The Case Against the Doctors: Gender, Authority, and Critical Science Writing in the 1960s.

In the 1960s, widespread popular-cultural deference to the authority of science and medicine in the United States began to wane as a generation of journalists and activists reevaluated and criticized researchers and physicians. This article uses the career of feminist journalist Barbara Seaman to show the role that the emerging genre of critical science writing played in this broader cultural shift. First writing from her position as a mother, then as the wife of a physician, and finally as a credentialed science writer, Seaman advanced through distinct categories of journalistic authority throughout the 1960s. An investigation of Seaman's early years in the profession also vividly demonstrates the roles that gender and professional expertise played in both constricting and permitting new forms of critique during this era.

Seventy Years of the Journal "Medical Archives".

This year journal "Medical Archives" celebrates 70th anniversary of its continuing publication. Medical Archives is oldest biomedical journal in Bosnia and Herzegovina and one of the oldest medical journals in Europe, established in the year 1947, as official scientific and professional journal of Association of Physicians of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Until present Medical Archives has published over 5000 articles. Today Medical Archives is internationally recognized medical peer-reviewed indexed journal, visible in more than 30 international on-line databases.

[File management and authorship. Medical writing in Viktor von Weizsäcker's "Subject Medicine"]. / Aktenführung und Autorschaft. Ärztliches Schreiben in der Subjektmedizin Viktor von Weizsäckers (1920er bis 1950er Jahre).

Many physicians in the first half of the 20th century were seeking to create a renewed medicine which would promote psychophysical unity in humans. This related not just to the patient but also to the physician who was expected to make use of his/her emotional and hermeneutic faculties. Viktor von Weizsäcker's "subject medicine" (both its theory and the clinical departments he headed) offers an opportunity to examine how this program was put into practice. Focusing on writing as a central feature of medical routines, this paper asks to what extent physicians' individual authorship of elaborate medical histories and management of records based on hospital labor divisions succeeded in shaping a new professional identity.

Samuel D. Gross, the Writing of American Surgical History.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the details of Samuel D. Gross's achievements as America's foremost historian of medicine in the mid-nineteenth century. BACKGROUND: The life of Samuel D. Gross, the most renowned of the nation's surgeons in the nineteenth century, has been extensively researched and celebrated. Despite the long-standing interest in Gross's accomplishments, there is an important and influential aspect of his career that has been forgotten. Gross was the country's first surgical historian and his boosting of the popular image of the knife bearer was crucial to shaping the future of the craft, in particular surgery's rise as a respected specialty within the whole of medicine. METHODS: An analysis of the published medical literature and unpublished documents relating to Samuel D. Gross and his status as the country's earliest historian of surgery. RESULTS: At a time when surgery was not considered a separate branch of medicine but a mere technical mode of treatment, Gross's efforts in medical and surgical history provided a much needed boost to surgeons in their pursuit of self-confidence and self-respect. CONCLUSIONS: Although Gross's accomplishments as a medical historian have been overlooked, it is undeniable that he was America's pioneer surgical historian and, as such, afforded surgeons their earliest measure of self-esteem, a critical attribute that was indispensable for the rise of surgery as a distinguished profession.

The outlook of physician histories: J. Marion Sims and 'The Discovery of Anaesthesia'.

The fact that doctors have a long tradition of writing medical history to interpret and direct their profession is well established. But readers (particularly modern physician readers) can also understand physician-authored histories as offering commentary and analysis of the world beyond medicine. In this essay, we offer a reading (perhaps a modern one) of J. Marion Sims's 1877 article, 'The Discovery of Anaesthesia' which exemplifies the stance of looking both inward and outward from the medical field. We begin by discussing Sims, including the complicated legacy he left as a physician. Next, we review late 19th-century history with a focus on Reconstruction. Finally, we show how the modern reader can use Sims's article both to trace the first use of ether and nitrous oxide for surgical anaesthesia and to provide a window into the 19th-century medical profession and the post-Civil War period. Through this study, we hope to show how to read both medicine and the world around it in physician histories.

[Tracing a journal fragment from the World War I]. / Tragom fragmenta dnevnickog zapisa iz prvoga svjetskog rata.

The paper presents a fragment of the World War I journal, discovered recently to belong to Vladimir Jelovsek (1879-1934) the physician, writer and one of the most prominent editors of Lijecnicki vjesnik. The journal was written during his attendance at the eastern front from June 1915 to July 1916 beginning with the fall of Lvov and partly following both Brusilov's invasions. On the territory of Croatia the war journals written by medical representatives are very rare. However, such sources could extend our knowledge on individual war reflexions, soldiers' principles or mindset, as well as to enable the comparison of their content with the body of already published autobiographical and other sources. Recently detected journal of Vladimir Jelovsek exposes the individual perception of war carried out through traumatic war experience of an individual abruptly exposed to war conditions. Furthermore, it adds to our knowledge the Jelovsek's life enlightening in those segments of his life which haven't been explored so far.

On Occasion of the 75th Anniversary of the "Medical Archives" Journal (1947-2021).

This year the journal "Medical Archives" celebrates 75 year of existing. "Medicinski Arhiv/Medical Archives" was founded in 1947 as official journal of the Association of Physicians (Sabor ljekara Bosne i Hercegovina) of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first Editorial board was consisted of academicans: Vladimir Cavka (Professor of Oftalmology), Blagoje Kovacevic (Professor of Surgery), Bogdan Zimonjic (Professor of Internal medicine), and Ibro Brkic (Professor of Internal medicine). Exactly the Medical Archives journal was a key milestone that helped in education of all academic and professional staff that became the foundation of Bosnian and Herzegovinian medicine as a science and health care as a profession. Medicinski Arhiv was included in largest bimedical database Medline in 1947 and till now in that database is deposited more than 7000 papers. Also this journal has highest h-Index in Scopus database ranked by SCImago rank. In Medicinski Arhiv journal authors from more than 60 countries from whole the world published their papers, some of them with very high Scopus h-Index.

[Christmas with Charles Dickens - The Man of Letters as Syndrome-Spotter and Good Moralist]. / Weihnachten mit Charles Dickens.

Charles Dickens, as a writer, was also a great master of patient observation. He described more than 40 syndromes, some of which were named after characters and titles of his literary works. Within these he often referred to the connection between illness, poverty and social misery. Some of his descriptions have withstood the litmus test of time and are still used in today's medicine: Amongst these are the characters Frederick, Little Dorrit's uncle, who suffers from Parkinson's disease, Fat Joe after whom the Pickwick-syndrome was named, Tiny Tim who is beaten with Pott's disease, Ebenezer Scrooge, a victim of posttraumatic embitterment disorder, and Mr. Krook who dies from spontaneous human combustion. Charles Dickens loved animals, and he was a member and supporter of The Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals and actively engaged in public activities against vivisection. Furthermore he explicitly cared for children, and when his novel "Oliver Twist" appeared, the begging children received more alms, and the government improved the poor houses. Finally, there is probably no other author who has portrayed the power of Christmas so sensitively and impressively. Dickens hoped that in these days, just before the turn of the year, personal transformations would take place and redemption would be experienced as a result of new insights. For such transformations, he was convinced that man occasionally needs external stimuli.

[The art of surgery in nuce : Introduction to Institutiones chirurgicae (1601) by Johannes Jessenius (1566-1621)]. / Chirurgische Kunst in nuce : Einführung zu Institutiones chirurgicae (1601) von Johannes Jessenius (1566­1621).

BACKGROUND: In 1601, Johannes Jessenius published the surgical work Institutiones chirurgicae, which is of particular importance for the history of surgery in Germany. So far, research has predominantly concentrated on the anatomical works of Jessenius; his surgical work including aspects of urology has not been the subject of investigation. OBJECTIVES: In the present article, we analyze the structure, reasoning, and linguistic means used by the author in this work. RESULTS: According to the introduction, surgery comprises three basic components: agens, actor or the surgeon, actio, the activity, that is, the operation, and per quae et quibus actio perficitur, which means instruments and medications. The operations are arranged in contrasts, solutio continuorum-junctio separatorum, the dissolution of the connected-connection of the separate, extirpatio superfluorum-recuperatio deficientium, to eliminate the superfluous-to restore the missing. The description of the instruments is also based on opposite pairs. DISCUSSION: The three elements of surgical work represent a reduction of what is stated in the Hippocratic text De officina. Thus, recognizable here is an ancient tradition, which was also known to the predecessors of Jessenius. CONCLUSIONS: At the beginning of the work, aspects of an introduction to the surgical work of the 16th century are briefly recapitulated. Jessenius adheres to this historical tradition including aspects of urology of this work. In the introduction, he refers to various medical writers, without directly adopting the texts. The surgical artistry that Jessenius stands for is of fundamental importance to this day.

Psychoanalysis and the transformations of childhood in the articles and columns written by Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973. / A psicanálise e as transformações na concepção da infância nas crônicas e colunas de Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973.

The article examines the role of psychology in how childhood was understood during the period spanning 1950 to 1970, focusing on articles and columns Clarice Lispector published in broadly circulating magazines and newspapers from 1952 to 1973. From these writings emerges a new paradigm considering children as psychological mysteries within the domestic sphere, in which childhood is understood as the core of the adult psyche, as well as object of maternal exploration and care. This biopsychological model combines hygienic concerns related to physical health with psychological attention to childhood subjectivity. This way, the middle-class child reveals a transformation of family models and the new centrality of the individual.

O artigo estuda o papel da psicologia na transformação dos modos de conceber a infância nas décadas de 1950 a 1970, tendo como foco as colunas e crônicas publicadas em revistas e jornais de ampla circulação por Clarice Lispector entre 1952 e 1973. Delas emerge um novo paradigma que considera os filhos mistérios psicológicos no interior do âmbito doméstico, objeto de investigação por parte da mãe, e que entende a infância como núcleo do psiquismo adulto. Trata-se de um modelo biopsicológico, que combina a preocupação higiênica pela saúde física com uma atenção psicológica à subjetividade infantil, no qual a criança das classes médias emerge como índice do questionamento dos papéis de autoridade familiar e da nova centralidade do indivíduo.

Clinical records: the medical writing from the patient's story to the medical narrative.

A historical follow-up on the medical diaries about the patient is made, from the Hippocratic texts to the appearance of the current canon of the clinical history formulated by Boerhaave in the seventeenth century, through the medieval consilia and the curationes and observationes of the Renaissance; and it is discussed how much the patient's story is present in those writings. It is postulated that the medical narrative that starts from adequately listening to the patient and his story, and adopts a literary workshop format, it is a pedagogical tool that contributes to comprehensive medical training, and offers the patient the opportunity to be treated in an empathic and humanized environment.

Se hace un seguimiento histórico a los escritos médicos sobre el paciente, desde los textos hipocráticos hasta la aparición del canon actual de historia clínica formulado por Boerhaave en el siglo XVII, pasando por los consilia medievales y las curationes y observationes del renacimiento; y se discute qué tanto el relato del paciente está presente en esos escritos. Se postula que la narrativa médica que parte de escuchar adecuadamente al paciente y su historia, y se trabaja en formato de taller literario, es una herramienta pedagógica que contribuye a la formación médica integral y ofrece la posibilidad de que el paciente pueda ser tratado en un medio empático y humanizado.