Infectious Triggers of Cytokine Storm Syndromes: Herpes Virus Family (Non-EBV).

The herpesviruses are the most common infectious agents associated with both primary and secondary cytokine storm syndromes (CSS). While Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is most frequently reported in association with CSS, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and many other herpesviruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human herpesviruses 6 and 8) are clearly associated with CSS in children and adults. Immunocompromised hosts, whether due to primary immunodeficiency or secondary immune compromise (e.g., solid organ or stem cell transplantation), appear to be at particularly increased risk of herpesvirus-associated CSS. In this chapter, the association of the non-EBV herpesviruses with CSS will be discussed, including predisposing factors and treatment considerations.

Therapeutic vaccines for herpesviruses.

Herpesviruses establish latent infections, and most reactivate frequently, resulting in symptoms and virus shedding in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised patients, reactivating virus can cause severe disease. Persistent EBV has been associated with several malignancies in both immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised persons. Reactivation and shedding occur with most herpesviruses, despite potent virus-specific antibodies and T cell immunity as measured in the blood. The licensure of therapeutic vaccines to reduce zoster indicates that effective therapeutic vaccines for other herpesviruses should be feasible. However, varicella-zoster virus is different from other human herpesviruses in that it is generally only shed during varicella and zoster. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, in which the correlate of immunity is antibody function, T cell immunity is the correlate of immunity for the only effective therapeutic herpesvirus vaccine-zoster vaccine. While most studies of therapeutic vaccines have measured immunity in the blood, cellular immunity at the site of reactivation is likely critical for an effective therapeutic vaccine for certain viruses. This Review summarizes the status of therapeutic vaccines for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus and proposes approaches for future development.

Development of multi epitope subunit vaccines against emerging carp viruses Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 and 3 using immunoinformatics approach.

Cyprinid herpesvirus is a causative agent of a destructive disease in common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), which leads to substantial global financial losses in aquaculture industries. Among the strains of C. herpesvirus, C. herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1) and C. herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) are known as highly pathogenic to carp fishes in Europe, Asia, and Africa. To date, no effective vaccine has been developed to combat these viruses. This study aimed to develop unique multi-epitope subunit vaccines targeting the CyHV-1 and CyHV-3 using a reverse vaccinology approach. The study began with a comprehensive literature review to identify the most critical proteins, which were then subjected to in silico analyses to predict highly antigenic epitopes. These analyses involved assessing antigenicity, transmembrane topology screening, allergenecity, toxicity, and molecular docking approaches. We constructed two multi-epitope-based vaccines incorporating a suitable adjuvant and appropriate linkers. It revealed that both the vaccines are non-toxic and immunogenic. The tertiary structures of the vaccine proteins were generated, refined, and validated to ensure their suitability. The binding affinity between the vaccine constructs and TLR3 and TLR5 receptors were assessed by molecular docking studies. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that vaccine construct V1 exhibited greater stability with both TLR3 and TLR5 based on RMSD analysis. Hydrogen bond analysis revealed a stronger binding affinity between the vaccine constructs and TLR5 compared to TLR3. Furthermore, MM-PBSA analysis suggested that both vaccine constructs exhibited a better affinity for TLR5. Considering all aspects, the results suggest that in silico development of CyHV vaccines incorporating multiple epitopes holds promise for management of diseases caused by CyHV-1 and CyHV-3. However, further in vivo trials are highly recommended to validate the efficacies of these vaccines.

Serum survey for antibodies to coronavirus, herpesvirus, calicivirus, and parvovirus in domestics cats from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Inquérito sorológico para anticorpos contra coronavírus, herpesvírus, calicivírus e parvovírus em gatos domésticos do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

A ocorrência da infecção por coronavírus felino (FCoV), herpesvírus felino tipo 1 (FHV-1), calicivírus felino (FCV) e parvovírus felino (FPV) foi investigada mediante a detecção de anticorpos no soro de 97 gatos domésticos de Pelotas, RS, pelo teste de soro-neutralização. Entre os animais estudados, 51 não eram vacinados, 11 haviam sido vacinados contra FHV-1, FCV e FPV com pelo menos uma dose, e 35 tinham histórico de vacinação desconhecido. Foram detectados anticorpos para o FCoV em 75,2% (73/97) dos gatos. Anticorpos contra o FHV-1 estavam presentes em 38,1% (37/97): 73% (8/11) dos gatos vacinados, 39,2% (20/51) dos não vacinados e 25,7% (9/35) dos gatos com histórico de vacinação desconhecido. Anticorpos para o FCV estavam presentes em 56,7% (55/97): 81,8% (9/11) dos gatos vacinados, 52,9% (27/51) dos não vacinados, e 54,3% (19/35) dos gatos com histórico de vacinação desconhecido. Para o FPV, havia anticorpos em 69,1% (67/97): 100% (11/11) dos vacinados, 66,6% (34/51) dos não vacinados e 62,8% (22/35) dos gatos com histórico de vacinação desconhecido. Os resultados sugerem alta exposição ao FCoV, FHV-1, FCV e FPV na população de gatos na área estudada.

Recombinant viruses as vaccines against viral diseases

Vaccine approaches to infectious diseases are widely applied and appreciated. Amongst them, vectors based on recombinant viruses have shown great promise and play an important role in the development of new vaccines. Many viruses have been investigated for their ability to express proteins from foreign pathogens and induce specific immunological responses against these antigens in vivo. Generally, gene-based vaccines can stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses and viral vectors might be an effective strategy for both the delivery of antigen-encoding genes and the facilitation and enhancement of antigen presentation. In order to be utilized as a vaccine carrier, the ideal viral vector should be safe and enable efficient presentation of required pathogen-specific antigens to the immune system. It should also exhibit low intrinsic immunogenicity to allow for its re-administration in order to boost relevant specific immune responses. Furthermore, the vector system must meet criteria that enable its production on a large-scale basis. Several viral vaccine vectors have thus emerged to date, all of them having relative advantages and limits depending on the proposed application, and thus far none of them have proven to be ideal vaccine carriers. In this review we describe the potential, as well as some of the foreseeable obstacles associated with viral vaccine vectors and their use in preventive medicine.

Viruses: mechanisms of immune evasion and involvement in periodontal diseases: a review article

Periodontite é uma doença multifatorial com diversos padrões clínicos não precisamente explicados pelo papel etiológico de bactérias. Herpesvírus têm sido encontrados em locais afetados por periodontite, pela PCR. Sabe-se que os herpesvírus afetam a regulação imune; assim, variações nas respostas inflamatória e imune atribuídas a eles podem reduzir a resistência do hospedeiro contra colonização subgengival e multiplicação de patógenos periodontais. Mais investigações experimentais para avaliar a real relação dos efeitos observados em estudos descritivos podem trazer provas causativas e conclusivas dos efeitos específicos dos herpesvírus nas doenças periodontais.

Periodontitis is a multilayered factors disease with diverse clinical features not precisely explained by the etiologic role of bacteria. Herpesviruses have been found in periodontally affected sites by PCR. Herpesviruses are known to exertimmune regulation and thus, variations on inflammatory and immune responses attributed to them may reduce host resistance against subgingival colonization and multiplication of periodontal pathogens. More trials to evaluate whether the effects seen in observational studies are truly related to herpes viruses could bring a causative and conclusive proof for their specific effect in periodontal disease.

Respuesta anomala de anticuerpos de infecciones virales productoras de rash / Anomalous response of antibodies in rash producing viral infections

Se estudiaron 20 pares de sueros provenientes del Sistema de Vigilancia Seroepidemiologica Nacional de la vacuna triple viral que llegaron al laboratorio con el diagnostico de rash febril. Mediante la tecnica de inhibicion de la hemaglutinacion se observo una respuesta anormal de anticuerpos, tanto a rubeola como a sarampion, manifiesta por una caida del titulo de anticuerpos a una o ambas entidades o a una de ellas con seroconversion a la otra. Con el objetivo de definir la respuesta de anticuerpos a la familia Herpesviridae (HSV, EBV, CMV, VZV), se encontro el 80 por ciento de la respuesta a estos virus. Los resultados se presentan y se discuten

Establishment and characterization of an atypical cell line from a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich-Syndrome and bone marrow allografting

Se aislaron blastos atípicos de la sangre periférica de un niño con síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich y autotransplante de médula ósea. Las células fueron inmunotipificadas como monoblastos y crecieron en cultivo tisular en doble tiempo de 3 a 4 días. Las células aisladas originalmente y los cultivos iniciales, contenían antígenos tanto del virus herpes humano-6 (HHV-6) como del virus herpes humano-7 (HHV-7) y ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN). Lo que disminuyó con la desdiferenciación celular en los cultivos subsecuentes. Los sobrenadantes de los cultivos celulares contenían cantidades moderadas de interleucina-6 (IL-6) y marcados niveles de factor estimulante de colonias-granulocito-monocítico (GM-CSF). Se discutió el caso desde el punto de vista de una posible co-patogénesis viral

Clinical pathology an reactivation of human lymphotropic herpesviruses

Los virus linfotrópicos herpes humanos ejercen un efecto dual en el sistema inmune: estimulan como antígenos e interfieren funcionalmente debido a sulinfotropismo. En consecuencias, pueden resultar diferentes enfermedades, o verse éstas influenciadas en su evolución, posterior a la reactivación o persistencia de dichos virus. Los efectos son modulados por la edad del afectado y mediante la actividad variable del sistema de defensa humano. Los patrones de enfermedad asociados con estos virus van desde aproliferativos (aplásticos) hasta proliferativos (neoplásicos) y desórdenes autoinmunes. Esta revisión resume los conceptos e hipótesis actuales