RESUMEN
Sex hormones exert a profound influence on gendered behaviors. How individual sex hormone-responsive neuronal populations regulate diverse sex-typical behaviors is unclear. We performed orthogonal, genetically targeted sequencing of four estrogen receptor 1-expressing (Esr1+) populations and identified 1,415 genes expressed differentially between sexes or estrous states. Unique subsets of these genes were distributed across all 137 transcriptomically defined Esr1+ cell types, including estrous stage-specific ones, that comprise the four populations. We used differentially expressed genes labeling single Esr1+ cell types as entry points to functionally characterize two such cell types, BNSTprTac1/Esr1 and VMHvlCckar/Esr1. We observed that these two cell types, but not the other Esr1+ cell types in these populations, are essential for sex recognition in males and mating in females, respectively. Furthermore, VMHvlCckar/Esr1 cell type projections are distinct from those of other VMHvlEsr1 cell types. Together, projection and functional specialization of dimorphic cell types enables sex hormone-responsive populations to regulate diverse social behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Ciclo Estral/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Caracteres Sexuales , Conducta Sexual Animal/fisiología , Agresión , Animales , Aromatasa/metabolismo , Trastorno Autístico/genética , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/genética , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neuronas/metabolismo , Conducta SocialRESUMEN
Brain metastasis (BrM) is the most common form of brain cancer, characterized by neurologic disability and an abysmal prognosis. Unfortunately, our understanding of the biology underlying human BrMs remains rudimentary. Here, we present an integrative analysis of >100,000 malignant and non-malignant cells from 15 human parenchymal BrMs, generated by single-cell transcriptomics, mass cytometry, and complemented with mouse model- and in silico approaches. We interrogated the composition of BrM niches, molecularly defined the blood-tumor interface, and revealed stromal immunosuppressive states enriched with infiltrated T cells and macrophages. Specific single-cell interrogation of metastatic tumor cells provides a framework of 8 functional cell programs that coexist or anticorrelate. Collectively, these programs delineate two functional BrM archetypes, one proliferative and the other inflammatory, that are evidently shaped through tumor-immune interactions. Our resource provides a foundation to understand the molecular basis of BrM in patients with tumor cell-intrinsic and host environmental traits.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundario , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/sangre , Neoplasias Encefálicas/inmunología , Ciclo Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Variación Genética , Humanos , Evasión Inmune , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Biológicos , Células Mieloides/patología , Análisis de Componente Principal , RNA-Seq , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike protein. There is a pressing need to develop next-generation vaccine strategies for broader and long-lasting protection. Using adenoviral vectors (Ad) of human and chimpanzee origin, we evaluated Ad-vectored trivalent COVID-19 vaccines expressing spike-1, nucleocapsid, and RdRp antigens in murine models. We show that single-dose intranasal immunization, particularly with chimpanzee Ad-vectored vaccine, is superior to intramuscular immunization in induction of the tripartite protective immunity consisting of local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells and mucosal trained innate immunity. We further show that intranasal immunization provides protection against both the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and two VOC, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Our findings indicate that respiratory mucosal delivery of Ad-vectored multivalent vaccine represents an effective next-generation COVID-19 vaccine strategy to induce all-around mucosal immunity against current and future VOC.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Inmunidad Mucosa , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , COVID-19/virología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Citocinas/sangre , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Vectores Genéticos/inmunología , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Pruebas de Neutralización , Nucleocápside/genética , Nucleocápside/inmunología , Nucleocápside/metabolismo , Pan troglodytes , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal illness with the potential for global spread. Monoclonal antibody-based treatments that have become available recently have a narrow therapeutic spectrum and are ineffective against ebolaviruses other than Ebola virus (EBOV), including medically important Bundibugyo (BDBV) and Sudan (SUDV) viruses. Here, we report the development of a therapeutic cocktail comprising two broadly neutralizing human antibodies, rEBOV-515 and rEBOV-442, that recognize non-overlapping sites on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). Antibodies in the cocktail exhibited synergistic neutralizing activity, resisted viral escape, and possessed differing requirements for their Fc-regions for optimal in vivo activities. The cocktail protected non-human primates from ebolavirus disease caused by EBOV, BDBV, or SUDV with high therapeutic effectiveness. High-resolution structures of the cocktail antibodies in complex with GP revealed the molecular determinants for neutralization breadth and potency. This study provides advanced preclinical data to support clinical development of this cocktail for pan-ebolavirus therapy.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Ebolavirus/inmunología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/inmunología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Sitios de Unión , Línea Celular , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Ebolavirus/ultraestructura , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Glicoproteínas/química , Glicoproteínas/inmunología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Primates , Receptores Fc/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Viremia/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have co-evolved with their mammalian hosts for millions of years, leading to remarkable host specificity and high infection prevalence. Macrophages, which already populate barrier tissues in the embryo, are the predominant immune cells at potential CMV entry sites. Here we show that, upon CMV infection, macrophages undergo a morphological, immunophenotypic, and metabolic transformation process with features of stemness, altered migration, enhanced invasiveness, and provision of the cell cycle machinery for viral proliferation. This complex process depends on Wnt signaling and the transcription factor ZEB1. In pulmonary infection, mouse CMV primarily targets and reprograms alveolar macrophages, which alters lung physiology and facilitates primary CMV and secondary bacterial infection by attenuating the inflammatory response. Thus, CMV profoundly perturbs macrophage identity beyond established limits of plasticity and rewires specific differentiation processes, allowing viral spread and impairing innate tissue immunity.
Asunto(s)
Citomegalovirus/fisiología , Macrófagos Alveolares/virología , Animales , Presentación de Antígeno , Efecto Espectador , Ciclo Celular , Línea Celular Transformada , Reprogramación Celular , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidad , Citomegalovirus/ultraestructura , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Macrófagos Alveolares/inmunología , Macrófagos Alveolares/ultraestructura , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fenotipo , Células Madre/patología , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Vía de Señalización WntRESUMEN
Sarcomeres are force-generating and load-bearing devices of muscles. A precise molecular picture of how sarcomeres are built underpins understanding their role in health and disease. Here, we determine the molecular architecture of native vertebrate skeletal sarcomeres by electron cryo-tomography. Our reconstruction reveals molecular details of the three-dimensional organization and interaction of actin and myosin in the A-band, I-band, and Z-disc and demonstrates that α-actinin cross-links antiparallel actin filaments by forming doublets with 6-nm spacing. Structures of myosin, tropomyosin, and actin at ~10 Å further reveal two conformations of the "double-head" myosin, where the flexible orientation of the lever arm and light chains enable myosin not only to interact with the same actin filament, but also to split between two actin filaments. Our results provide unexpected insights into the fundamental organization of vertebrate skeletal muscle and serve as a strong foundation for future investigations of muscle diseases.
Asunto(s)
Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Sarcómeros/química , Citoesqueleto de Actina/química , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Actinina/química , Actinina/metabolismo , Actomiosina/química , Actomiosina/metabolismo , Animales , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Proteica , Sarcómeros/metabolismo , Sarcómeros/ultraestructura , Tropomiosina/química , Tropomiosina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls several intestinal functions including motility and nutrient handling, which can be disrupted by infection-induced neuropathies or neuronal cell death. We investigated possible tolerance mechanisms preventing neuronal loss and disruption in gut motility after pathogen exposure. We found that following enteric infections, muscularis macrophages (MMs) acquire a tissue-protective phenotype that prevents neuronal loss, dysmotility, and maintains energy balance during subsequent challenge with unrelated pathogens. Bacteria-induced neuroprotection relied on activation of gut-projecting sympathetic neurons and signaling via ß2-adrenergic receptors (ß2AR) on MMs. In contrast, helminth-mediated neuroprotection was dependent on T cells and systemic production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by eosinophils, which induced arginase-expressing MMs that prevented neuronal loss from an unrelated infection located in a different intestinal region. Collectively, these data suggest that distinct enteric pathogens trigger a state of disease or tissue tolerance that preserves ENS number and functionality.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Entérico/microbiología , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/parasitología , Infecciones/microbiología , Infecciones/parasitología , Neuronas/patología , Neuroprotección , Especificidad de Órganos , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/fisiología , Animales , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/metabolismo , Inmunidad , Infecciones/inmunología , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Strongyloides/fisiología , Estrongiloidiasis/genética , Estrongiloidiasis/inmunología , Estrongiloidiasis/parasitología , Transcriptoma/genética , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genética , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/inmunología , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro, while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Three of 46 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo, increased lung inflammation can rarely occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , COVID-19/patología , COVID-19/virología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/virología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Dominios Proteicos , ARN Guía de Kinetoplastida/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Carga Viral , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Despite remarkable clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in cancer treatment, ICB benefits for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain limited. Through pooled in vivo CRISPR knockout (KO) screens in syngeneic TNBC mouse models, we found that deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cop1 in cancer cells decreases secretion of macrophage-associated chemokines, reduces tumor macrophage infiltration, enhances anti-tumor immunity, and strengthens ICB response. Transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics analyses revealed that Cop1 functions through proteasomal degradation of the C/ebpδ protein. The Cop1 substrate Trib2 functions as a scaffold linking Cop1 and C/ebpδ, which leads to polyubiquitination of C/ebpδ. In addition, deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cop1 in cancer cells stabilizes C/ebpδ to suppress expression of macrophage chemoattractant genes. Our integrated approach implicates Cop1 as a target for improving cancer immunotherapy efficacy in TNBC by regulating chemokine secretion and macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment.
Asunto(s)
Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Inmunoterapia , Macrófagos/enzimología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Animales , Proteína delta de Unión al Potenciador CCAAT/metabolismo , Proteína 9 Asociada a CRISPR/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Quimiotaxis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Biblioteca de Genes , Humanos , Evasión Inmune , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteolisis , Especificidad por Sustrato , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/terapiaRESUMEN
Replacing or editing disease-causing mutations holds great promise for treating many human diseases. Yet, delivering therapeutic genetic modifiers to specific cells in vivo has been challenging, particularly in large, anatomically distributed tissues such as skeletal muscle. Here, we establish an in vivo strategy to evolve and stringently select capsid variants of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) that enable potent delivery to desired tissues. Using this method, we identify a class of RGD motif-containing capsids that transduces muscle with superior efficiency and selectivity after intravenous injection in mice and non-human primates. We demonstrate substantially enhanced potency and therapeutic efficacy of these engineered vectors compared to naturally occurring AAV capsids in two mouse models of genetic muscle disease. The top capsid variants from our selection approach show conserved potency for delivery across a variety of inbred mouse strains, and in cynomolgus macaques and human primary myotubes, with transduction dependent on target cell expressed integrin heterodimers.
Asunto(s)
Cápside/metabolismo , Dependovirus/metabolismo , Evolución Molecular Dirigida , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Cápside/química , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Integrinas/metabolismo , Macaca fascicularis , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/patología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/terapia , Miopatías Estructurales Congénitas/patología , Miopatías Estructurales Congénitas/terapia , Multimerización de Proteína , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas no Receptoras/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas no Receptoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas no Receptoras/uso terapéutico , ARN Guía de Kinetoplastida/metabolismo , Recombinación Genética/genética , Especificidad de la Especie , TransgenesRESUMEN
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is continuing to disrupt personal lives, global healthcare systems, and economies. Hence, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that prevents viral infection, transmission, and disease. Here, we present a two-component protein-based nanoparticle vaccine that displays multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Immunization studies show that this vaccine induces potent neutralizing antibody responses in mice, rabbits, and cynomolgus macaques. The vaccine-induced immunity protects macaques against a high-dose challenge, resulting in strongly reduced viral infection and replication in the upper and lower airways. These nanoparticles are a promising vaccine candidate to curtail the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Macaca fascicularis , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Linfocitos B/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Animales , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Conejos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/sangre , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells promote immunological tumor tolerance, but how their immune-suppressive function is regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unknown. Here, we used intravital microscopy to characterize the cellular interactions that provide tumor-infiltrating Treg cells with critical activation signals. We found that the polyclonal Treg cell repertoire is pre-enriched to recognize antigens presented by tumor-associated conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Unstable cDC contacts sufficed to sustain Treg cell function, whereas T helper cells were activated during stable interactions. Contact instability resulted from CTLA-4-dependent downregulation of co-stimulatory B7-family proteins on cDCs, mediated by Treg cells themselves. CTLA-4-blockade triggered CD28-dependent Treg cell hyper-proliferation in the TME, and concomitant Treg cell inactivation was required to achieve tumor rejection. Therefore, Treg cells self-regulate through a CTLA-4- and CD28-dependent feedback loop that adjusts their population size to the amount of local co-stimulation. Its disruption through CTLA-4-blockade may off-set therapeutic benefits in cancer patients.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno CTLA-4/metabolismo , Retroalimentación Fisiológica , Neoplasias/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Antígenos CD28/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inmunoterapia , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Ligandos , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences cancer progression and therapy response. Therefore, understanding what regulates the TME immune compartment is vital. Here we show that microbiota signals program mononuclear phagocytes in the TME toward immunostimulatory monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that absence of microbiota skews the TME toward pro-tumorigenic macrophages. Mechanistically, we show that microbiota-derived stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists induce type I interferon (IFN-I) production by intratumoral monocytes to regulate macrophage polarization and natural killer (NK) cell-DC crosstalk. Microbiota modulation with a high-fiber diet triggered the intratumoral IFN-I-NK cell-DC axis and improved the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). We validated our findings in individuals with melanoma treated with ICB and showed that the predicted intratumoral IFN-I and immune compositional differences between responder and non-responder individuals can be transferred by fecal microbiota transplantation. Our study uncovers a mechanistic link between the microbiota and the innate TME that can be harnessed to improve cancer therapies.
Asunto(s)
Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Microbiota , Monocitos/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Akkermansia/efectos de los fármacos , Akkermansia/fisiología , Animales , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Fibras de la Dieta/farmacología , Fosfatos de Dinucleósidos/administración & dosificación , Fosfatos de Dinucleósidos/farmacología , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Melanoma/inmunología , Melanoma/patología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitos/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Spaceflight is known to impose changes on human physiology with unknown molecular etiologies. To reveal these causes, we used a multi-omics, systems biology analytical approach using biomedical profiles from fifty-nine astronauts and data from NASA's GeneLab derived from hundreds of samples flown in space to determine transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and epigenetic responses to spaceflight. Overall pathway analyses on the multi-omics datasets showed significant enrichment for mitochondrial processes, as well as innate immunity, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, circadian rhythm, and olfactory functions. Importantly, NASA's Twin Study provided a platform to confirm several of our principal findings. Evidence of altered mitochondrial function and DNA damage was also found in the urine and blood metabolic data compiled from the astronaut cohort and NASA Twin Study data, indicating mitochondrial stress as a consistent phenotype of spaceflight.
Asunto(s)
Genómica , Mitocondrias/patología , Vuelo Espacial , Estrés Fisiológico , Animales , Ritmo Circadiano , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Análisis de Flujos Metabólicos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Músculos/inmunología , Especificidad de Órganos , Olfato/fisiologíaRESUMEN
At the species level, immunity depends on the selection and transmission of protective components of the immune system. A microbe-induced population of RORγ-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential in controlling gut inflammation. We uncovered a non-genetic, non-epigenetic, non-microbial mode of transmission of their homeostatic setpoint. RORγ+ Treg proportions varied between inbred mouse strains, a trait transmitted by the mother during a tight age window after birth but stable for life, resistant to many microbial or cellular perturbations, then further transferred by females for multiple generations. RORγ+ Treg proportions negatively correlated with IgA production and coating of gut commensals, traits also subject to maternal transmission, in an immunoglobulin- and RORγ+ Treg-dependent manner. We propose a model based on a double-negative feedback loop, vertically transmitted via the entero-mammary axis. This immunologic mode of multi-generational transmission may provide adaptability and modulate the genetic tuning of gut immune responses and inflammatory disease susceptibility.
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Sistema Digestivo/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/inmunología , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Homeostasis/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Inflamación/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Miembro 3 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells promote placentation, but how they protect against placental infection while maintaining fetal tolerance is unclear. Here we show that human dNK cells highly express the antimicrobial peptide granulysin (GNLY) and selectively transfer it via nanotubes to extravillous trophoblasts to kill intracellular Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) without killing the trophoblast. Transfer of GNLY, but not other cell death-inducing cytotoxic granule proteins, strongly inhibits Lm in human placental cultures and in mouse and human trophoblast cell lines. Placental and fetal Lm loads are lower and pregnancy success is greatly improved in pregnant Lm-infected GNLY-transgenic mice than in wild-type mice that lack GNLY. This immune defense is not restricted to pregnancy; peripheral NK (pNK) cells also transfer GNLY to kill bacteria in macrophages and dendritic cells without killing the host cell. Nanotube transfer of GNLY allows dNK to protect against infection while leaving the maternal-fetal barrier intact.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Bacterias/inmunología , Movimiento Celular/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Trofoblastos/inmunología , Animales , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Femenino , Células HeLa , Humanos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Placenta/inmunología , Placenta/microbiología , Embarazo , Ratas , Células THP-1 , Trofoblastos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The paternal genome undergoes a massive exchange of histone with protamine for compaction into sperm during spermiogenesis. Upon fertilization, this process is potently reversed, which is essential for parental genome reprogramming and subsequent activation; however, it remains poorly understood how this fundamental process is initiated and regulated. Here, we report that the previously characterized splicing kinase SRPK1 initiates this life-beginning event by catalyzing site-specific phosphorylation of protamine, thereby triggering protamine-to-histone exchange in the fertilized oocyte. Interestingly, protamine undergoes a DNA-dependent phase transition to gel-like condensates and SRPK1-mediated phosphorylation likely helps open up such structures to enhance protamine dismissal by nucleoplasmin (NPM2) and enable the recruitment of HIRA for H3.3 deposition. Remarkably, genome-wide assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis reveals that selective chromatin accessibility in both sperm and MII oocytes is largely erased in early pronuclei in a protamine phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that SRPK1-catalyzed phosphorylation initiates a highly synchronized reorganization program in both parental genomes.
Asunto(s)
Cromatina/metabolismo , Protaminas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Cromatina/fisiología , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina/genética , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina/fisiología , Fertilización/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Oocitos/metabolismo , Oocitos/fisiología , Fosforilación , Protamina Quinasa/genética , Protamina Quinasa/metabolismo , Protaminas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/fisiología , Empalme del ARN/genética , Empalme del ARN/fisiología , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Cigoto/metabolismoRESUMEN
Due to the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is a growing need to discover new antibiotics. To address this challenge, we trained a deep neural network capable of predicting molecules with antibacterial activity. We performed predictions on multiple chemical libraries and discovered a molecule from the Drug Repurposing Hub-halicin-that is structurally divergent from conventional antibiotics and displays bactericidal activity against a wide phylogenetic spectrum of pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Halicin also effectively treated Clostridioides difficile and pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in murine models. Additionally, from a discrete set of 23 empirically tested predictions from >107 million molecules curated from the ZINC15 database, our model identified eight antibacterial compounds that are structurally distant from known antibiotics. This work highlights the utility of deep learning approaches to expand our antibiotic arsenal through the discovery of structurally distinct antibacterial molecules.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Aprendizaje Automático , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Acinetobacter baumannii/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Quimioinformática/métodos , Clostridioides difficile/efectos de los fármacos , Bases de Datos de Compuestos Químicos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Tiadiazoles/químicaRESUMEN
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has made deployment of an effective vaccine a global health priority. We evaluated the protective activity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized spike protein (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in challenge studies with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Intramuscular dosing of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces robust systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against lung infection, inflammation, and pathology but does not confer sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by detection of viral RNA and induction of anti-nucleoprotein antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. In contrast, a single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies, promotes systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and T cell responses, and almost entirely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Intranasal administration of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S is a candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission and curtailing pandemic spread.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Adenoviridae/genética , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecciones por Coronavirus/patología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/patología , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Mucosa Respiratoria/patología , Mucosa Respiratoria/virología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Células Vero , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused extreme human suffering and economic harm. We generated and characterized a new mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus that captures multiple aspects of severe COVID-19 disease in standard laboratory mice. This SARS-CoV-2 model exhibits the spectrum of morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 disease as well as aspects of host genetics, age, cellular tropisms, elevated Th1 cytokines, and loss of surfactant expression and pulmonary function linked to pathological features of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This model can rapidly access existing mouse resources to elucidate the role of host genetics, underlying molecular mechanisms governing SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and the protective or pathogenic immune responses related to disease severity. The model promises to provide a robust platform for studies of ALI and ARDS to evaluate vaccine and antiviral drug performance, including in the most vulnerable populations (i.e., the aged) using standard laboratory mice.