RESUMEN
The trace OCP concentrations, such as α-, ß-, and γ-HCH, DDT and its metabolites (DDD and DDE) in blood and urine of residents from the south of the Russian Far East was revealed. A large range of OCPs was found in the urine: α- and γ-isomers of HCH, DDT and DDE. The only ß-HCH was detected in the blood; this indicates its persistence and the difficulty of excretion this substance from the organism. The total trace OCP concentration, found in the biological fluids of residents of the south of the Russian Far East, providing further evidence that these organic contaminants persist in the environment.
Asunto(s)
DDT , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Ambientales , Hexaclorociclohexano , Adulto , Anciano , Ciudades , DDT/sangre , DDT/orina , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangre , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Femenino , Hexaclorociclohexano/sangre , Hexaclorociclohexano/orina , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the DDT, DDE, and 1-hydroxypyrene exposure levels of children living in communities located in southeastern Mexico. The study communities were Lacanja and Victoria in Chiapas state and Ventanilla in Oaxaca state. Children living in Lacanja had total blood DDT levels (mean ± SD, 29,039.6 ± 11,261.4 ng/g lipid) that were significantly higher than those of children in Victoria (10,220.5 ± 7,893.1 ng/g lipid) and Ventanilla (11,659.7 ± 6,683.7 ng/g lipid). With respect to the 1-hydroxypyrene levels in urine samples, the levels in Lacanja (4.8 ± 4.1 µg/L or 4.5 ± 3.9 µmol/mol creatinine) and Victoria (4.6 ± 3.8 µg/L or 3.9 ± 3.0 µmol/mol Cr) were significantly higher than levels found in Ventanilla (3.6 ± 1.4 µg/L or 2.5 ± 0.5 µmol/mol Cr). In conclusion, our data indicate high levels of exposure in children living in the communities studied in this work. The evidence found in this study could be further used as a trigger to revisit local policies on environmental exposures.
Asunto(s)
DDT/sangre , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangre , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Pirenos/sangre , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Niño , Preescolar , DDT/orina , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Insecticidas/sangre , Insecticidas/orina , Masculino , México , Pirenos/orinaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to persistent organic pollutants and 1-hydroxypyrene in children living in an endemic malaria zone in Mexico. The blood levels for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and lindane ranged from 15.4 to 17,886.5 ng/g lipid, 6,624.3 to 100,119.0 ng/g lipid, and 351.1 to 6,153.8 ng/g lipid, respectively. For total polychlorinated biphenyls the blood levels ranged from 2,584.9 to 14,547.9 ng/g lipid. Regarding urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels, the mean level was 2.9 ± 3.1 µmol/mol creatinine. In conclusion, the children in our study are exposed to levels higher than normal to mixtures of environmental contaminants.
Asunto(s)
Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Malaria/epidemiología , Pirenos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Niño , DDT/sangre , DDT/metabolismo , DDT/orina , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangre , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Femenino , Hexaclorociclohexano/sangre , Hexaclorociclohexano/metabolismo , Hexaclorociclohexano/orina , Humanos , Masculino , México , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangre , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/orinaRESUMEN
The urinary metabolites of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD), and 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene in female hamsters are reported. The principal metabolite of both DDT and DDD is 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid. DDT- and DDD-treated animals also excreted small amounts of DDD, 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethene, 2-hydroxy-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol. 1-Chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene is metabolized to afford significant amounts of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethanol, 2-hydroxy-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid, 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)acetaldehyde, and 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethan-1,2-diol. These results indicate that the metabolic disposition of DDT in the hamster, a species refractory to DDT tumorigenicity, is very similar to that observed previously in the mouse, a species sensitive to DDT tumorigenicity. The one exception is that the hamster is not nearly as efficient as the mouse in converting DDT to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene, a metabolite that is tumorigenic in both species.
Asunto(s)
Cricetinae/metabolismo , DDT/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análogos & derivados , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/metabolismo , Mesocricetus/metabolismo , Animales , Biotransformación , DDT/orina , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina , FemeninoRESUMEN
Pesticide exposure is a potential risk factor for increased asthma prevalence among children. The authors used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2008) biomarker data to evaluate dialkylphosphate (DAP) urinary concentrations, serum dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and asthma among school-aged children (Mexican American, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White). Poisson logistic regression included age, sex, nativity, poverty index ratio, tobacco smoke exposure, and body mass index covariates. No association was found between DAP (N=2,777) and asthma outcomes; adverse effect of DDE (N=940) was suggested for Current Wheeze. Subgroup analyses identified positive associations with some asthma outcomes among Non-Hispanic Blacks, whereas inverse associations were identified among Mexican Americans. Results support previous associations observed among children's DDE exposure and wheeze. Characterization of risk factors for pesticide exposure and disease recognition among Mexican Americans is needed.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Organofosfatos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Asma/etnología , Asma/etiología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Niño , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangre , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Insecticidas/sangre , Insecticidas/orina , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Encuestas Nutricionales , Organofosfatos/sangre , Organofosfatos/orina , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was assess co-exposure to DDT, DDE (main DDT metabolite), and PAHs (1-hydroxypyrene) in areas where biomass is used to cook and to heat homes and where DDT was used to combat malaria transmission. METHODS: During 2009, we analyzed a total of 190 blood and urine samples from children living in six communities in Mexico. Quantitative analyses of DDT and DDE were performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Analyses of 1-hydroxypyrene were performed by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. RESULTS: In this work, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children living in four communities in Chiapas located in the southeastern region of Mexico (range, Asunto(s)
DDT/orina
, Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/orina
, Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos
, Contaminantes Ambientales/orina
, Pirenos/metabolismo
, Niño
, DDT/sangre
, Países en Desarrollo
, Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangre
, Monitoreo del Ambiente
, Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo
, Humanos
, México
, Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/sangre
, Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/química
, Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/orina
, Factores Socioeconómicos
RESUMEN
Prenatal exposures to organophosphate pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls have been associated with abnormal neonatal behavior and/or primitive reflexes. In 1998-2002, the Mount Sinai Children's Environmental Health Center (New York City) investigated the effects of indoor pesticide use and exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on pregnancy outcome and child neurodevelopment in an inner-city multiethnic cohort. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was administered before hospital discharge (n = 311). Maternal urine samples were analyzed for six dialkylphosphate metabolites and malathion dicarboxylic acid. A random subset of maternal peripheral blood samples from the entire cohort (n = 194) was analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls and 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene. Malathion dicarboxylic acid levels above the limit of detection were associated with a 2.24-fold increase in the number of abnormal reflexes (95% confidence interval: 1.55, 3.24). Likewise, higher levels of total diethylphosphates and total dialkylphosphates were associated with an increase in abnormal reflexes, as was total dimethylphosphates after paraoxonase expression was considered. No adverse associations were found with polychlorinated biphenyl or 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene levels and any behavior. The authors uncovered additional evidence that prenatal levels of organophosphate pesticide metabolites are associated with anomalies in primitive reflexes, which are a critical marker of neurologic integrity.