The mechanism of thia-Michael addition catalyzed by LanC enzymes.

In both eukarya and bacteria, the addition of Cys to dehydroalanine (Dha) and dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) occurs in various biological processes. In bacteria, intramolecular thia-Michael addition catalyzed by lanthipeptide cyclases (LanC) proteins or protein domains gives rise to a class of natural products called lanthipeptides. In eukarya, dehydroamino acids in signaling proteins are introduced by effector proteins produced by pathogens like Salmonella to dysregulate host defense mechanisms. A eukaryotic LanC-like (LanCL) enzyme catalyzes the addition of Cys in glutathione to Dha/Dhb to protect the cellular proteome from unwanted chemical and biological activity. To date, the mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed thia-Michael addition has remained elusive. We report here the crystal structures of the human LanCL1 enzyme complexed with different ligands, including the product of thia-Michael addition of glutathione to a Dhb-containing peptide that represents the activation loop of Erk. The structures show that a zinc ion activates the Cys thiolate for nucleophilic attack and that a conserved His is poised to protonate the enolate intermediate to achieve a net anti-addition. A second His hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygen of the former Dhb and may stabilize the negative charge that builds up on this oxygen atom in the enolate intermediate. Surprisingly, the latter His is not conserved in orthologous enzymes that catalyze thia-Michael addition to Dha/Dhb. Eukaryotic LanCLs contain a His, whereas bacterial stand-alone LanCs have a Tyr residue, and LanM enzymes that have LanC-like domains have a Lys, Asn, or His residue. Mutational and binding studies support the importance of these residues for catalysis.

Lipidated variants of the antimicrobial peptide nisin produced via incorporation of methionine analogs for click chemistry show improved bioactivity.

The increase in antibiotic resistance calls for accelerated molecular engineering strategies to diversify natural products for drug discovery. The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is an elegant strategy for this purpose, offering a diverse pool of building blocks to introduce desired properties into antimicrobial lanthipeptides. We here report an expression system using Lactococcus lactis as a host for non-canonical amino acid incorporation with high efficiency and yield. We show that incorporating the more hydrophobic analog ethionine (instead of methionine) into nisin improves its bioactivity against several Gram-positive strains we tested. New-to-nature variants were further created by click chemistry. By azidohomoalanine (Aha) incorporation and subsequent click chemistry, we obtained lipidated variants at different positions in nisin or in truncated nisin variants. Some of them show improved bioactivity and specificity against several pathogenic bacterial strains. These results highlight the ability of this methodology for lanthipeptide multi-site lipidation, to create new-to-nature antimicrobial products with diverse features, and extend the toolbox for (lanthi)peptide drug improvement and discovery.

The Spx stress regulator confers high-level ß-lactam resistance and decreases susceptibility to last-line antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. MRSA has acquired resistance to next-generation ß-lactam antibiotics through the horizontal acquisition of the mecA resistance gene. Development of high resistance is, however, often associated with additional mutations in a set of chromosomal core genes, known as potentiators, which, through poorly described mechanisms, enhance resistance. The yjbH gene was recently identified as a hot spot for adaptive mutations during severe infections. Here, we show that inactivation of yjbH increased ß-lactam MICs up to 16-fold and transformed MRSA cells with low levels of resistance to being homogenously highly resistant to ß-lactams. The yjbH gene encodes an adaptor protein that targets the transcriptional stress regulator Spx for degradation by the ClpXP protease. Using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to knock down spx transcription, we unambiguously linked hyper-resistance to the accumulation of Spx. Spx was previously proposed to be essential; however, our data suggest that Spx is dispensable for growth at 37°C but becomes essential in the presence of antibiotics with various targets. On the other hand, high Spx levels bypassed the role of PBP4 in ß-lactam resistance and broadly decreased MRSA susceptibility to compounds targeting the cell wall or the cell membrane, including vancomycin, daptomycin, and nisin. Strikingly, Spx potentiated resistance independently of its redox-sensing switch. Collectively, our study identifies a general stress pathway that, in addition to promoting the development of high-level, broad-spectrum ß-lactam resistance, also decreases MRSA susceptibility to critical antibiotics of last resort.

Selective Aza-Michael Addition to Dehydrated Amino Acids in Natural Antimicrobial Peptides.

We report the efficient and site selective modification of non-canonical dehydroamino acids in ribosomally synthesized and post-transationally modified peptides (RiPPs) by ß-amination. The singly modified thiopeptide Thiostrepton showed an up to 35-fold increase in water solubility, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays showed that antimicrobial activity remained good, albeit lower than the unmodified peptide. Also the lanthipeptide nisin could be modified using this method.

Strategies for effective high pressure germination or inactivation of Bacillus spores involving nisin.

The major challenge in employing high pressure (HP) at moderate temperature for sterilization is the remarkable resistance of bacterial spores. High isostatic pressure can initiate spore germination, enabling subsequent inactivation under mild conditions. However, not all spores could be triggered to germinate under pressure at temperatures ≤80°C so far. In this study, germination treatment combinations were evaluated for Bacillus spores involving moderate HP (150 MPa, 37°C, 5 min), very HP (vHP, 550 MPa, 60°C, 2.5 or 9 min), simple and complex nutrient germinants [L-valine, L-alanine, and tryptic soy broth (TSB)], nisin, and incubation at atmospheric pressure (37°C). The most effective combinations for Bacillus subtilis resulted in a reduction of culturable dormant spores by 8 log10 units. The combinations involved nisin, a nutrient germinant (L-valine or TSB), a first vHP treatment (550 MPa, 60°C, 2.5 min), incubation at atmospheric pressure (37°C, 6 h), and a second vHP treatment (550 MPa, 60°C, 2.5 min). Such treatment combination with L-valine reduced Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores by only 2 log10 units. B. amyloliquefaciens, thus, proved to be substantially more HP-resistant compared to B. subtilis, validating previous studies. Despite combining different germination mechanisms, complete germination could not be achieved for either species. The natural bacteriocin nisin did seemingly not promote HP germination initiation under chosen HP conditions, contrary to previous literature. Nevertheless, nisin might be beneficial to inhibit the growth of HP-germinated or remaining ungerminated spores. Future germination experiments might consider that nisin could not be completely removed from spores by washing, thereby affecting plate count enumeration. IMPORTANCE: Extremely resistant spore-forming bacteria are widely distributed in nature. They infiltrate the food chain and processing environments, posing risks of spoilage and food safety. Traditional heat-intensive inactivation methods often negatively affect the product quality. HP germination-inactivation offers a potential solution for better preserving sensitive ingredients while inactivating spores. However, the presence of ungerminated (superdormant) spores hampers the strategy's success and safety. Knowledge of strategies to overcome resistance to HP germination is vital to progress mild spore control technologies. Our study contributes to the evaluation and development of mild preservation processes by evaluating strategies to enhance the HP germination-inactivation efficacy. Mild preservation processes can fulfill the consumers' demand for safe and minimally processed food.

Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated nisin and selenium: antimicrobial/antibiofilm/anti-attachment/immunomodulatory multi-functional agent.

BACKGROUND: The increase in the resistance of bacterial strains to antibiotics has led to research into the bactericidal potential of non-antibiotic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antibacterial/ antibiofilm properties of nisin and selenium encapsulated in thiolated chitosan nanoparticles (N/Se@TCsNPs) against prevalent enteric pathogens including standard isolates of Vibrio (V.) cholerae O1 El Tor ATCC 14,035, Campylobacter (C.) jejuni ATCC 29,428, Salmonella (S.) enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 19,430, Shigella (S.) dysenteriae PTCC 1188, Escherichia (E.) coli O157:H7 ATCC 25,922, Listeria (L.) monocytogenes ATCC 19,115, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus ATCC 29,733. METHODS: The synthesis and comprehensive analysis of N/Se@TCsNPs have been completed. Antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities of N/Se@TCsNPs were evaluated through broth microdilution and crystal violet assays. Furthermore, the study included examining the cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells and exploring the immunomodulatory effects of N/Se@TCsNPs. This included assessing the levels of both pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGFß) cytokines and determining the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4. RESULTS: The N/Se@TCsNPs showed an average diameter of 136.26 ± 43.17 nm and a zeta potential of 0.27 ± 0.07 mV. FTIR spectroscopy validated the structural features of N/Se@TCsNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed their spherical shape and uniform distribution. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests demonstrated the thermal stability of N/Se@TCsNPs, showing minimal weight loss of 0.03%±0.06 up to 80 °C. The prepared N/Se@TCsNPs showed a thiol content of 512.66 ± 7.33 µmol/g (p < 0.05), an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 69.83%±0.04 (p ≤ 0.001), and a drug release rate of 74.32%±3.45 at pH = 7.2 (p ≤ 0.004). The synthesized nanostructure demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against various isolates, with effective concentrations ranging from 1.5 ± 0.08 to 25 ± 4.04 mg/mL. The ability of N/Se@TCsNPs to reduce bacterial adhesion and internalization in Caco-2 cells underscored their antibiofilm properties (p ≤ 0.0001). Immunological studies indicated that treatment with N/Se@TCsNPs led to decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (14.33 ± 2.33 pg/mL) and TNFα (25 ± 0.5 pg/mL) (p ≤ 0.0001), alongside increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 (46.00 ± 0.57 pg/mL) and TGFß (42.58 ± 2.10 pg/mL) in infected Caco-2 cells (p ≤ 0.0001). Moreover, N/Se@TCsNPs significantly reduced the expression of TLR2 (0.22 ± 0.09) and TLR4 (0.16 ± 0.05) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, N/Se@TCsNPs exhibited significant antibacterial/antibiofilm/anti-attachment/immunomodulatory effectiveness against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative enteric pathogens. However, additional ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations are needed to fully assess the performance of nanostructured N/Se@TCsNPs.

Suppression of planktonic and biofilm of Escherichia coli by the synergistic lantibiotics-polymyxins combinations.

Escherichia coli are generally resistant to the lantibiotic's action (nisin and warnerin), but we have shown increased sensitivity of E. coli to lantibiotics in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxins. Synergistic lantibiotic-polymyxin combinations were found for polymyxins B and M. The killing of cells at the planktonic and biofilm levels was observed for two collection and four clinical multidrug-resistant E. coli strains after treatment with lantibiotic-polymyxin B combinations. Thus, 24-h treatment of E. coli mature biofilms with warnerin-polymyxin B or nisin-polymyxin B leads to five to tenfold decrease in the number of viable cells, depending on the strain. AFM revealed that the warnerin and polymyxin B combination caused the loss of the structural integrity of biofilm and the destruction of cells within the biofilm. It has been shown that pretreatment of cells with polymyxin B leads to an increase of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the culture medium, as detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The subsequent exposure to warnerin caused cell death with the loss of K+ ions and cell destruction with DNA and protein release. Thus, polymyxins display synergy with lantibiotics against planktonic and biofilm cells of E. coli, and can be used to overcome the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to lantibiotics.

Assessing the synergistic potential of bacteriophage endolysins and antimicrobial peptides for eradicating bacterial biofilms.

Phage-encoded endolysins have emerged as a potential substitute to conventional antibiotics due to their exceptional benefits including host specificity, rapid host killing, least risk of resistance. In addition to their antibacterial potency and biofilm eradication properties, endolysins are reported to exhibit synergism with other antimicrobial agents. In this study, the synergistic potency of endolysins was dissected with antimicrobial peptides to enhance their therapeutic effectiveness. Recombinantly expressed and purified bacteriophage endolysin [T7 endolysin (T7L); and T4 endolysin (T4L)] proteins have been used to evaluate the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy using different bacterial strains. Antibacterial/biofilm eradication studies were performed in combination with different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as colistin, nisin, and polymyxin B (PMB) to assess the endolysin's antimicrobial efficacy and their synergy with AMPs. In combination with T7L, polymyxin B and colistin effectively eradicated the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and exhibited a synergistic effect. Further, a combination of T4L and nisin displayed a synergistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. In summary, the obtained results endorse the theme of combinational therapy consisting of endolysins and AMPs as an effective remedy against the drug-resistant bacterial biofilms that are a serious concern in healthcare settings.

Antibacterial characteristics and mechanistic insights of combined tea polyphenols, Nisin, and epsilon-polylysine against feline oral pathogens: a comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis.

AIMS: This study evaluates the antibacterial characteristics and mechanisms of combined tea polyphenols (TPs), Nisin, and ε-polylysine (PL) against Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus minor, Streptococcus mutans, and Actinomyces oris, common zoonotic pathogens in companion animals. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pathogenic strains were isolated from feline oral cavities and assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, inhibition zone assays, growth kinetics, and biofilm inhibition studies. Among single agents, PL exhibited the lowest MIC values against all four pathogens. TP showed significant resistance against S. minor, and Nisin against S. mutans. The combination treatment (Comb) of TP, Nisin, and PL in a ratio of 13:5:1 demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, maintaining low MIC values, forming large inhibition zones, prolonging the bacterial lag phase, reducing growth rates, and inhibiting biofilm formation. RNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis indicated that TP, Nisin, and PL inhibited various membrane-bound carbohydrate-specific transferases through the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in S. canis, disrupting carbohydrate uptake. They also downregulated glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, inhibiting cellular energy metabolism. Additionally, they modulated the activities of peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases and d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase, interfering with peptidoglycan cross-linking and bacterial cell wall stability. CONCLUSIONS: The Comb therapy significantly enhances antibacterial efficacy by targeting multiple bacterial pathways, offering potential applications in food and pharmaceutical antimicrobials.

Combination antimicrobial therapy: in vitro synergistic effect of anti-staphylococcal drug oxacillin with antimicrobial peptide nisin against Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

The ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus to form strong biofilm on plastic devices makes them the major pathogens associated with device-related infections (DRIs). Biofilm-embedded bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics, making biofilm infections very difficult to effectively treat. Here, we evaluate the in vitro activities of anti-staphylococcal drug oxacillin and antimicrobial peptide nisin, alone and in combination, against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) clinical isolates and the methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43,300. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of oxacillin and nisin were determined using the microbroth dilution method. The anti-biofilm activities of oxacillin and nisin, alone or in combination, were evaluated. In addition, the effects of antimicrobial agents on the expression of icaA gene were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. MIC values for oxacillin and nisin ranged 4-8 µg/mL and 64-128 µg/mL, respectively. Oxacillin and nisin reduced biofilm biomass in all bacteria in a dose-dependent manner and this inhibitory effect was enhanced with combinatorial treatment. MBEC ranges for oxacillin and nisin were 2048-8192 µg/mL and 2048-4096 µg/mL, respectively. The addition of nisin significantly decreased the oxacillin MBECs from 8- to 32-fold in all bacteria. At the 1× MIC and 1/2× MIC, both oxacillin and nisin decreased significantly the expression of icaA gene in comparison with untreated control. When two antimicrobial agents were combined at 1/2× MIC concentration, the expression of icaA were significantly lower than when were used alone. Nisin/conventional oxacillin combination showed considerable anti-biofilm effects, including inhibition of biofilm formation, eradication of mature biofilm, and down-regulation of biofilm-related genes, proposing its applications for treating or preventing staphylococcal biofilm-associated infections, including device-related infections.

Assessment of Lactococcus Cremoris preparations for the pre- and post-milking teat disinfection.

Good hygienic milking practices including the disinfection of the cow teat skin before and after milking aimed at preventing the occurrence of new intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows. This practice is generally performed using disinfectants, and in the current context of attention to the emergence of resistances, it is of greatest interest to evaluate alternative solutions that can expand treatment options. We assessed the efficacy of a pre-dipping and a post-dipping product based on the bacteriocin-containing culture of Lactococcus cremoris strain FT27, as compared to commercial disinfectants. FT27 was selected for the bactericidal activity in vitro against food pathogens. In the present study, it also revealed a high bactericidal activity against the main mastitis pathogens, most likely related to Nisin A production, according to genomic and proteomic analysis. The lactococcus-based preparations were applied in two commercial dairy farms in Northern Italy. Overall, 298 dairy cows were enrolled, 141 in the treated group (TR), and 157 in the control group (CTR). The cows were sampled at quarter level every two weeks for 3 months. During the trial, all cows showed a good health status. The hygiene level for udder, flanks and legs was generally good (on average < 3 score); the udder hygiene was significantly worse (P < 0.01) in the CTR group. The teat apex hyperkeratosis was overall low (on average < 2 score). We recorded no significant differences between the two experimental groups in the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) values and the bacteriological results. The overall frequency of new IMI was low, ranging 0.6 - 0.5% for S. aureus in the TR or CTR group respectively, to 2.6-4.4% for NASM. Regarding Str. spp., the new IMI accounted for 1.7% or 1.9% in the TR or CTR group, respectively. Notably, the incidence of S. aureus new IMI did not increase during the study, even though neither of the two herds segregated the positive cows. The non-inferiority test showed that the Lactococcus-based pre- and post-dipping products had an efficacy comparable to proven commercial disinfectants in maintaining udder health and preventing new IMI, thus representing a possible alternative to current teat dip products.

Antimicrobial peptides and proteins as alternative antibiotics for porcine semen preservation.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is nowadays a major emerging challenge for public health worldwide. The over- and misuse of antibiotics, including those for cell culture, are promoting AMR while also encouraging the research and employment of alternative drugs. The addition of antibiotics to the cell media is strongly recommended in sperm preservation, being gentamicin the most used for boar semen. Because of its continued use, several bacterial strains present in boar semen have developed resistance to this antibiotic. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPPs) are promising candidates as alternative antibiotics because their mechanism of action is less likely to promote AMR. In the present study, we tested two AMPPs (lysozyme and nisin; 50 and 500 µg/mL) as possible substitutes of gentamicin for boar semen preservation up to 48 h of storage. RESULTS: We found that both AMPPs improved sperm plasma membrane and acrosome integrity during semen storage. The highest concentration tested for lysozyme also kept the remaining sperm parameters unaltered, at 48 h of semen storage, and reduced the bacterial load at comparable levels of the samples supplemented with gentamicin (p > 0.05). On the other hand, while nisin (500 µg/mL) reduced the total Enterobacteriaceae counts, it also decreased the rapid and progressive sperm population and the seminal oxidation-reduction potential (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of lysozyme on sperm function together with its antimicrobial activity and inborn presence in body fluids, including semen and cervical mucus, makes this enzyme a promising antimicrobial agent for boar semen preservation.

Natural approach of using nisin and its nanoform as food bio-preservatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli O157:H7 in yoghurt.

BACKGROUND: Natural antimicrobial agents such as nisin were used to control the growth of foodborne pathogens in dairy products. The current study aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of pure nisin and nisin nanoparticles (nisin NPs) against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and E.coli O157:H7 during the manufacturing and storage of yoghurt. Nisin NPs were prepared using new, natural, and safe nano-precipitation method by acetic acid. The prepared NPs were characterized using zeta-sizer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the cytotoxicity of nisin NPs on vero cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nisin and its nanoparticles were determined using agar well-diffusion method. Further, fresh buffalo's milk was inoculated with MRSA or E.coli O157:H7 (1 × 106 CFU/ml) with the addition of either nisin or nisin NPs, and then the inoculated milk was used for yoghurt making. The organoleptic properties, pH and bacterial load of the obtained yoghurt were evaluated during storage in comparison to control group. RESULTS: The obtained results showed a strong antibacterial activity of nisin NPs (0.125 mg/mL) against MRSA and E.coli O157:H7 in comparison with control and pure nisin groups. Notably, complete eradication of MRSA and E.coli O157:H7 was observed in yoghurt formulated with nisin NPs after 24 h and 5th day of storage, respectively. The shelf life of yoghurt inoculated with nisin nanoparticles was extended than those manufactured without addition of such nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the present study indicated that the addition of nisin NPs during processing of yoghurt could be a useful tool for food preservation against MRSA and E.coli O157:H7 in dairy industry.

Comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract, nisin and of its combination against Alicyclobacillus spp.

Alicyclobacillus spp. is a potential spoiling agent of acidic products and citrus drinks, leading to sensory alterations in contaminated products and consequent economic losses. Treatments such as pasteurization eliminate vegetative cells, but also create a favorable atmosphere for spore germination. To guarantee quality and safety, the application of natural substances as bioconservatives is a considerable and promising alternative for the food industry. This study evaluated the effect of hexane extract of Matricaria chamomilla L. (HE), Nisin (N) and their combination (HE + N). These compounds are present in some studies describing their antibacterial action, but no studies were found on the association of these compounds against the species Alicyclobacillus spp. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity (AA) for the DPPH• (0,23 µmol Trolox/mg) and ABTS (27.93 µmol Trolox/mg), the Checkboard test revealed synergism between HE and N with a fractional inhibitory index (FIC) of 0.068., and to study the antibacterial and sporicidal effect. The antibacterial and sporicidal activity was satisfactory against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris with MIC and MBC of 1.95 µg/mL and MSC of 7.81 µg/mL in analyzes using HE + N. The application in orange juice proved to be effective, with an MBC of 0.007 µg/mL. The MIC results served as a parameter for other tests carried out in this study, such as flow cytometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and for the evaluation of sensory characteristics with Electronic Nose (E-nose).

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Chitosan-Based Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite System Promising for Skin Wound Drug Delivery.

As a natural preservative, nisin is widely used in the food industry, while its application in biomedicine is limited due to its susceptibility to interference from external conditions. In this study, a nanoparticle-hydrogel composite system was designed to encapsulate and release nisin. Nisin nanoparticles were identified with a smooth, spherical visual morphology, particle size of 122.72 ± 4.88 nm, polydispersity coefficient of 0.473 ± 0.063, and zeta potential of 23.89 ± 0.37 mV. Based on the sample state and critical properties, three temperature-sensitive hydrogels based on chitosan were ultimately chosen with a rapid gelation time of 112 s, outstanding reticular structure, and optimal swelling ratio of 239.05 ± 7.15%. The composite system exhibited the same antibacterial properties as nisin, demonstrated by the composite system's inhibition zone diameter of 17.06 ± 0.83 mm, compared to 20.20 ± 0.58 mm for nisin, which was attributed to the prolonged release effect of the hydrogel at the appropriate temperature. The composite system also demonstrated good biocompatibility and safety, making it suitable for application as short-term wound dressings in biomedicine due to its low hemolysis rate of less than 2%. In summary, our nanoparticle-based hydrogel composite system offers a novel application form of nisin while ensuring its stability, thereby deepening and broadening the employment of nisin.

Economic impact of subclinical mastitis treatment in early lactation using intramammary nisin.

Treatment of subclinical mastitis (SCM) during lactation is rarely recommended due to concerns related to both antimicrobial usage and the costs associated with milk discard. Nisin is a naturally produced antimicrobial peptide with a gram-positive spectrum that, when given to dairy cows, does not require milk discard. We evaluated the economic impact of the treatment of SCM during early lactation using a nisin-based intramammary treatment under different scenarios that included various treatment costs, milk prices, and cure rates. We stochastically simulated the dynamics of SCM detected during the first week of lactation. The net economic impact was expressed in US dollars per case. The probabilities of an event and their related costs were estimated using a model that was based on pathogen-specific assumptions selected from peer-reviewed articles. Nisin cure rates were based on results of pivotal studies included in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval submission. Based on our model, the average cost of a case of intramammary infection (i.e., only true-positive cases) in early lactation was $170 (90% = $148-$187), whereas the cost of a clinical mastitis case was $521 (90% range = $435-$581). Both estimates varied with etiology, parity, and stage of lactation. When comparing the net cost of SCM cases (i.e., CMT-positive tests) detected during the first week of lactation, nisin treatment generated an average positive economic impact of $19 per CMT-positive case. The use of nisin to treat SCM was beneficial 93% of the time. Based on the sensitivity analysis, treatment would result in an economically beneficial outcome for 95% and 73% of multiparous and primiparous cows, respectively. At the herd level, use of intramammary nisin to treat SCM in cows in early lactation was economically beneficial in most tested scenarios. However, the economic impact was highly influenced by factors such as rate of bacteriological cure, cost of treatment, and parity of the affected animal. These factors should be considered when deciding to use nisin as a treatment for SCM.

AcrR1, a novel TetR/AcrR family repressor, mediates acid and antibiotic resistance and nisin biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis F44.

Lactococcus lactis, widely used in the manufacture of dairy products, encounters various environmental stresses both in natural habitats and during industrial processes. It has evolved intricate machinery of stress sensing and defense to survive harsh stress conditions. Here, we identified a novel TetR/AcrR family transcription regulator, designated AcrR1, to be a repressor for acid and antibiotic tolerance that was derepressed in the presence of vancomycin or under acid stress. The survival rates of acrR1 deletion strain ΔAcrR1 under acid and vancomycin stresses were about 28.7-fold (pH 3.0, HCl), 8.57-fold (pH 4.0, lactic acid) and 2.73-fold (300 ng/mL vancomycin) greater than that of original strain F44. We also demonstrated that ΔAcrR1 was better able to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis and had a lower affinity to vancomycin. No evident effects of AcrR1 deletion on the growth and morphology of strain F44 were observed. Subsequently, we characterized that the transcription level of genes associated with amino acids biosynthesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, multidrug resistance, and DNA repair proteins significantly upregulated in ΔAcrR1 using transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays. Additionally, AcrR1 could repress the transcription of the nisin post-translational modification gene, nisC, leading to a 16.3% increase in nisin yield after AcrR1 deletion. Our results not only refined the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of TetR/AcrR family regulator in L. lactis, but presented a potential strategy to enhance industrial production of nisin.

Production of nisin from Lactococcus lactis in acid-whey with nutrient supplementation.

The production of Nisin, an FDA-approved food preservative, was attempted by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC® 11454 using the underutilized milk industry effluent, acid-whey, as a substrate. Nisin production was further improved by studying the effect of supplementation of nutrients and non-nutritional parameters. The addition of yeast extract (6% w/v) as nitrogen source and sucrose (4% w/v) as carbon source were found to be suitable nutrients for the maximum nisin production. The changes in the medium pH due to lactic acid accumulation during batch fermentation and its influence on the production of nisin were analyzed in the optimized whey medium (OWM). The production characteristics in OWM were further compared with the nisin production in MRS media. The influence of nisin as an inducer for its own production was also studied and found that the addition of nisin at 0.22 mg/ml promote the nisin production. The analysis of consumption of various metal ions present in the OWM during the nisin production was also analyzed, and found that the copper ions are the most consumed ion. The highest nisin yield of 2.6 × 105 AU/mL was obtained with OWM.

A nisin-inducible chromosomal gene expression system based on ICE Tn5253 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, transferable among streptococci and enterococci.

The present work reports the development and validation of a chromosomal expression system in Streptococcus pneumoniae which permits gene expression under the control of Lactococcus lactis lantibiotic nisin. The system is based on the integrative and conjugative element (ICE) Tn5253 of S. pneumoniae capable of site-specific chromosomal integration and conjugal transfer to a variety of bacterial species. We constructed an insertion vector that integrates in Tn5251, an ICE contained in Tn5253, which carries the tetracycline resistance tet(M) gene. The vector contains the nisRK regulatory system operon, the L. lactis nisin inducible promoter PnisA upstream of a multiple cloning site for target DNA insertion, and is flanked by two DNA regions of Tn5251 which drive homologous recombination in ICE Tn5253. For system evaluation, the emm6.1::ha1 fusion gene was cloned and integrated into the chromosome of the Tn5253-carrying pneumococcal strain FR24 by transformation. This gene encodes a fusion protein containing the signal peptide, the 122 N-terminal and the 140 C-terminal aa of the Streptococcus pyogenes M6 surface protein joined to the HA1 subunit of the influenza virus A hemagglutinin. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis carried out on total RNA purified from nisin treated and untreated cultures showed an increase in emm6.1::ha1 transcript copy number with growing nisin concentration. The expression of M6-HA1 protein was detected by Western blot and quantified by Dot blot, while Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the presence on the pneumococcal surface. Recombinant ICE Tn5253::[nisRK]-[emm6.1::ha1] containing the nisin-inducible expression system was successfully transferred by conjugation in different streptococcal species including Streptococcus gordonii, S. pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis. As for S. pneumoniae, the emm6.1::ha1 transcript copy number and the amount of M6-HA1 protein produced correlated with the nisin concentration used for induction in all investigated bacterial hosts. We demonstrated that this host-vector expression system is stably integrated as a single copy within the bacterial chromosome, is transferable to both transformable and non transformable bacterial species, and allows fine tuning of protein expression modulated by nisin concentration. These characteristics make our system suitable for a wide range of applications including complementation assays, physiological studies, host-pathogen interaction studies.

The effect of antimicrobial peptide-added adhesive resins on shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant index of orthodontic brackets.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in-vivo produced Nisin which is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) added to adhesive resin on shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets. METHODS: Bacterial AMP was produced by fermentation and the ideal AMP/Bond concentration and antimicrobial efficacy of the mixture were tested. To evaluate the SBS and ARI scores of AMP-added adhesive resins, 80 maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were used and randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 40). Group 1: Control Group (teeth bonded with standard adhesive resin); Group 2: Experimental Group (teeth bonded with AMP-added adhesive resin). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package program and applying the Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Nisin synthesized in-vivo from Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) (ATCC 7962) bacteria was provided to form a homogenous solution at an ideal concentration To find the minimum AMP/Bond mixture ratio that showed maximum antimicrobial activity, AMP and Bond mixtures were tested at various concentration levels between 1/160 and 1/2 (AMP/Bond). As a result, the optimum ratio was determined as 1/40. The antimicrobial efficacy of Nisin-added adhesive resin was tested against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) (ATCC 35,688) and Lactobacillus strains (cariogenic microorganisms). AMP formed a 2.7 cm diameter zone alone, while 1/40 AMP-bond mixture formed a 1.2 cm diameter zone. SBS values of the teeth bonded with Nisin added adhesive (17.49 ± 5.31) were significantly higher than the control group (14.54 ± 4.96) (P = 0.004). According to the four point scale, Nisin added adhesive provided a higher ARI score in favour of the adhesive and tooth compared to the control group (ARI = 3, n = 20). CONCLUSIONS: Nisin produced from L. lactis (ATCC 7962) had greater antimicrobial effects after mixing with adhesive bond against cariogenic microorganisms S. mutans (ATCC 35,688) and Lactobacillus strains. Nisin added adhesive increased shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets and ARI scores in favor of adhesive & teeth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should take into account that using Nisin-added adhesive resin in orthodontic treatments can provide prophylaxis against tooth decay, especially in patients with poor oral hygiene.