RESUMEN
Cardiac disorders exhibit considerable heterogeneity, and understanding their genetic foundations is crucial for their diagnosis and treatment. Recent genetic analyses involving a growing number of participants have uncovered novel mutations within both coding and non-coding regions of DNA, contributing to the onset of cardiac conditions. The NEXN gene, encoding the Nexilin protein, an actin filament-binding protein, is integral to normal cardiac function. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cardiomyopathies, cardiovascular disorders, and sudden deaths. Heterozygous or homozygous variants of the NEXN gene are associated with the development of endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), a rare cardiac condition characterized by excessive collagen and elastin deposition in the left ventricular endocardium predominantly affecting infants and young children. EFE occurs both primary and secondary to other conditions and often leads to unfavorable prognoses and outcomes. This review explores the role of NEXN genetic variants in cardiovascular disorders, particularly EFE, revealing that functional mutations are not clustered in a specific domain of Nexilin based on the cardiac disorder phenotype. Our review underscores the importance of understanding genetic mutations for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac conditions.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatías , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica , Mutación , Humanos , Cardiomiopatías/genética , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatías/fisiopatología , Cardiomiopatías/metabolismo , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/genética , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/metabolismo , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , FenotipoRESUMEN
Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare cardiac condition characterized by excessive endocardial thickening secondary to fibroelastic tissues that commonly present in infants and young children. Most of endocardial fibroelastosis cases are secondary forms, which occur in conjunction with other cardiac diseases. Endocardial fibroelastosis has been associated with poor prognosis and outcomes. In light of recent advancements in understanding pathophysiology, several new data have revealed compelling evidence that abnormal endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is the root cause of endocardial fibroelastosis. This article aims to review the recent development in pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and management, and to discuss possible differential diagnoses.
Asunto(s)
Fibroelastosis Endocárdica , Humanos , Lactante , Niño , Preescolar , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Endocardio , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: As mitral valve (MV) repair for Barlow's disease remains surgically challenging, it is important to distinguish Barlow's disease from fibroelastic deficiency (FED) preoperatively. We hypothesized that the prolapse volume to prolapse height ratio (PV-PH ratio) may be useful to differentiate Barlow's disease and FED.MethodsâandâResults:In 76 patients with MV prolapse who underwent presurgical transesophageal echocardiography, the 3D MV morphology was quantified: 19 patients were diagnosed with Barlow's disease and 57 with FED. The patients with Barlow's disease had greater prolapse volume and height than the patients with FED, as well as greater PV-PH ratio (0.61±0.35 vs. 0.17±0.10, P<0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed that with a cutoff value of 0.27, the PV-PH ratio differentiated Barlow's disease from FED with 84.2% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity. Net reclassification improvement showed that the differentiating ability of the PV-PH ratio was significantly superior to prolapse volume (1.30, P<0.001). After being adjusted by each of prolapse volume and height, annular area and shape, and the number of prolapsed segments, the PV-PH ratio had an independent association with Barlow's disease. CONCLUSIONS: The PV-PH ratio was able to differentiate Barlow's disease from FED with high accuracy. 3D quantification including this value should be performed before MV repair.
Asunto(s)
Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/patología , Curva ROC , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Mothers carrying anti-Ro antibodies are frequently referred for weekly echocardiograms to early detect and treat antibody-mediated fetal heart disease. We tested a surveillance strategy based on anti-Ro antibody titers. METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, 232 pregnancies were referred for maternal anti-Ro antibodies. At the baseline echocardiogram, anti-Ro titers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay and results categorized as negative (<8 U/mL; n = 43; excluded), low-moderate positive (8-49 U/mL; n = 62; group 1) or high positive (50 - >100 U/mL; n = 127; group 2). Serial echocardiograms to ≥24 weeks were only recommended for group 2 mothers. RESULTS: Group 1 patients underwent significantly less fetal echocardiograms when compared with group 2 mothers (median 2 vs. 4; p < 0.001). Isolated endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 1) and incomplete (n = 4) or complete (n = 4) heart block were diagnosed in 9 (8%) pregnancies with anti-Ro titers >100 U/mL but none with lower titers (odds ratio 17.78; p = 0.004). Incomplete block and endocardial fibroelastosis regressed with transplacental corticosteroid and immune globulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Limiting serial fetal echocardiograms to women with high anti-Ro antibody levels is safe and more cost effective. While numbers of echocardiograms were significantly reduced in referrals with anti-Ro titers <50 U/mL, reversible abnormalities with prenatal treatment were detected by serial echocardiography in group 2 patients. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Enfermedades Fetales/diagnóstico , Monitoreo Fetal/métodos , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune/diagnóstico , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Adulto , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Enfermedades Fetales/tratamiento farmacológico , Bloqueo Cardíaco/congénito , Bloqueo Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Bloqueo Cardíaco/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiopatías/congénito , Cardiopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune/congénito , Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Endocardial fibroelastosis is an important cause of congestive heart failure and death in infancy and early childhood. When present, it is commonly associated with non immune hydrops fetalis. The aim of this study is to draw attention for possible cardiac abnormalities in cases of fetal hydrops, and report a case of premature death by primary endocardial fibroelastosis with autopsy.
Asunto(s)
Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/patología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/patología , Hidropesía Fetal/patología , Miocardio/patología , Adulto , Autopsia , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías Congénitas/complicaciones , Cardiopatías Congénitas/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías Congénitas/patología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Humanos , Hidropesía Fetal/diagnóstico , MasculinoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Endocardial fibroelastosis is characterized by proliferation of both elastic and collagenous fibers within the endocardium, causing diffuse or localized thickening. A four-and-a-half-month-old baby was admitted to a local hospital, with a history of seizures for one day. Baby developed features of heart failure and died within one week after admission. At the post-mortem examination, heart was found to be enlarged with dilated ventricles. The endocardium of left ventricle was markedly thickened with a whitish appearance. Histopathology showed a thick layer of collagenous fibrous tissue in the endocardium, which was confirmed by Masson trichrome stain. The cause of death was offered as dilated cardiomyopathy due to endocardial fibroelastosis. The underlying mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. It is hypothesized that genetic, infectious, inflammatory, and nutritional processes are involved in this condition. This case highlights the importance of gross specimen examination and special staining methods to support histopathology after postmortem examination, for ascertaining the cause of death.
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Autopsia , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica , Endocardio , Humanos , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/patología , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Lactante , Endocardio/patología , Masculino , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Muerte Súbita/etiología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/patología , Miocardio/patología , Resultado FatalRESUMEN
Cardiac mass is a rare manifestation of Behçet's disease (BD). Intracardiac thrombosis, endomyocardiofibrosis, endocardial fibroelastosis, inflammatory mass and cystic change have been reported as different entities of cardiac mass in BD. Here we presented 6 cases of this rare manifestation of BD. The clinical and pathological features were reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Behçet/complicaciones , Cardiopatías/etiología , Miocardio/patología , Corticoesteroides/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Behçet/tratamiento farmacológico , Biopsia , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos , Quistes/diagnóstico , Quistes/etiología , Quistes/patología , Ecocardiografía , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/etiología , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/patología , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/etiología , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/patología , Femenino , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías/patología , Cardiopatías/terapia , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Inflamación/etiología , Inflamación/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Trombosis/diagnóstico , Trombosis/etiología , Trombosis/patología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Faciocardiorenal syndrome (FCRS), also named Eastman-Bixler syndrome, is an apparent autosomal recessive entity, characterized by endocardial fibroelastosis, unusual facial appearance, renal defects and mental retardation. We report a 7 months male patient, with the diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis, an abnormal facial appearance (arched eyebrows, broad nasal root, long philtrum and microretrognathia) and psychomotor delay. Associated anomalies were: plagiocephaly, broad halluces, nail hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, diastasis recti, and adducted thumbs. Focal seizures in the mouth were also observed. The radiographs revealed advanced bone age and metaphyseal widening of femur and tibia. FCRS has an unknown etiology with only three reported cases so far (since 1977). We report a patient with the main features of FCRS but without the renal component, suggesting that this entity can present a wide clinical spectrum. Based on these findings and on the few previously reported cases with a highly variable phenotype when compared with the original report, we suggest that FCRS should be further clinical delineated according to the following leading anomalies: endocardial fibroelastosis, unusual facial appearance and mental retardation, in order to find more cases that allow a wider clinical description and the identification of the genetic defect(s).
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Múltiples/diagnóstico , Fisura del Paladar/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Cara/anomalías , Cardiopatías Congénitas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactante , Riñón/anomalías , MasculinoRESUMEN
Endocardial fiborelastosis (EFE) is a common infantile myocardiosis. The pathogenesis of EFE may be associated with viral infection, genetic factors, immune factors and endocardial dysplasia. The fundamental pathological changes of EFE include hyperplasia of endocardium elastic fibers and collagen fibers. Acute EFE is a frequent type. Clinical manifestations of EFE are non-specific and children with EFE mainly present with congestive heart failure. Echocardiography is very helpful to the diagnosis of EFE. It is necessary to differentiate EFE from pneumonia complicated by acute congestive heart failure, viral myocarditis and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. Treatment is meant to control symptoms of congestive heart failure. Patients who respond well to digitalis and have good medication compliance have a favorable prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/terapia , Humanos , PronósticoAsunto(s)
Oclusión Coronaria/etiología , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías Congénitas/complicaciones , Cardiopatías Congénitas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cardíacas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Válvula Aórtica , Enfermedad de la Válvula Aórtica Bicúspide , Biomarcadores/sangre , Angiografía Coronaria , Oclusión Coronaria/sangre , Oclusión Coronaria/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Recurrencia , Troponina/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are few reports describing the features of maternal anti-SSA antibody-associated congenital complete heart block (CCHB) patients developing endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and the outcome of patients with CCHB, with or without EFE. METHODS AND RESULTS: Over a 20-year period, 12 consecutive patients diagnosed with maternal anti-SSA antibody-associated CCHB were identified. The maternal anti-SSA antibody levels were measured and fetal echocardiographic findings were reviewed. The ratios of the thickness of the endocardium to that of the whole wall of the left ventricle (LE/W) and right ventricle (RE/W) were measured to investigate the degree of endocardial thickening. A total of 7 patients survived (living group) and were not diagnosed as having EFE. The remaining 5 patients died and were diagnosed with EFE during autopsy (dead group). Fetal echocardiography of the patients showed differences in the thickening and hyperintensity of the endocardium. The RE/W value was significantly higher in the dead group than in the living group. The titers of both maternal anti-52-kDa and anti-60-kDa SSA antibodies were high, but showed no significant differences between the 2 patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: EFE was the major negative prognostic factor for CCHB. Myocardial damage, predominantly in the right ventricle, was related to the outcome of CCHB associated with EFE.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antinucleares/sangre , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico por imagen , Bloqueo Cardíaco/congénito , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Endocardio/patología , Femenino , Feto/fisiopatología , Bloqueo Cardíaco/inmunología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Humanos , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Madres , Embarazo , Pronóstico , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Contracción Miocárdica/fisiología , Obstrucción del Flujo Ventricular Externo/etiología , Angiografía Coronaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Cinemagnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sístole , Obstrucción del Flujo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico , Obstrucción del Flujo Ventricular Externo/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
We report a patient who presented during fetal life with severe aortic stenosis, left-ventricular dysfunction, and endocardial fibroelastosis (evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome). Management involved in utero and postnatal balloon aortic valvuloplasty for partial relief of obstruction and early postnatal hybrid stage I palliation until recovery of left-ventricular systolic function had occurred. The infant subsequently had successful conversion to a biventricular circulation by combining resection of endocardial fibroelastosis with single-stage Ross-Konno, aortic arch reconstruction, hybrid takedown, and pulmonary artery reconstruction.
Asunto(s)
Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/terapia , Cateterismo , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/terapia , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Síndrome del Corazón Izquierdo Hipoplásico/terapia , Válvula Aórtica/patología , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/diagnóstico , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/patología , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/terapia , Síndrome del Corazón Izquierdo Hipoplásico/diagnóstico , Síndrome del Corazón Izquierdo Hipoplásico/patología , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Arteria Pulmonar/patología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
In a pediatric population, congenital or acquired disease of the aortic and mitral valves may coexist and sometimes require replacement of both valves. Enlargement of aortic and mitral annuli may also be required. We demonstrate a challenging case that required upsizing of both prosthetic valves by redo anterior aortoventriculoplasty and patch enlargement of the aortic-mitral fibrous body. This case highlights the complexity and feasibility of enlarging both annuli in a reoperative setting, to implant larger prostheses.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/cirugía , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas/métodos , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Anuloplastia de la Válvula Mitral/métodos , Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Adolescente , Válvula Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagen , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografía , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico por imagen , Diseño de Prótesis , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma is a benign tumor that mainly affects cardiac valves. The tumor has the potential to cause angina and myocardial infarction due to embolization of tumor fragments. We describe a rare case of right coronary artery ostial obstruction by a 12 x 19 mm sized papillary fibroelastoma located in the sinus of Valsalva. The report underlies the importance of echocardiography in diagnosis and intraoperative treatment of this type of cardiac mass.
Asunto(s)
Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/etiología , Vasos Coronarios/patología , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cardíacas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/fisiopatología , Ecocardiografía Transesofágica , Femenino , Neoplasias Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Válvulas Cardíacas/patología , Humanos , Músculos Papilares/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Left ventricular (LV) function is impaired by increased afterload in neonates with severe coarctation of the aorta, which may result in endocardial fibroelastosis. Repair of the coarctation usually solves the problem, with LV function normalizing after a few weeks. This report describes a patient who underwent successful repair of critical coarctation with normalization of LV function despite signs of endocardial fibroelastosis but with persisting elevation of cardiac troponin T. Cardiac catheterization showed the rare coincidence of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and coronary sinus orifice atresia with left superior vena cava.
Asunto(s)
Coartación Aórtica , Seno Coronario/anomalías , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Troponina T/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Angiografía Coronaria , Diagnóstico Precoz , Humanos , Recién Nacido , MasculinoRESUMEN
A 51-year-old previously asymptomatic man presented with complete heart block (CHB). During pacemaker implantation, fluoroscopy showed a peculiar pattern of cardiac calcification. Coronary angiography, performed to determine the origin of calcification, demonstrated an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). A left ventriculogram showed normal ventricular contraction. Echocardiography demonstrated normal systolic function without any regional wall motion abnormality. The endocardium of the mid and basal portions of the anteroseptal, anterior and anterolateral walls as well as both of the papillary muscles were calcified. Specifically noted was a calcific bar extending across the base of the interventricular septum (IVS) on both the echocardiogram and the left ventricle angiogram. The development of CHB in the absence of transmural myocardial infarction is intriguing. It is likely that endocardial fibroelastosis during infancy led to endocardial fibrosis and scarring subsequent calcium deposition. Extension of this calcification into the conduction system may have led to CHB. This is the first report of an adult patient with ALCAPA presenting with CHB.
Asunto(s)
Calcinosis/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatías/diagnóstico , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/diagnóstico , Bloqueo Cardíaco/etiología , Arteria Pulmonar/anomalías , Calcinosis/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatías/complicaciones , Angiografía Coronaria , Ecocardiografía , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Endocardio , Bloqueo Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Bloqueo Cardíaco/terapia , Tabiques Cardíacos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Marcapaso Artificial , Músculos Papilares , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
Endocardial fibroelastosis is characterized by massive proliferation of collagenous and elastic tissue, in which the pathological process is restricted to the endocardium. In this report, we present the case of a 20-year-old man with Behcet's disease and endocardial fibroelastosis of the right ventricle involving tricuspid valve resulting in a tumor mass that was resected along with tricuspid valve replacement. The clinical and pathological features of this rare entity are reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Behçet/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Válvula Tricúspide/patología , Adulto , Síndrome de Behçet/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Behçet/patología , Ecocardiografía , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico por imagen , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/patología , Neoplasias Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Cardíacas/patología , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Válvula Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
In a 6-month-old, intact female, Japanese spitz presenting with severe dyspnea, lung ultrasonography revealed confluent B lines associated with severe echocardiographic left sided volume overload and systolic dysfunction. A congenital shunt or valvular dysplasia was not demonstrable. On electrocardiogram, there was a constant sinus rhythm, respectively sinus tachycardia. Cardiac troponin I was normal. Within 2 days of admission, the dog died of heart failure. On macroscopic postmortem examination, the left ventricle and atrium were markedly dilated, and the left ventricular endocardium had a mild diffuse whitish appearance. Histopathology revealed moderate to severe thickening of the left ventricular endocardium, composed mostly of abundant elastic fibers and fewer collagen fibers, diagnostic for endocardial fibroelastosis. In addition, there were mild degenerative changes of the atrioventricular valves. Endocardial fibroelastosis is a rare congenital disease and should be considered in a young dog if more common causes of echocardiographic dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype are ruled out.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinaria , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/fisiopatología , Perros , Disnea/etiología , Disnea/veterinaria , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/complicaciones , Fibroelastosis Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , LinajeRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the optimal cardiac MRI sequences for and the spectrum of imaging appearances of cardiac tumors. CONCLUSION: Recent technologic advances in cardiac MRI have resulted in the rapid acquisition of images of the heart with high spatial and temporal resolution and excellent myocardial tissue characterization. Cardiac MRI provides optimal assessment of the location, functional characteristics, and soft-tissue features of cardiac tumors, allowing accurate differentiation of benign and malignant lesions.