HIV-AIDS: much accomplished, much to do.

As a result of decades of research-driven breakthroughs in basic and clinical science and recent advances in the broad-scale implementation of interventions for the prevention and treatment of infection with HIV, a turning point has been reached in the global HIV-AIDS pandemic. To end the pandemic and achieve the goal of an AIDS-free generation, researchers and clinicians must follow the dual pathway of optimizing the implementation of existing prevention and treatment interventions and discovering with basic and clinical research new and effective tools in both of these arenas.

The Failure of AIDS Vaccine Efficacy Trials: Where to Go from Here.

The seven AIDS vaccine efficacy trials have yielded extremely disappointing results at great expense. Greater stringency is needed for government support of AIDS vaccine efficacy trials.

Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Update - U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 36 Countries, 2016-2023.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among persons with HIV. In 2022, an estimated 167,000 TB-related deaths occurred globally among persons with HIV. TB preventive treatment (TPT) helps prevent TB disease and is recommended for persons at high risk for developing TB, including those with HIV. TPT, when taken with antiretroviral treatment (ART), can reduce TB-attributable deaths among persons with HIV. In 2018, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program committed to offer one course of TPT to all eligible clients receiving ART. This analysis describes trends in TPT initiation and completion among PEPFAR-supported programs in 36 countries in Africa, Central and South America, and Asia during fiscal years (FYs) 2017-2023. Overall, TPT initiation rates peaked in FY19, a possible sign of programmatic saturation. TPT initiation among clients who had been on ART <6 months reached 59%, and overall completion rates up to 87% were reported. Approximately 13 million persons with HIV have completed TPT since FY17, but widespread adoption of shorter regimens, patient-centered approaches, and electronic medical record systems might be needed to ensure full TPT coverage. Through PEPFAR's partnership with national HIV programs, TPT has become the standard of care for persons with HIV.

The City Clinic Cohort Study: Hepatitis B, HTLV-III/LAV, and CDC AIDS Project 24.

Anticipating the availability of a safe vaccine, scientists at the Center for Disease Control (CDC) planned for a multicenter study of the prevalence, incidence, and efficacy of an experimental vaccine for hepatitis B in 1977, conducted the study among homosexual male volunteers in five collaborating sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in the United States from April 1978 through 1980, and concluded that the candidate vaccine was highly efficacious in preventing infections with the hepatitis B virus. Then something completely unexpected and portentous happened. Some successfully vaccinated as well as other homosexual and bisexual men began to show signs and symptoms of a rare cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and opportunistic infections typically associated with severe immunodeficiency. As early as October 1983, members of the Hepatitis B study cohort in San Francisco were invited to return to the city STI clinic for further examinations, testing, and confidential interviews about their sexual and other practices. CDC AIDS Project 24 was designed to help describe the natural history of AIDS, define risk factors, and predict future trends. It produced some of the earliest and most convincing scientific evidence about the seriousness and extent of the AIDS epidemic among homosexual and bisexual men in the United States. How the City Clinic Cohort Study came about and evolved is the focus of this commentary.

RESUMEN: Anticipando la disponibilidad de una vacuna segura, los científicos del Centro para el Control de Enfermedades (CDC) planearon un estudio multicéntrico sobre la prevalencia, incidencia y eficacia de una vacuna experimental contra la hepatitis B en 1977; realizaron el estudio entre voluntarios varones homosexuales en cinco colaboraron con clínicas de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en los Estados Unidos desde abril de 1978 hasta 1980, y concluyeron que la vacuna candidata era muy eficaz para prevenir infecciones por el virus de la hepatitis B. Entonces sucedió algo completamente inesperado y portentoso. Algunos hombres vacunados con éxito, así como otros hombres homosexuales y bisexuales, comenzaron a mostrar signos y síntomas de un cáncer poco común, el sarcoma de Kaposi, e infecciones oportunistas típicamente asociadas con una inmunodeficiencia grave. Ya en octubre de 1983, se invitó a los miembros de la cohorte del estudio de la hepatitis B en San Francisco a regresar a la clínica de ITS de la ciudad para realizar más exámenes, pruebas y entrevistas confidenciales sobre sus prácticas sexuales y de otro tipo. El Proyecto 24 del CDC sobre SIDA fue diseñado para ayudar a describir la historia natural del SIDA, definir factores de riesgo y predecir tendencias futuras. Produjo algunas de las primeras y más convincentes pruebas científicas sobre la gravedad y el alcance de la epidemia de SIDA entre los hombres homosexuales y bisexuales en los Estados Unidos. El tema central de este comentario es cómo surgió y evolucionó el estudio de cohorte de City Clinic.

Testing the effectiveness of two psychosocial interventions - ACCENT and Didactic - to prevent HIV/AIDS behavioral risk factors in Mozambican women: a randomized controlled study.

In Mozambique, women are the most affected by HIV/AIDS and heterosexual encounters remain the main route for HIV/AIDS. Condom use is the most effective method of HIV/AIDS prevention, and the intention to use and buy/get condoms has a significant role in safe sex behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two psychosocial interventions - the Didactic and ACCENT Interventions - to prevent HIV/AIDS among Mozambican Women. Participants were Mozambican women (n = 150), users of the gynecology clinic of the Central Hospital of Beira. The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with assignment to three groups: Didactic intervention, ACCENT intervention, and Control group. Measures were from an adaption of the Women's Health Questionnaire, which includes questions about sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral variables related to HIV prevention/risk. There was a significant group effect on condom use and safer sex preparatory behaviors, F(2, 146) = 6.45, p = .002, with Bonferroni post-hoc tests showing differences between the ACCENT vs. Control groups and ACCENT vs. Didactic groups (all p = .022). There were no statistically significant time effects on both condom use and safer sex preparatory behaviors. Results are promising for HIV/AIDS prevention in Mozambican women at sexual risk, but replication is needed for generalizability of findings.

Determinants of HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality in Woliso Town, Oromia, Ethiopia: in the case of HIV prevention and control project.

In Ethiopia, even though there is an effort to increase ART services, different challenges remain in the provision of HIV/AIDS treatment and care services, and little has been done to evaluate patient satisfaction levels. The purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted during from October 2023 to November 2023 in Woliso Town. The total sample size was generated using a systematic random sampling method from the source population. The results of the study showed that client satisfaction with HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality was 272 (81.4%) with 95% CI: 76.9-85.3%. Government employees were 67% less likely to be satisfied with HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality (AOR = 0.33 95% CI: 0.11, 0.99) when compared to unemployed clients. The odds of client satisfaction were 6.72 times higher among study participants who do not have health insurance membership cards (AOR = 6.72 95% CI: 3.42, 13.91) compared to those who have health insurance membership cards. The odds of client satisfaction were 2.77 times higher among study participants who reported the availability of community referral for any social support (AOR = 2.77 95% CI: 1.12, 6.84) when compared to those who did not report. Those study participants for whom privacy was kept during the examination were 8.67 times higher to be satisfied (AOR = 8.67 95% CI: 2.53, 29.68) compared to those for whom privacy was not kept during the examination. In conclusion, the client satisfaction on HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality was relatively high in the study area. Occupational status, health insurance membership cards, availability of community referral for any social support and keeping privacy during examination have significant associations with HIV/AIDS treatment and care service quality in terms of client satisfaction.

Do Traditional Gender Role Beliefs Promote Abstinence and Sexual Health Behaviors Among Latina College Students?

Traditional gender role beliefs, or marianismo beliefs, are theorized to be largely protective against health risk behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors among Latina young adults. However, measurement differences across studies and research with heterogeneous samples of abstinent and sexually active Latina young adults have led to unclear findings. Thus, we investigated whether endorsement of certain marianismo beliefs may promote sexual health behaviors or solely promote abstinence. Guided by gender role schema theory, this study investigated the multidimensional construct of marianismo beliefs in relation to past-year abstinence from sexual activity, STI and HIV testing, and condom use among 611 Latina young adults. Results indicated that endorsement of the Virtuous and Chaste belief was associated with decreased odds of sexual activity (i.e., increased odds of being abstinent) in the past year. None of the five marianismo beliefs were significantly linked with condom use. Among sexually active participants, the Virtuous and Chaste belief was associated with decreased likelihood to be tested for both STIs and HIV in the past year. Findings support the notion that certain marianismo beliefs (e.g., the Virtuous and Chaste belief) may promote abstinence, yet pose a risk for sexual health via reduced likelihood for STI and HIV testing. Results may inform culturally-tailored HIV prevention interventions with Latinas to reduce the disproportionate HIV burden in this population.

Editorial: Forty Years of Waiting for Prevention and Cure of HIV Infection - Ongoing Challenges and Hopes for Vaccine Development and Overcoming Antiretroviral Drug Resistance.

In April 1984, 40 years ago, the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services announced that Dr. Robert Gallo and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) had confirmed the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a retrovirus, which became known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1986. For the past 40 years, prevention and cure of HIV infection have been the dual 'holy grail' sought but still not achieved. By the beginning of 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in the past 40 years, between 65.0 million and 113.0 million people have been infected with HIV, and between 32.9 million and 51.3 million people have died from HIV infection. On 29 February 2024, the WHO published an updated report in response to increasing reports of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). Currently, HIV vaccines in development are in early-stage clinical trials. People with HIV are more likely to develop tuberculosis, with increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance. MTBVAC is the first live attenuated vaccine to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, with phase 2a safety and efficacy clinical trial data expected at the end of 2024. This editorial aims to summarize the current challenges and hopes for developing vaccines to prevent HIV infection and approaches to overcome antiretroviral drug resistance as a cure for HIV/AIDS.

Comprehensive knowledge of mother-to-child HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention, and associated factors among reproductive-age women in East Africa: insights from recent demographic and national health surveys.

BACKGROUND: More than 90% of babies acquire HIV/AIDS through vertical transmission, primarily due to low maternal comprehensive knowledge about Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV/AIDS and its prevention, which is a cornerstone for eliminating MTCT of HIV/AIDS. However, there are limitations in terms of population data and literature evidence based on recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) reports in East Africa. Therefore, this study aims to assess the comprehensive knowledge and PMTCT of HIV/AIDS among women, as well as the associated factors in East Africa. METHODS: Our data was obtained from the most recent DHS conducted in East African countries between 2011 and 2022. For our research, we included DHS data from ten nations, resulting in a total weighted sample of 133,724 women for our investigation. A generalized linear model (GLM) with a log link and binomial family to directly estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the independent variables, and the outcome variable. Finally, we reported the adjusted prevalence ratios along with their corresponding 95% CIs. Factors with p-values ≤ 0.2 for univariate logistic regression and < 0.05 were considered statistically significant factors of HIV/AIDS knowledge and prevention in the final model. RESULTS: In this study, 59.41% (95% CI: 59.15-59.67) of respondents had a comprehensive knowledge about MTCT of HIV/AIDS and its prevention among reproductive-age women in East Africa. Being in the older age group, better education level, being from a rich household, employment status, having ANC follow up, institutional delivery, and modern contraception usage were associated with higher prevalence ratios of comprehensive knowledge about MTCT of HIV/AIDS and its prevention. However, being single in marital status, rural women, and traditional contraception utilization were associated with lower ratios of comprehensive knowledge about MTCT of HIV/AIDS and its prevention. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a significant deficiency in comprehensive knowledge and prevention of HIV/AIDS MTCT among women in East Africa. These results emphasize the need for significant improvements in maternal-related health services. It is crucial to effectively target high-risk populations during interventions, raise awareness about this critical public health issue, and address the catastrophic consequences associated with MTCT. By implementing these measures, we can make substantial progress in reducing the transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to child and ensuring better health outcomes for both mothers and their children.

Effect of peer health education intervention on HIV/AIDS knowledge amongst in-school adolescents in secondary schools in Imo State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Peer education is an approach to health promotion in which community members are supported to promote health-enhancing change among their peers. The study assessed the effect of peer health education on HIV/AIDS knowledge amongst in-school adolescents in secondary schools in Imo State. METHODS: This was an intervention study carried out among 296 and 287 in-school adolescents aged 15 to 19 years attending Akwakuma Girls Secondary School and Federal Government Girls College Owerri Imo State respectively. The study was in three stages: before intervention, intervention, and after intervention. The impact of peer education was evaluated twelve weeks after intervention. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The study utilized a quasi-experimental study design. The chi-square test and McNemar's test were used to test the hypothesis with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The result from the study revealed that the majority (73%) of the respondents at Akwakuma Girls Secondary School (test group) had poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS mode of transmission and prevention at baseline. The overall good knowledge of respondents in the test group improved from 27 to 81% after the intervention. 36% of the respondents in the control group had good knowledge at baseline, the knowledge of 64% of them with poor knowledge at baseline were compared post-test to those in the test group who also had poor knowledge at baseline. The knowledge of only 27.7% of those in the control group increased post-test while the remaining 72.3% still had poor knowledge. The result of the inter-school comparison using Chi-square revealed that the p-value was statistically significant. Intra-school comparison using McNemar's test revealed a statistical significance for all questions in the test group, while none was positively significant in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Peer health education improved the knowledge of the students at Akwakuma Girls Secondary School which was very low at the baseline. The knowledge of the students in the control group with poor knowledge at baseline didn't increase post-study. Peer health education should be strengthened and expanded as one of the tools for behavior change among adolescents. There should be more focus on adolescents for HIV-targeted prevention.

What may encourage or deter health services utilization by people living with or at the risk of HIV/AIDS in special health centers? Qualitative evidence from a stigmatized community.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral Diseases Counseling Centers (BDCCs) and Vulnerable Women's Counseling Centers (VWCCs) in Iran are the main peripheral centers that offer educational, counseling, diagnostic, preventive, curative and protective services to individuals living with or at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and female sex workers respectively. Due to the social stigma surrounding HIV in Iran, this study aims to identify the factors that may hinder or encourage HIV/AIDS patients and women with risky sexual behaviors from visiting these centers. METHODS: Conducted in 2023, this qualitative study involved individuals visiting BDCCs and VWCCs in two western provinces of Iran, Ilam and Kermanshah. The study participants included 21 health staff members working in BDCCs and VWCCs and 20 HIV/AIDS patients and vulnerable women with unsafe sexual behaviors referring to these centers. Purposive, snowball and maximum variation sampling techniques were applied to interview the participants. Interviews were conducted between January 5th and May 21st, 2023, using a semi-structure guideline. Interviews were transcribed and content analysis approach was applied to analyze data using MAXQDA20 software. RESULTS: According to the findings, the barriers and facilitators of visiting specialized centers for HIV/AIDS patients and vulnerable women were categorized into three main categories, 10 subcategories and 35 sub-subcategories including: Medical and operational processes (4 subcategories and 12 sub-subcategories), mutual interactions between the personnel and visitors (people living with and at the risk of getting HIV/AIDS) (3 subcategory and 13 sub-subcategories), and physical characteristics of the centers (3 subcategories and 10 sub-subcategories). CONCLUSIONS: To improve the performance of BDCCs and VWCCs and encourage people living with and at the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS to visit these centers regularly, health policy makers should consider modifying clinical processes, physical features, personnel behaviors and visitors' concerns raised by the interviewees and the issues identified in this study.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to AIDS amongst transgender women in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Transgender women (TGWs) constitute one of the key populations for HIV prevention and control and constitute a high-risk group due to a lack of health services. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) related to HIV and knowledge access and needs amongst transgender women in Chongqing, China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023. A total of 128 self-identified TGWs were recruited in Chongqing, China, via snowball sampling, and a KAP-related questionnaire was completed via Questionnaire Star. RESULTS: For the 128 TGWs surveyed effectively, the total knowledge of AIDS-related knowledge was 82.03%, with significant differences in age, education level, marital status, occupation and average monthly income (p < 0.05). Significant differences were obtained in terms of personal attitudes toward AIDS and place of domicile and literacy (p < 0.05) and subjective norms in terms of literacy (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of HIV-related practices. The corresponding values were assigned to knowledge, attitudes or practices. The total scores of the three aspects were 6.77 ± 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.89-9.65) (range: 0-8), 14.22 ± 2.37 (95% CI: 9.57-18.87) (range: 0-18) and 6.66 ± 1.79 (95% CI: 3.16-10.17) (range: 0-9), respectively. The main approaches for TGWs to acquire AIDS knowledge are 'Internet/smartphone' (81.68%), 'TV/radio' (49.62%) and 'special education on AIDS prevention in schools' (48.09%). TGW is more inclined to accept promotional activities such as 'WeChat push' (58.02%), 'peer education' (44.27%) and 'mobile app management' (37.40%). AIDS knowledge indicates that TGW needs to strengthen publicity, including 'transmission routes' (71.76%), 'voluntary counselling and testing knowledge' (67.94%) and 'virus-related knowledge' (64.89%). CONCLUSIONS: First, the knowledge rate of AIDS amongst TGWs in Chongqing, China, still has room for improvement, and there is a gap between knowledge and behavior. Second, TGWs are tolerant of AIDS and people living with AIDS and have a strong awareness of AIDS prevention. Third, the health department should attach importance to the group of TGW over 35 years old, low-income, and low-educated, and promote social organizations and network platforms to further strengthen the health education and publicity of AIDS from the perspectives of knowledge acquisition and needs.

Application of 'CDC- Public Security Bureau-NGO' Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism Allied AIDS prevention and control in Guigang, Guangxi.

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS has emerged as a nationwide epidemic and has taken the forefront position as the primary infectious killer of adults in China. The control and prevention of the disease have been hampered by a weak link in the form of heterosexual transmission. However, conventional intervention measures have demonstrated suboptimal efficacy in reducing the incidence of new HIV infections. In light of the current epidemiological characteristics, we have developed and executed an innovative intervention model known as the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the 'CDC-Public Security Bureau-NGO'. The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of this model on the AIDS awareness, HIV infection rates, sexual behavior, and associated factors among female sex workers and elderly clients. Through the provision of robust evidence of the efficacy of this innovative model, we seek to advocate for its implementation in future interventions. METHODS: The research design of this study incorporates both a serial cross-sectional study and time-series analysis from 2014 to 2021, including a 4-year traditional intervention (2014-2017) and the 4-year 'CDC-Public Security Bureau-NGO' innovative intervention (2018-2021), was conducted to evaluate the effects of the new intervention. The GM(1, 1) model was performed to predict the proportion of HIV infection without implementing the innovative intervention in 2018-2021; P and C values were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Mann-Kendall test and descriptive methods were used to analyzed the trend of traditional and innovative interventions models on HIV positive detection rate in FSWs and elderly clients. RESULTS: The condom usage rates during the last commercial sexual encounter for FSWs and elderly clients improved from 74.9% and 9.1%, respectively, to 96.9% and 28.1%. (P < 0.05), newly reported cases of HIV have decreased by 15.56% yearly and the HIV positive detection rate among middle-aged and elderly people has dropped by 14.47%. The innovative intervention model has significantly reduced the HIV infection rates. CONCLUSIONS: The 'CDC-Public Security Bureau-NGO' innovative intervention has achieved beneficial effects on HIV/AIDS prevention and control and provides a good reference for Guangxi, China.

Migrants facing intersectional vulnerability to HIV and AIDS in Switzerland: an exploratory study.

An emerging body of evidence suggests that a significant number of HIV-positive migrants to Europe acquire HIV after arriving in their host country. There is an urgent need to rethink HIV and AIDS prevention for migrant populations and to acknowledge the specific vulnerability to HIV and AIDS that migrants face. This article uses empirical data collected in a qualitative sociological study conducted in Switzerland. We provide evidence for the heuristic value of articulating an intersectional approach within a multilevel (biographical, interactional and contextual) framework to capture the complexity of the vulnerability to HIV and AIDS. We show that migrants' specific vulnerability to HIV and AIDS results from social vulnerabilities related to many social and cultural dimensions, including migration status, socioeconomic conditions, gender and sexual identity, sexual norms, the relational context in which sex occurs, power relations and sociocultural structures of the receiving country. The three case studies presented illustrate how HIV-related processes of intersectional vulnerability are embedded in sexism, cisgenderism, and racism, and how they are closely linked to social inequalities in health. Effective HIV and AIDS prevention for migrants must take greater account of these power relations and sociocultural structures.

Exploring the seasonality and optimal control strategy of HIV/AIDS epidemic in China: The impact of seasonal testing.

In this work, we investigate how the seasonal variation in the number of individuals who are tested for an HIV antibody in outpatient clinics affects the HIV transmission patterns in China, which has not been well studied. Based on the characteristics of outpatient testing data and reported cases, we establish a periodic infectious disease model to study the impact of seasonal testing on HIV transmission. The results indicate that the seasonal testing is a driving factor for the seasonality of new cases. We demonstrate the feasibility of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic. We find that the diagnostic rates related to testing play a crucial role in controlling the size of the epidemic. Specifically, when considering minimizing both infected individuals and diagnostic rates, the level of attention paid to undiagnosed infected individuals is always positively correlated with the optimal diagnostic rates, while the optimal diagnostic rates are negatively correlated with the size of the epidemic at the terminal time.

Sustaining sexual health programs: practical considerations and lessons from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.

Enhancing the sustainability of sexual health programs is important, but there are few practical tools to facilitate this process. Drawing on a sustainability conceptual framework, this Editorial proposes four ideas to increase the sustainability of sexual health programs - early planning, equitable community engagement, return on investment, and partnerships to address social determinants. Early planning during the design of a sexual health program is important for sustainability because it provides an opportunity for the team to build factors relevant to sustainability into the program itself. Equitable community engagement can expand multi-sectoral partnerships for institutionalisation, identify allies for implementation, and strengthen relationships between beneficiaries and researchers. From a financial perspective, considering the return on investment could increase the likelihood of sustainability. Finally, partnerships to address social determinants can help to identify organisations with a similar vision. Existing sustainability frameworks can be used to measure each of these key elements. Several approaches can be used to enhance the sustainability of sexual health programs. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief provides potential lessons for increasing the sustainability of sexual health programs in diverse global settings.

[Discussion on the prevention and control strategies of chronic hepatitis B: experience from AIDS prevention and control in China].

Hepatitis B is a major infectious disease that seriously endangers the health of the people of China. Patients with hepatitis B have a large base in our country, and the core indicators such as detection and antiviral treatment ratio are far from the real goal of eliminating the public health threat of uiral hepatitis.Notably, the chronic hepatitis B prevention and control system lacks a wide targeted strategies. This paper systematically analyzes our country's main successful experience with AIDS prevention and control and, on that basis, proposes the ideas and strategic paths for the construction of a chronic hepatitis B prevention and control system, analyzes and discusses the current difficulties and problems in prevention and control, and looks forward to future prevention and control efforts.

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The prevention and control requirements for HIV/AIDS vary significantly among different populations, posing substantial challenges to the formulation and implementation of intervention strategies. Dynamically assessing the heterogeneity and disease progression trajectories of various groups is crucial. Latent class growth model (LCGM) serves as a statistical approach that fits a longitudinal data into N subgroups of individual development trajectories, identifying and analyzing the progression paths of different subgroups, thereby offering a novel perspective for disease control strategies. LCGM has shown significant advantages in the application of HIV/AIDS prevention and control, especially in gaining a deeper understanding and analysis of epidemiological characteristics, risk behaviors, psychological research, heterogeneity in testing, and dynamic changes. Summarizing the advantages and limitations of applying LCGM can provide a reliable basis for precise prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.

Key data from AIDS 2022.

We report on the highlights ofthe 24th International AIDS Conference, held in Montreal in 2022. We address three main themes: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets and cascades, HIV and sexually transmitted infection prophylaxis, and HIV treatment, including the use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy.