPV events had occurred within the preceding 24-months of giving birth may have a mildly elevated odds of SMM than those residing in the same neighborhoods with no FPV occurrence during the 24-months preceding childbirth (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.02; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.99-1.05), particularly among those living in neighborhoods with fewer (1-2) FPV incidents throughout the study period (OR=1.03; 95% CI:1.00-1.06). Our findings provide evidence for the need to continue to examine the health consequences of police violence.

6.
J Pediatr ; 270: 114036, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38554747

RESUMEN

Findings from a recent survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12 through 21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 345) reveal that viewing fatal police violence videos is associated with significant increases in the odds of youth sleep disturbances, and about 30% of this association is attributable to emotional distress after viewing the videos.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Policia , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Humanos , Adolescente , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/etiología , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adulto Joven , Baltimore/epidemiología , Violencia , Exposición a la Violencia/psicología
7.
J Viral Hepat ; 31(8): 500-503, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38771312

RESUMEN

Hepatitis C virus core antigen (HCVcAg) testing can simplify and decrease costs of HCV infection confirmation compared to molecular testing (nucleic acid testing). We piloted HCVcAg testing for the confirmation of active infection. The study was conducted during June through December 2022 among the police and the general population of Islamabad, Pakistan age 18 years and older. Initial screening for HCV antibody was conducted using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for all consenting participants. Those who tested positive had venous blood samples tested for HCVcAg, platelets and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Persons with HCVcAg values ≥3 fmol/L were defined as viremic, and they were offered treatment with direct acting antiviral (DAA) medications, sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) was calculated for each HCV infected person, and those with an APRI score <1.5 received treatment for 12 weeks, while those with APRI ≥ to 1.5 received 24 weeks of treatment. A total of 15,628 persons were screened for anti-HCV using RDT and 643 (4.1%) tested positive. HCVcAg values of ≥3 fmol/L was found in 399/643 (62.1%), and all were offered and accepted treatment. Of those treated, 273/399 (68.4%) returned for a follow-up SVR and HCVcAg was not detected in 261/273, a 95.6% cure rate. The pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of reaching and treating an urban population using RDT for screening and HCVcAg for confirmation of infection and test of cure.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis C , Policia , Humanos , Pakistán/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Hepatitis C/diagnóstico , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/inmunología , Adulto Joven , Proteínas del Núcleo Viral/sangre , Antígenos de la Hepatitis C/sangre , Anciano , Adolescente , Proyectos Piloto , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Anticuerpos contra la Hepatitis C/sangre , Carbamatos , Imidazoles , Pirrolidinas , Valina/análogos & derivados
8.
J Surg Res ; 300: 550-558, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38906076

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Our previous work demonstrated that use of ShotSpotter (SS), a gunfire detection system, and use of police department (PD) transport decreased response and transport time for gunshot wound (GSW) victims versus events with non-ShotSpotter (NSS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate transport trends and how they are linked to SS in the period of 2016-2021 in Camden, NJ. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective observational study. Demographics, response time, transport time, and clinical data were collected. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, and linear regression to correct for transport time and method of transport were used to compare outcomes (P < 0.05). RESULTS: A total of 267 GSWs were included: 77 emergency medical technicians (EMS)-SS, 41 EMS-NSS, 116 PD-SS, and 33 PD-NSS. When comparing response from 2016 to 2021, PD improved from 4 to 2 min (P = 0.001). EMS improved from 6.4 min (EMS-NSS) and 4.5 min (EMS-SS) to 5 min (EMS- NSS) and 4 min (EMS-SS) (P = 0.281). In addition, PD transport times, 5 min (SS) and 4 min (NSS), were faster than EMS, 9 min (SS and NSS) (P < 0.001). Overall PD transport volume increased with a peak in 2020 (68.3%). There was also an increase in PD-NSS transport 4% to 37.9% (P < 0.001). EMS-SS transport decreased from 54.7% to 6.9% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The presence of SS technology in a small urban setting continues to be associated with a higher rate of PD transport of GSW victims. The critical time of dispatch and transport for both PD and EMS has shown durable improvement.


Asunto(s)
Transporte de Pacientes , Heridas por Arma de Fuego , Estudios Retrospectivos , Humanos , Masculino , Transporte de Pacientes/estadística & datos numéricos , Transporte de Pacientes/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Policia/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Tiempo , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/estadística & datos numéricos
9.
J Surg Res ; 296: 281-290, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38301297

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Transportation databases have limited data regarding injury severity of pedestrian versus automobile patients. To identify opportunities to reduce injury severity, transportation and trauma databases were integrated to examine the differences in pedestrian injury severity at street crossings that were signalized crossings (SCs) versus nonsignalized crossings (NSCs). It was hypothesized that trauma database integration would enhance safety analysis and pedestrians struck at NSC would have greater injury severity. METHODS: Single-center retrospective review of all pedestrian versus automobile patients treated at a level 1 trauma center from 2014 to 2018 was performed. Patients were matched to the transportation database by name, gender, and crash date. Google Earth Pro satellite imagery was used to identify SC versus NSC. Injury severity of pedestrians struck at SC was compared to NSC. RESULTS: A total of 512 patients were matched (median age = 41 y [Q1 = 26, Q3 = 55], 74% male). Pedestrians struck at SC (n = 206) had a lower injury severity score (ISS) (median = 9 [4, 14] versus 17 [9, 26], P < 0.001), hospital length of stay (median = 3 [0, 7] versus 6 [1, 15] days, P < 0.001), and mortality (21 [10%] versus 52 [17%], P = 0.04), as compared to those struck at NSC (n = 306). The transportation database had a sensitivity of 63.4% (55.8%-70.4%) and specificity of 63.4% (57.7%-68.9%) for classifying severe injuries (ISS >15). CONCLUSIONS: Pedestrians struck at SC were correlated with a lower ISS and mortality compared to those at NSC. Linkage with the trauma database could increase the transportation database's accuracy of injury severity assessment for nonfatal injuries. Database integration can be used for evidence-based action plans to reduce pedestrian morbidity, such as increasing the number of SC.


Asunto(s)
Peatones , Heridas y Lesiones , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Accidentes de Tránsito/prevención & control , Transportes , Centros Traumatológicos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Heridas y Lesiones/diagnóstico , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología
10.
Prev Med ; 179: 107850, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38199591

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of concern, worry, and stress about discrimination, shootings/violence, and police brutality and exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. METHODS: A prospective, racially/ethnically diverse cohort of young adults (n = 1960) living in Los Angeles, California completed a baseline survey in 2020 (age range: 19-23) and a follow-up survey in 2021. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed on nine variables assessing levels of concern, worry, and stress about societal discrimination, societal shootings/violence, and community police brutality at baseline. Past 30-day tobacco and cannabis use at follow-up was categorized as current exclusive tobacco, exclusive cannabis, and dual tobacco and cannabis (vs never/former) use based on eleven use variables. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between each factor score (translated to standard deviation units) with exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use. RESULTS: The EFA produced four factor scores representing concern/worry/stress (i.e., distress) about community police brutality (F1), distress about societal shootings/violence (F2), and distress about societal discrimination (F3), as well as generalized stress about police brutality, shootings/violence, and discrimination (F4). F1, F2, and F3 were associated with subsequent exclusive current cannabis use, with F1 having the strongest association (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.55), while only F1 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27-1.78) was associated with dual tobacco and cannabis use. None of the factors were associated with exclusive tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: Young adult concern, worry, and/or stress about social problems may increase risk of cannabis use with or without concurrent tobacco use 6-12 months later.


Asunto(s)
Cannabis , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Uso de la Marihuana , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Los Angeles/epidemiología , Uso de la Marihuana/epidemiología , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología , Violencia
11.
AIDS Behav ; 28(5): 1642-1649, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38315300

RESUMEN

Black men face high rates of police violence, including direct victimization and indirect exposure to or knowledge of harmful policing. This violence can result in death and physical harm, as well as in numerous poor mental health outcomes. There has been little research examining experiences of police violence experienced by Black gay and bisexual men or the effects of police brutality on HIV continuum of care outcomes. To address this important gap, in this exploratory study, we examined the effects of police brutality on engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral medications. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 107 Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV. The path analysis showed that men with greater exposure to police violence had increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and were more likely to have missed HIV care appointments in the past year. Additionally, there was a significant indirect effect of exposure to police violence on missed medication doses via PTSD symptoms.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Infecciones por VIH , Homosexualidad Masculina , Cumplimiento de la Medicación , Policia , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Violencia , Humanos , Masculino , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Cumplimiento de la Medicación/psicología , Cumplimiento de la Medicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Homosexualidad Masculina/psicología , Homosexualidad Masculina/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Violencia/psicología , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/psicología , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/estadística & datos numéricos , Bisexualidad/psicología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología
12.
J Urban Health ; 101(3): 464-472, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38753137

RESUMEN

Police-related violence may be a source of chronic stress underlying entrenched racial inequities in reproductive health in the USA. Using publicly available data on police-related fatalities, we estimated total and victim race-specific rates of police-related fatalities (deaths per 100,000 population) in 2018-2019 for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and counties within MSAs in the USA. Rates were linked to data on live births by maternal MSA and county of residence. We fit adjusted log-Poisson models with generalized estimating equations and cluster-robust standard errors to estimate the relative risk of preterm birth associated with the middle and highest tertiles of police-related fatalities compared to the lowest tertile. We included a test for heterogeneity by maternal race/ethnicity and additionally fit race/ethnicity-stratified models for associations with victim race/ethnicity-specific police-related fatality rates. Fully adjusted models indicated significant adverse associations between police-related fatality rates and relative risk of preterm birth for the total population, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White groups separately. Results confirm the role of fatal police violence as a social determinant of population health outcomes and inequities, including preterm birth.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Policia , Nacimiento Prematuro , Humanos , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Nacimiento Prematuro/etnología , Femenino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Embarazo , Adulto , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/etnología , Recién Nacido , Factores de Riesgo
13.
J Urban Health ; 101(3): 544-556, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38607613

RESUMEN

The present study investigates associations between cumulative police exposures, police violence stress, and depressive symptoms among Black youth, and whether LGBQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer) identities moderate these associations. Data come from the Survey of Police-Adolescent Contact Experiences (SPACE), a cross-sectional survey of a community-based sample of Black youth ages 12-21 in Baltimore City, Maryland (n = 345), administered from August 2022 to July 2023. We used multivariable ordinary least squares regression to estimate direct associations and product-term analysis to test for effect modification by sexual identities. We also calculate covariate-adjusted predicted depressive symptoms scores by cumulative police exposures and police violence stress across sexual identities. Findings indicate that LGBQ youth collectively reported higher levels of police violence stress than heterosexual youth. Still, LGBQ youth varied in their cumulative police exposures, which were significantly higher among bisexual and queer youth than lesbian or gay youth. Associations between cumulative police exposures, police violence stress, and depressive symptoms were significantly moderated by LGBQ identity, with the largest associations emerging for bisexual and queer youth. Police exposures and police violence stress also compounded to worsen depressive symptoms among the subsample of LGBQ youth. Collectively, our findings suggest that LGBQ youth-especially bisexual and queer youth-may be particularly vulnerable to the mental health harms of cumulative police exposures and police violence stress. Intersectional, public health approaches that combine prevention and treatment strategies are needed to mitigate LGBQ mental health inequities stemming from cumulative police exposures and police violence stress.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Depresión , Policia , Minorías Sexuales y de Género , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Baltimore/epidemiología , Femenino , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Policia/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/psicología , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Violencia/psicología , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos
14.
J Urban Health ; 101(2): 262-271, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38453763

RESUMEN

One in five fatal police shooting victims may have been experiencing a mental health crisis (MHC) at the time of their death [1]. We use data on fatal police shootings from the National Violent Death Reporting System (2014-2015) to (a) identify incidents where the victim is reported to have experienced an MHC at the time of their death, (b) describe the characteristics of these incidents, and (c) compare the characteristics of MHC to fatal police shootings where the victim was not experiencing an MHC at the time of their death. We systematically coded 633 fatal police shootings from 27 states. Descriptive statistics characterized fatal police shootings, including victim characteristics; their mental health status; and contextual information regarding the police encounter (e.g., reason for police call). Overall, 203 of 633 fatal police encounters (32%) involved victims who showed signs of an MHC at the time of their death. Victims were predominantly white, male, and in possession of a firearm. In 3 of 4 cases, the MHC manifested as suicidal ideation despite any relevant documented history among most victims. Among half of suicidal victims, suicidal ideation was expressed verbally and in-person to a family member/intimate partner who subsequently called the police. Dispatch was aware of the MHC in 1 of 4 of total police calls. Overall, fatal police encounters involving those experiencing an MHC accounted for 1 in 3 of our caseloads. Approximately, 3 of 4 mental health calls involved a suicidal person who mainly expressed intent to a loved one in-person.


Asunto(s)
Policia , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Homicidio/psicología , Adulto Joven , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Adolescente , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Salud Mental , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/mortalidad , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/epidemiología , Anciano
15.
J Urban Health ; 101(3): 508-521, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38806992

RESUMEN

Civilian injuries caused during contact with law enforcement personnel erode community trust in policing, impact individual well-being, and exacerbate existing health inequities. We assessed the relationship between ZIP code-level rates of civilian injuries caused during legal interventions and community-level sociodemographic characteristics using Illinois hospital data from 2016 to 2022. We developed multivariable Poisson regression models to examine whether legal intervention injury rates differed by race-ethnicity and community economic disadvantage across three geographic regions of Illinois representing different levels of urbanization. Over the study period, 4976 civilian injuries were treated in Illinois hospitals (rate of 5.6 per 100,000 residents). Compared to non-Hispanic white residents, non-Hispanic Black residents demonstrated 5.5-10.5 times higher injury rates across the three geographic regions, and Hispanic-Latino residents demonstrated higher rates in Chicago and suburban Cook County, but lower rates in the rest of the state. In most regions, models showed that as the percent of minority residents in a ZIP code increased, injury rates among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic-Latino residents decreased. As community economic disadvantage increased at the ZIP code level, civilian injury rates increased. Communities with the highest injury rates involving non-Hispanic white residents were significantly more economically unequal and disadvantaged. While the injury rates were consistently and substantially higher among non-Hispanic Black residents throughout the state, the findings illustrate that the association between overall civilian injuries caused during contact with law enforcement and community sociodemographic characteristics varied across regions. Data on local law enforcement agency policies and procedures are needed to better identify appropriate interventions.


Asunto(s)
Aplicación de la Ley , Heridas y Lesiones , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología , Heridas y Lesiones/etiología , Illinois/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Factores Socioeconómicos , Policia/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Factores Sociodemográficos , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Lactante , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos
16.
J Urban Health ; 101(3): 557-570, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38831154

RESUMEN

Transgender women of color (TWOC) experience high rates of police violence and victimization compared to other sexual and gender minority groups, as well as compared to other White transgender and cisgender women. While past studies have demonstrated how frequent police harassment is associated with higher psychological distress, the effect of neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence on TWOC's mental health is rarely studied. In this study, we examine the association between neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence with psychological distress among TWOC. Baseline self-reported data are from the TURNNT ("Trying to Understand Relationships, Networks and Neighborhoods among Transgender Woman of Color") Cohort Study (analytic n = 303). Recruitment for the study began September 2020 and ended November 2022. Eligibility criteria included being a TWOC, age 18-55, English- or Spanish-speaking, and planning to reside in the New York City metropolitan area for at least 1 year. In multivariable analyses, neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence were associated with psychological distress. For example, individuals who reported medium levels of neighborhood police violence had 1.15 [1.03, 1.28] times the odds of experiencing psychological distress compared to those who experienced low levels of neighborhood police violence. Our data suggest that neighborhood safety and neighborhood police violence were associated with increased psychological distress among TWOC. Policies and programs to address neighborhood police violence (such as body cameras and legal consequences for abusive officers) may improve mental health among TWOC.


Asunto(s)
Policia , Distrés Psicológico , Características de la Residencia , Seguridad , Personas Transgénero , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Estudios de Cohortes , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Policia/psicología , Policia/estadística & datos numéricos , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Personas Transgénero/psicología , Personas Transgénero/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/etnología , Violencia/psicología , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad
17.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol ; 108(1): 46, 2024 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38183474

RESUMEN

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to improve gut dysbiosis in dogs; however, it has not completely been understood in police dogs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FMT on performance and gut microflora in Kunming police dogs. Twenty Wolf Cyan dogs were randomly assigned to receive physiological saline or fecal suspension at low, medium, or high doses through oral gavage for 14 days. Growth performance, police performance, serum biochemical profiling, and gut microflora were determined 2-week post-FMT. Dogs after FMT treatment were also subjected to an hour road transportation and then were evaluated for serum stress indicators. Overall, FMT enhanced the growth performance and alleviated diarrhea rate in Kunming dogs with the greatest effects occurring in the low dose FMT (KML) group. The improvement of FMT on police performance was also determined. These above alterations were accompanied by changed serum biochemical parameters as indicated by elevated total protein and albumin and reduced total cholesterol and glycerol. Furthermore, the serum stress indicators after road transportation in dog post-FMT significantly decreased. Increased bacterial diversity and modified bacterial composition were found in the feces of dogs receiving FMT. The fecal samples from FMT dogs were characterized by higher abundances of the genera Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium and lower concentrations of Cetobacterium, Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus. The present study supports a potential benefit of FMT on police performance in Kunming dogs. KEY POINTS: • FMT improves the growth performance and reduces diarrhea rates in Kunming police dogs. • FMT alleviates the serum stress profiles after road transportation in Kunming police dogs. • FMT modifies the gut microbiota composition of Kunming police dogs.


Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Perros de Trabajo , Perros , Animales , Heces , Bifidobacterium , Diarrea
18.
BMC Psychiatry ; 24(1): 441, 2024 Jun 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38867167

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Literature on psychiatric emergency services (PES) presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic showed heterogeneous results regarding patients brought in by police (BIBP). This is the first study primarily focusing on patients BIBP in a PES during the COVID-19-period. METHODS: Case documentation records during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in a PES in Berlin, Germany were analyzed using descriptive data analysis and binomial logistic regression analysis to detect factors that predict presentations BIBP. RESULTS: 5440 PES presentations: 20.4% BIBP during the first wave vs. 16.3% during its control period; second wave: 17.6% BIBP vs. 14.9% during its control period. In both waves, absolute increases in presentations BIBP were seen compared to control (p = .029, p = .028, respectively). COVID-19-period was a predictor for presentations BIBP during the first and the second wave. The following factors also predicted presentations BIBP: younger age, male gender, aggressive behavior, suicide attempt prior to presentation and diagnosis of psychotic or substance use disorders; depressive disorders were negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS: During the two first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in presentations BIBP in a PES in Berlin. Regression analysis shows that the pandemic itself was a predictor of presentations BIBP. The underlying factors of this association need to be further elucidated in future research. Additionally, general factors predicting PES presentations BIBP are reported that replenish the present literature.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica , Trastornos Mentales , Policia , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios Retrospectivos , Policia/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Berlin/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Derivación y Consulta/estadística & datos numéricos , Alemania/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano
19.
J Public Health (Oxf) ; 46(3): 419-429, 2024 Aug 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38702850

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Police work can be sedentary and stressful, negatively impacting health and wellbeing. In a novel co-creation approach, we used the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) and Double Diamond (DD) design framework to guide the collaborative design and development of a sedentary behavior intervention in the control rooms of two British police forces. METHODS: Multiple stakeholders participated in four phases of research. In Phase 1, a literature review, focus groups (n = 20) and interviews (n = 10) were conducted to 'discover' the relationship between physical activity and wellbeing in the police. In Phase 2, a steering group consolidated Phase 1 findings to 'define' a specific behavior for intervention. Phases 3 and 4 'developed' the intervention across six workshops with control room workers and six steering group workshops. RESULTS: The co-creation process identified contextual sedentary behavior as the target behavior, driven by behavioral regulation, social influence and social norms. The sedentary behavior intervention targeted these drivers and aimed to engage control room workers in short bursts of physical activity throughout their shifts. Key intervention features targeted involvement of staff in decision-making and embedding physical activity into work practices. CONCLUSIONS: The BCW and DD can be combined to co-create evidence-based and participant-informed interventions and translate science into action.


Asunto(s)
Grupos Focales , Policia , Conducta Sedentaria , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Adulto , Ejercicio Físico , Reino Unido
20.
Am J Emerg Med ; 77: 53-59, 2024 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38101227

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Involuntary sedation of agitated mental health patients in the Emergency Department (ED) is standard practice to obtain accurate medical assessments and maintain safety. However, the rate of this practice and what factors are associated with the use of involuntary sedation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on involuntary sedation in our EDs. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with ED visits for mental health care in 2020-2021. Patients >12 years old who received both a psychiatry consultation and involuntary sedation were included. Data variables included demographics, medical and mental health diagnoses, sedatives given, substance use, ED length of stay, and disposition. The primary outcome was repeated involuntary sedation. RESULTS: Involuntary sedation was used in 18.8% of the mental health patients screened for study inclusion. 334 patients were included in the study cohort and 31.6% (n = 106) required repeated involuntary sedation. Their average age was 35.5 ± 13.5 years with 58.4% men, 40.1% women, and 1.2% transgender persons. Most (90.0%, n = 299) had prior mental health diagnoses with the most common being substance use disorder (38.9%, n = 130), bipolar disorder (34.1%, n = 114), depressive disorder (29.0%, n = 97), and schizophrenia (24.3%, n = 81). Two-thirds (65.9%, n = 220) had current substance use and 41.9% (n = 142) reported current use with a chemical associated with aggression. Hospital security was called for 73.1% (n = 244). Current cocaine, methamphetamines, or alcohol use was associated with decreased odds of repeated sedation (0.52 OR, 95% CI 0.32-0.85). Prior mental health diagnosis and non-white race were associated with increased odds of repeated sedation. In the multivariable regression, the effect of race was more significant. CONCLUSIONS: Involuntary sedation was used in 18.8% of ED patients for mental health care and almost a third were repeatedly sedated, with race being a potential risk factor for repeated sedation. ED care could benefit from evidence-based interventions to reduce the need for involuntary sedation.


Asunto(s)
Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Trastornos Mentales , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Niño , Estudios Retrospectivos , Salud Mental , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico
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