A Systematic Review of Ophthalmology Education in Medical Schools: The Global Decline.

TOPIC: This systematic review examined geographical and temporal trends in medical school ophthalmology education in relationship to course and student outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evidence suggesting a decline in ophthalmology teaching in medical schools is increasing, raising concern for the adequacy of eye knowledge across the rest of the medical profession. METHODS: Systematic review of Embase and SCOPUS, with inclusion of studies containing data on medical school ophthalmic course length; 1 or more outcome measures on student ophthalmology knowledge, skills, self-evaluation of knowledge or skills, or student course appraisal; or both. The systematic review was registered prospectively on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identifier, CRD42022323865). Results were aggregated with outcome subgroup analysis and description in relationship to geographical and temporal trends. Descriptive statistics, including nonparametric correlations, were used to analyze data and trends. RESULTS: Systematic review yielded 4596 publication titles, of which 52 were included in the analysis, with data from 19 countries. Average course length ranged from 12.5 to 208.7 hours, with significant continental disparity among mean course lengths. Africa reported the longest average course length at 103.3 hours, and North America reported the shortest at 36.4 hours. On average, course lengths have been declining over the last 2 decades, from an average overall course length of 92.9 hours in the 2000s to 52.9 hours in the 2020s. Mean student self-evaluation of skills was 51.3%, and mean student self-evaluation of knowledge was 55.4%. Objective mean assessment mark of skills was 57.5% and that of knowledge was 71.7%, compared with an average pass mark of 66.7%. On average, 26.4% of students felt confident in their ophthalmology knowledge and 34.5% felt confident in their skills. DISCUSSION: Most evidence describes declining length of courses devoted to ophthalmology in the last 20 years, significant student dissatisfaction with courses and content, and suboptimal knowledge and confidence. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

[Views of assistant professors on digital transformation in otorhinolaryngology education : Current status and perspectives in undergraduate and advanced training]. / Ansichten von Lehrbeauftragten zur digitalen Transformation in der HNO-Lehre : Aktueller Stand und Perspektiven in Aus- und Weiterbildung.

BACKGROUND: Digital transformation in curricular teaching in medicine comprises the use of digital teaching and learning formats as well as the transfer of digital skills for medical staff. Concepts of knowledge transfer and competency profiles also have to be adapted and transferred in advanced training due to necessary changes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was an evaluation of the current state of digital transformation in otorhinolaryngology teaching in undergraduate and advanced training at otorhinolaryngology departments of university medical centers in Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire with nine questions on digital transformation was sent to the assistant professors of 37 national university ENT departments. The anonymous survey was conducted online via the online platform SurveyMonkey®. RESULTS: Of the contacted assistant professors, 86.5% participated in the survey. Teaching sessions on digital skills for medical students are part of the curriculum in only 25% of ENT departments. Digital teaching formats are used by half of the departments in undergraduate training. Only 56.25% of the assistant professors receive support to realize the changes required by digital transformation. In 40.62% of departments, the issue of digital transformation is broached during advanced training, but only 28.12% use digital teaching methods to train junior doctors. CONCLUSION: Aspects of digital transformation are implemented mainly in undergraduate education, partly driven by the COVID 19 pandemic. Overall, there is still considerable backlog in undergraduate and advanced training in ENT.

Emerging trends on the anatomy teaching reforms in the last 10 years: Based on VOSviewer and CiteSpace.

The study of organism structural composition, known as anatomy, is essential in comprehending the intricate arrangements of life and plays a crucial role in medical education and practice. It bridges foundational and clinical disciplines, shaping medical education, and practice. With evolving technology, medical education faces new challenges necessitating pedagogical innovations. This article explores the changing landscape of anatomical education, encompassing teaching methods, and curricular shifts. Advancements in information technology and bibliometrics shed light on anatomy's evolution, yet research on anatomy teaching reform (ATR) remains scarce. This study employs advanced analytical tools like CiteSpace and VOSviewer to uncover research hotspots and frontiers in ATR. By scrutinizing focal points and emerging directions in ATR, this research provides insights into the future of pedagogical strategies and clinical research in anatomy.

The Case for Advocacy Curricula and Opportunities in Medical Education: Past Examples to Inform Future Instruction.

ABSTRACT: With recent advances in understanding racial, socioeconomic, and mental health issues in medicine and their relation to policy and legislation, medical professionals are increasingly involved in local and national advocacy efforts. At the frontlines of these initiatives are medical students who, in addition to completing required coursework and clinical training, devote themselves to serving patients through civic participation. The burgeoning evidence concerning health care disparities and inequity, along with greater awareness of racial and socioeconomic discrimination, have made advocacy an essential aspect of many students' medical training. Every year, thousands of medical students join national medical advocacy organizations, in addition to regional, state, and local groups. Despite the rich history of medical student involvement in advocacy, there remains much speculation and skepticism about the practice as an essential component of the medical profession. From early initiatives pushing for national health insurance after World War II to encouraging antidiscrimination policies and practices, medical students have been collectively working to create change for themselves and their patients. Through efforts such as banning smoking on airplanes, creating safe syringe programs, and protesting against police brutality, many medical students work tirelessly in advocacy despite minimal educational support or guidance about the advocacy process. Given that medical student advocacy continues to grow and has shown measurable successes in the past, the authors believe that these efforts should be rewarded and expanded upon. The authors examine historical examples of medical student advocacy to suggest ways in which advocacy can be integrated into core medical school curricula and activities. They call attention to opportunities to support students' development of knowledge and skills to facilitate legislative change, expansion of interprofessional collaborations and credit, and curricular updates to promote social and health equity.

The Military Health History: An Educational Initiative to Improve Veteran Healthcare.

INTRODUCTION: As a result of the nature of military service, veterans are a unique patient population with many special health considerations. For various reasons, measures are often not taken by clinicians to address such special considerations. This results in a healthcare disparity for veterans first described by Dr. Jeffrey Brown in 2012. To address this disparity, we introduced "the military health history" to third-year medical students at a large medical school in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of this educational intervention and determine its potential role in creating a future in which veteran healthcare is of the highest quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved as a quality assurance/quality improvement project by both Louisiana State University Health Science Center and Southeast Louisiana Veteran Healthcare System IRB offices. A short lecture outlining the components of the military health history was presented to 186 third-year medical students. The students were given the opportunity to answer five survey questions before and after the lecture. These questions assessed the students' current confidence performing a military health history, perceived importance of doing so, and likelihood of future implementation. To determine useful retention of the lecture material, the post-lecture survey was readministered to the same population sample 6 months after the lecture. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to examine changes in mean levels of confidence, importance, and likelihood of ascertaining military history during a patient encounter at pre- and post-presentation as well as at the 6 month follow-up. RESULTS: Results revealed a significant effect of time on importance, Wilks' Lambda = 0.74, F (2, 87) = 15.41, P < 0.001; confidence, Wilks' Lambda = 0.61, F (2, 87) = 27.58, P < 0.001; and likelihood of ascertaining a military history during a future patient encounter, Wilks' Lambda = 0.46, F (2, 88) = 50.58, P < 0.001. Results are demonstrated in detail in Table I of the manuscript. CONCLUSION: The lecture resulted in a statistically significant increase over 6 months in both the likelihood and confidence parameters. The team believes that this result indicates that the students demonstrated useful retention of the lecture material. Our hope is that these students continue to employ the military health history throughout their years of clinical work. In the future, we plan to survey veterans immediately following Veterans Health Administration clinic visits with members of our study population to assess the patient's perceived benefit of the military health history. The team will continue to investigate ways in which military health curricula can be implemented in undergraduate medical education.

Factores influyentes en el desarrollo de competencias en Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico / Influential Factors in The Development of Competencies in Orthopedics and Traumatology During the Medical Internship

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente la salud es concebida como un derecho fundamental y para garantizarlo se debe propender por una adecuada formación de los profesionales de la salud. El internado rotatorio es la última etapa y la más importante del pregrado en Medicina. Objetivo: Explorar los factores desde la perspectiva de estudiantes y docentes, que influyen en el desarrollo de competencias en la rotación de Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque en teoría fundamentada. Para la recolección de datos se realizó un cuestionario semiestructurado a una muestra aleatoria de 14 participantes, 7 estudiantes y 7 docentes, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis se basó en la codificación y categorización de los datos que posteriormente fueron sometidos a un proceso de triangulación para lograr la teorización final. Resultados: Los factores que favorecen el desarrollo de competencias están relacionados con la motivación intrínseca del estudiante, la flexibilidad y disponibilidad de recursos académicos, las características del programa de la rotación y el ambiente de práctica. Se identificaron como factores limitantes aquellos asociados a una formación deficiente en ciencias básicas médicas, la priorización del componente asistencial sobre el académico, la disponibilidad limitada de espacios y recursos de aprendizaje y los métodos de enseñanza tradicionales. Conclusiones: Es de vital importancia la identificación de los factores que favorecen y limitan el desarrollo de las competencias de los estudiantes de medicina en su última etapa de formación en ortopedia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Few areas of orthopedic surgery have had such important technical changes in recent decades as in corrective spinal surgery. Fundamental changes have come with the new spinal instrumentation systems, which have been substantially modified and improved to facilitate three-dimensional correction of the deformity and provide secure spinal fixation, correction and stability. Objective: To evaluate the results achieved with the spinal instrumentation systems used in the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out on 16 patients with thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis operated on with the pedicle subtraction osteotomy technique and instrumented with Luque-type pedicle and sublaminar systems, in the Orthopedics service at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital, from March 2001 to March 2021. Results: All the patients were male, white skin color and average age of 39 years. More than 80% correction was achieved in the sagittal profile and an average of 34.3° per osteotomy, without major neurological complications. Good functional results were obtained, with high degree of patient satisfaction and improvement in their quality of life. Conclusions: The use of both spinal instrumentation systems is effective in maintaining the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis.

Expansão de vagas e qualidade dos cursos de Medicina no Brasil: Em que pé estamos? / Expansion of vacancies and quality of medical courses in Brazil: Where do we stand?

Resumo: Introdução: A educação médica no Brasil vem enfrentando um importante processo de expansão. Essa realidade foi fortemente influenciada por programas e políticas educacionais implementados principalmente nas últimas décadas. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo traçar um panorama da formação e da avaliação dos cursos de graduação em Medicina no contexto nacional. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa. O levantamento de dados ocorreu por meio de dados provenientes da Sistemática de Avaliação Nacional da Educação Superior do Ministério da Educação disponibilizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira, órgão que coordena e gerencia dados relativos aos processos de regulação, avaliação e supervisão da educação superior no sistema federal de educação. Foram analisados 20 anos de oferta de cursos de Medicina no Brasil (2000-2019). Resultados: No período em estudo, o número de escolas médicas apresentou um crescimento de 214,9%. No total, analisaram-se 337 cursos de graduação em Medicina em atividade vinculados a instituições de ensino superior públicas (35%) e privadas (65%), perfazendo 34.585 vagas anuais ofertadas. Os cursos estão distribuídos nas 27 unidades federativas brasileiras, com maior e menor concentração de vagas e escolas médicas nas Regiões Sudeste e Norte, respectivamente. A média nacional do número de vagas/ano foi de 1.280,9 vagas/ano e da razão vagas/habitantes foi de 16,5 vagas/100 mil habitantes. A maioria dos cursos obteve conceito três nos indicadores de qualidade propostos pelo Ministério da Educação. Conclusão: O ensino da Medicina no Brasil vem passando por importante processo de expansão, e este é fundamentalmente privado e mal distribuído pelo país, e apresenta indicadores de qualidade mínimos para manutenção do seu funcionamento.

Abstract: Introduction: Medical education in Brazil is facing an important expansion process. This reality has been strongly influenced by educational programs and policies implemented mainly in the last few decades. Objective: The study aimed to provide an overview of the formation and evaluation of undergraduate medical courses in the national context. Method: A documentary and descriptive study was conducted, with a quantitative approach. Data was collected from the National Higher Education Assessment System of the Ministry of Education, made available by the Anísio Teixeira National Institute of Educational Studies and Research, the body that coordinates and manages data related to the regulation, evaluation and supervision processes of higher education in the federal education system. Twenty years of medical courses offered in Brazil (2000-2019) were analyzed. Results: In the period under study, the number of Medical Schools grew by 214.9%. In total, 337 active undergraduate medicine courses linked to public (35%) and private (65%) higher education institutions were analyzed, totaling 34,585 annual vacancies offered. The courses are distributed in the 27 Brazilian federative units, with a higher and lower concentration of places and Medical Schools in the Southeast and North regions, respectively. The national average number of vacancies/year was 1280.9 vacancies/year and the vacancy/inhabitants ratio was 16.5 vacancies/100 thousand inhabitants. Most of the courses obtained a grade three in the quality indicators proposed by the Ministry of Education. Conclusion: It was concluded that: i) the teaching of Medicine in Brazil has been going through an important expansion process, ii) that it is fundamentally private, iii) poorly distributed throughout the country, and iv) it presents minimum quality indicators for maintaining its operation.

Encontros e desencontros entre projetos pedagógicos de cursos de Medicina e Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais: percepções de professores / Convergence and gaps between medical courses educational projects and the National Curriculum Guidelines: university professors' perceptions / Encuentros y desencuentros entre proyectos pedagógicos de cursos de Medicina y Directrices Curriculares Nacionales: percepciones de profesores

Compreender a consolidação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) demanda contextualizar a realidade de cada instituição. Sua implantação pressupõe (re) orientação do processo de formação na Saúde, com integração entre Projeto Pedagógico do Curso (PPC), Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e envolvimento docente. Para captar a percepção docente sobre o alinhamento entre PPC e DCN, realizou-se estudo exploratório com metodologia qualitativa e os docentes respondendo a um questionário. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo para construção de categorias temáticas. Os docentes de uma escola reconhecem que o PPC não está alinhado às DCN. Revelam trabalho docente determinado por perfil profissional e pessoal. Em outra escola, cuja reforma curricular já adota metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem ativa, os docentes se sentem apropriados às DCN. Concluímos, portanto, que as mudanças no PPC são processos que demandam tempo, dedicação e comunicação, ou seja, maior mudança na instituição de ensino. (AU)

To understand the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG) it is necessary to contextualize the reality of each educational institution. The effective implementation of the guidelines requires the (re)orientation of the health education process; promoting integration between the course educational project (CEP); Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and professor engagement. We conducted a qualitative exploratory study using questionnaires to capture professors' perceptions of the alignment between medicine CEPs and the NCG. Content analysis was performed to develop thematic categories. The professors at one school acknowledged that the CEP and NCG were not aligned and their responses revealed that teaching is determined by each professor's professional and personal background. In another school whose curriculum reform adopted active teaching-learning methodologies, the professors felt a sense of ownership in relation to the NCG. We therefore conclude that the CEP change process requires time, dedication and effective communication or, in other words, greater change within the education institution. (AU)

Comprender la consolidación de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales demanda poner en contexto la realidad de cada institución. Su implantación presupone una (re)orientación del proceso de formación en la salud, con integración entre Proyecto Pedagógico del Curso, Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) y envolvimiento docente. Para captar la percepción docente sobre el alineamiento entre PPC y DCN, se realizó un estudio exploratorio, con metodología cualitativa, en el que los docentes respondieron a un cuestionario. Se utilizó un análisis de contenido para la construcción de categorías temáticas. Los docentes de una escuela reconocen que el PPC no está alineado a las DCN. Revelan un trabajo docente determinado por perfil profesional y personal. En otra escuela, cuya reforma curricular ya adopta la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje activa, los docentes se sienten apropiados de las DCN. Concluimos, por lo tanto, que los cambios en los PPC son procesos que demandan tiempo, dedicación y comunicación, es decir, un mayor cambio en la institución de enseñanza. (AU)

Educación médica en Perú / Medical education in Peru

Se analiza la complejidad geográfica, cultural y poblacional de la sociedad peruana, y se destacan indicadores importantes para la comparación con realidades latinoamericanas. Tras detallar datos sobre la aparición de la educación médica en el país, se describe el proceso que debe seguir un estudiante para convertirse en médico en Perú. Se narra lo acontecido en relación al crecimiento brusco y desordenado de las escuelas de medicina en los últimos 30 años, junto con el proceso actual, que intenta ordenar la situación. Se plantean estrategias con las cuales se está trabajando para la mejora del sistema en la actualidad

The geographic, cultural and population complexity of the Peruvian society is analyzed, highlighting important indicators for comparison with other Latin American realities. After providing some information on the emergence of medical education in the country, we describe the process that a student must follow to become a doctor. We also cover the abrupt and disorderly growth of medical schools in the last 30 years, as well as the current process that attempts to improve the situation. Finally, we propose strategies to optimize these improvement processes

Narrative of an educational path: providing a (new) meaning to medical education / A narrativa de um percurso formativo: (re) significando a formação médica / La narrativa de la trayectoria formativa: (re)significación de la formación médica

The need to rethink the education of health professionals, particularly doctors, is increasingly evident. This research aims at reporting the experience of a medical student of a federal institution that offers undergraduate course seats provided by the More Doctors Program. The student was encouraged to reflect upon his trajectory in the course by writing a narrative. The positive aspects indicated by him were: development of a critical attitude, knowledge integration, presence of Collective Health from the beginning of the course and use of active methodologies. Regarding the negative issues, the following was emphasized: the extensive course workload, maintenance of traditional assessments and resistance to innovation by some teachers. The student's narrative reveals tensions, ruptures, crises and achievements that contribute to understanding the "new" medical education model and offers subsidies for its improvement.(AU)

A necessidade de repensar a formação de profissionais de saúde, em especial médicos, vem sendo cada vez mais evidenciada. Objetiva-se relatar a experiência de um acadêmico de medicina, vinculado a uma Instituição Federal contemplada com vagas de graduação pelo Programa Mais Médicos. O estudante foi estimulado a refletir sobre sua trajetória no curso, por meio da escrita de uma narrativa. Os aspectos positivos apontados foram: desenvolvimento de postura crítica, integração de conhecimentos, presença da Saúde Coletiva desde o início do curso e o uso de metodologias ativas. Com relação às questões negativas, foram frisadas: a extensa carga horária do curso, a manutenção de avaliações tradicionais e a resistência de alguns docentes em inovar. A narrativa do estudante revela tensões, rupturas, crises e conquistas que contribuem para a compreensão do "novo" modelo de formação em medicina, e oferece subsídios para aperfeiçoá-lo.(AU)

La necesidad de repensar la formación de profesionales de salud, en especial médicos, está cada vez más en evidencia. El objetivo es relatar la experiencia de un académico de medicina, vinculado a una Institución Federal que cuenta con plazas de graduación vinculadas al Programa Más Médicos. Se incentivó al alumno a que reflexionara sobre su trayectoria, por medio de una narrativa. Los aspectos positivos fueron: el desarrollo de una postura crítica, la integración de conocimientos, la presencia de la Salud Colectiva desde el inicio del curso y el uso de metodologías activas. Los aspectos negativos destacados fueron: la extensa carga horaria del curso, la manutención de evaluaciones tradicionales y la resistencia de algunos profesores a innovar. La narrativa del estudiante revela tensiones, rupturas, crisis y conquistas que contribuyen para la comprensión del "nuevo" modelo de formación en medicina y ofrece subsidios para perfeccionarlo.(AU)

Reflections on the National Curricular Guidelines of undergraduate medical courses based on the National Health Promotion Policy / Reflexões em torno das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do curso de graduação em Medicina a partir da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde / Reflexiones en torno a las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales del curso de Graduación en Medicina a partir de la Política Nacional de Promoción de la Salud

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the National Curricular Guidelines of medical courses based on Foucauldian discourse analysis. This analysis goes even deeper under the scope of health promotion presented by the National Health Promotion Policy (PNPS), since it is closely related to a comprehensive care proposal. The new National Curricular Guidelines are in accordance with PNPS, since it aims at a general, human, critical, reflective and ethical education that is able to prepare medical students to work with social responsibility and commitment to advocate for citizenship and human dignity in different levels of care in the health-disease process. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that, although there is an attempt to place graduates as active subjects in their educational process, there is no sign of inclusion of these social agents in the creation of their educational practices.(AU)

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise foucaultiana das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) do curso de Medicina. Aprofunda-se essa análise no âmbito da promoção da saúde presente na Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS), por esta estar estreitamente relacionada à proposta de integralidade. As novas DCN estão em uníssono com o que se preconiza na PNPS, uma vez que se almeja uma formação geral, humanista, crítica, reflexiva, ética e capaz de atuar com responsabilidade social e compromisso com a defesa da cidadania e dignidade humana nos diferentes níveis da atenção do processo saúde-doença. Por outro lado, a análise revela que, embora exista a tentativa de situar o graduando como sujeito ativo no seu processo formativo, não há indicação de inclusão desse ator social na formulação de suas práticas formativas.(AU)

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis foucaultiano de las DCN para el curso de medicina. Se profundiza este análisis en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud presente en la Política Nacional de Promoción de la Salud (PNPS), por estar estrechamente relacionada a la propuesta de integralidad. Las DCN están en consenso con lo que se preconiza en la PNPS, una vez que se anhela una formación general, humanista, crítica, reflexiva y ética, capaz de actuar con responsabilidad social y compromiso con la defensa de la ciudadanía y la dignidad humana en los diferentes niveles de la atención. Por otro lado, el análisis revela que, aunque existe el intento de situar al graduado como sujeto activo en su proceso formativo, no hay indicación de inclusión de ese actor social en la formulación de sus prácticas formativas.(AU)

Fisiopatología y semiología clínica. ¿Dónde estamos y hacia dónde deberíamos dirigirnos? / Pathophysiology and clinical semiotics. Where are we and where should we go?

La metodología docente de muchas asignaturas debe ser replanteada. En un entorno donde los médicos disponen de mucha información de acceso inmediato en formatos diversos, la memorización de conceptos expuestos en clases magistrales seguida de una evaluación mediante pruebas de respuesta múltiple es claramente obsoleta. El aprendizaje debería fundamentarse en un trabajo activo por parte del estudiante, basado en la resolución de situaciones que simulen lo que en el futuro se encontrará en el trabajo clínico cotidiano. En este contexto, y conscientes de la enorme dificultad que representa un cambio de este calado, se comenta el interés de ensayar nuevas experiencias docentes, como la que se expone en este mismo número de Educación Médica. Solo una participación más activa de los estudiantes en su aprendizaje, en la que los profesores se conviertan en acompañantes más que en protagonistas, puede garantizar la formación que deseamos que alcancen los médicos del siglo XXI

The teaching methodology of many subjects must be rethought. In an environment where physicians have a lot of immediate access information in different formats, the memorization of concepts exposed in classical lectures followed by a multiple-choice test is clearly obsolete. The process of learning should be based on an active work by the student based on the resolution of situations that simulate what in the future will be found in the daily clinical work. In this context and aware of the enormous difficulty of a change of this depth, the interest of rehearsing new teaching experiences such as the one discussed in this same issue of Educación Médica is discussed. Only a more active participation of the students in their learning, in which the teachers become companions rather than protagonists, can guarantee the training that we want the doctors of the XXI century to achieve

Ambiente educativo en una facultad de medicina peruana: una tendencia negativa a lo largo de los años académicos / Educational environment in a Peruvian medical school: a negative trend over the academic years

Background: Educational environment refers to the material resources and interpersonal relationships of an educational institution. Aim: To describe the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school and to explore a possible association between curricular years and the educational environment. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) to evaluate the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school. Data collection consisted in online surveys completed voluntarily by 1st through 6th year medical students between April and October 2015. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 828 of 2,421 (34.2%) students. The mean DREEM score was 117 ± 25.6 of a maximum of 200. A poorer perception of the educational environment was associated with later years in the curriculum, when analysis was adjusted for gender, age and academic status (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The educational environment of this medical school scored positively (> 100 points). However, it was evident that medical students in later curricular years had a more negative perception of the educational environment compared to those in earlier academic years.

A graduação em medicina no Brasil ante os desafios da formação para a atenção primária à saúde / Medical undergraduation in Brazil facing the challenges of training for primary health care

Este estudo objetivou identificar elementos da formação médica no Brasil, analisando a proximidade deles com os pressupostos da atuação profissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde e das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, operacionalizado em 2015 e 2016, por entrevistas telefônicas e entrevistas in loco com coordenadores/diretores de cursos de graduação em medicina. Os resultados do survey indicam inclinação para uma formação médica generalista, com ênfase na atenção primária, mas que pouco prepara os alunos para o desenvolvimento de ações multiprofissionais. Nas entrevistas presenciais, foram relatadas fragilidades que limitam o desenvolvimento de competências para atuação na atenção primária, como a resistência e o pouco preparo dos docentes, as condições incipientes das unidades básicas, a rotatividade dos profissionais do serviço e a disputa dos cenários entre instituições de ensino públicas e privadas. Os achados indicam o caminho que está sendo desenhado após a implantação das novas diretrizes de medicina, sugerindo não apenas avanços, mas também desafios que precisam ser superados, especialmente em prol do desenvolvimento de competências para o trabalho colaborativo em equipe.(AU)

This study aimed to identify elements of medical education in Brazil, analyzing their proximity to the presuppositions of professional performance in Primary Health Care and the National Curricular Guidelines of 2014. It is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, developed in 2015 and 2016, through telephone interviews and on-site interviews with coordinators/directors of undergraduate medicine courses. The results of the survey indicate an inclination towards a generalist medical education, with emphasis on primary care, but that does not prepare students for the development of multiprofessional actions. In face-to-face interviews, weaknesses have been reported that limit the development of competencies for primary care, such as the resistance and lack of preparation of professors, the incipient conditions of basic units, the turnover of service professionals, and the dispute of space between public and private educational institutions. The findings indicate the path that is being drawn after the implementation of the new medical guidelines, suggesting not only advances, but also challenges that need to be overcome, especially for the development of skills for collaborative teamwork.(AU)

La formación en valores del futuro médico / Training in values of the future doctor

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Reflexiones sobre el diseño curricular de la asignatura enfermedades infecciosas / Reflections on the curricular design of the infectious diseases teaching

La educación formal, sistemática, se caracteriza por definir y planificar en qué sentido y de qué manera va a ejercer su influencia en la orientación del desarrollo de las personas. De acuerdo a las metas que se deseen alcanzar, los educadores seleccionan las actividades de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Diseñar el currículo es decidir y organizar el conjunto de actividades formales de aprendizaje puesto a disposición de los alumnos, de acuerdo a objetivos previamente seleccionados. En términos generales, el currículo es un conjunto de situaciones, estímulos y modelos que se ofrecen a los estudiantes. El cambio curricular es un proceso de transformaciones que alcanzan a las instituciones e impacta en los recursos humanos docentes, al tiempo que expresa las modificaciones operadas en la sociedad en términos epidemiológicos, frente a la emergencia y reemergencia de las enfermedades infecciosas, en estrecha relación con la geografía médica y los condicionamientos sociales, económicos y políticos bajo los que se desarrolla la sociedad.

Formal systematic education features the definition and planification of the way it shall exert its influence in the orientation of the development of people. According to desired goals, educators select teaching-learning activities. Designing the curriculum implies deciding on and organizing the set of formal learning activities displayed for students, according to previously selected goals. In broad strokes, the curriculum is a set of situations, stimuli and models proposed for students. Curricular change is a process of transformation that reach institutions and impacts on human resources (teachers) and at the same time expresses changes that have taken place in society in epidemiological terms, in the face of the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, strongly connected to medical geography and social, economic and political restrictions.

Formación en el grado: retos del hospital universitario. ¿Son todos los que están? / Training in grade: challenges of the University hospital. ¿Are all those?

La Ley General de Sanidad otorga a todos los hospitales, además de las tareas asistenciales, funciones de investigación y docencia, y establece que las universidades deberán contar, al menos, con un hospital para el ejercicio de la docencia y de la investigación. Pero la ley no otorga la característica de "universitario" a todos los centros y organizaciones del sistema de salud. Ante la amplia incorporación de nuevos hospitales a la denominación de "hospital universitario", es necesario establecer requisitos que deban cumplir estos centros en función de las categorías profesionales a las que presten docencia

The General Health Law, in addition to patient care, allows all hospitals to perform teaching and research, and establishes that Universities must have at least one hospital in which they can carry out teaching and research. However, the law does not grant the characteristic of University to all health care centers and organizations. When faced with the wide incorporation of new hospitals under the denominations of "university hospital", these centers should satisfy specific requirements with respect to the professional standing of their teachers

La enseñanza en el entorno clínico: un reto y una necesidad / Teaching in the clinical environment: a challenge and a necessity

La enseñanza en el entorno clínico es una función que muchos clínicos asumen sin una adecuada preparación y orientación. Muchos de los roles del profesor requieren más un profesional de la enseñanza que un médico experto. La inmensa mayoría de los profesores clínicos han recibido un entrenamiento completo y riguroso en el conocimiento médico y en las habilidades propias, pero muy limitado en enseñanza. Las instituciones precisan disponer de una orientación y un entrenamiento preciso para sus profesores clínicos

Teaching in the clinical environment is a task that many clinicians assume without adequate preparation or orientation. Many of the roles of medical teachers require a teacher to be more than a medical expert. The majority of clinical teachers have received rigorous training in medical knowledge and skills but little to none in teaching. Institutions need to provide necessary orientation and training for their clinical teachers

Tendencias actuales de programas de estudio de pregrado y posgrado con orientación a la Atención Primaria de la Salud / Current trends in undergraduate and postgraduate studies programs oriented to primary health care i: en

Introducción: el pregrado y posgrado en la Atención Primaria de Salud, tiene un importante rol en el perfeccionamiento y superación de los recursos humanos que laboran en ese nivel de atención, toda vez que es la base del sistema de salud cubano. Objetivo: exponer las tendencias actuales de los planes y programas de estudio de pregrado y posgrado con orientación a la Atención Primaria de Salud, con la intención de provocar la reflexión en torno a la posición de los autores declarada en el presente trabajo. Métodos: se realizó un análisis de la literatura especializada en pregrado y posgrado. Se empleó el análisis histórico-lógico, el análisis documental y la sistematización. Resultados: se analizan las tendencias actuales de la educación de pregrado y posgrado y se declaran sus puntos de vistas, relacionados con el plan de estudio de las carreras. Conclusiones: sugieren sean sometidos a una valoración continua y perfeccionamiento curricular, teniéndose en consideración la inclusión de los nuevos problemas de salud que surgen en la comunidad y que favorecen la adquisición de competencias y mejor desempeño de los profesionales en formación(AU)

Introduction: Undergraduate and postgraduate studies in primary health care have an important role in the development and improvement of human resources working at this healthcare level, since it is the basis of the Cuban health system. Objective: to present the current trends of the curriculums and programs of undergraduate and postgraduate studies oriented to primary health care, aiming at provoking reflection about the authors' position stated in this paper. Methods: An analysis was carried out into the specialized literature about undergraduate and postgraduate studies. We used the methods of historical and logical analysis, document analysis and systematization. Results: current trends in undergraduate and postgraduate education are analyzed and their views are related to the studies programs of the majors. Conclusions: it is suggested that they be subject to continuous assessment and improvement, taking into consideration the inclusion of new health problems that arise in the community and that foster the acquisition of skills and improved performance of undergraduate students(AU)

La ética médica viva. Y la bioética más viva / Medical ethics alive¡ and more alive the bioethcis¡¡

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