RESUMO
Signaling through Notch receptors intrinsically regulates tumor cell development and growth. Here, we studied the role of the Notch ligand Jagged2 on immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Higher expression of JAG2 in NSCLC negatively correlated with survival. In NSCLC pre-clinical models, deletion of Jag2, but not Jag1, in cancer cells attenuated tumor growth and activated protective anti-tumor T cell responses. Jag2-/- lung tumors exhibited higher frequencies of macrophages that expressed immunostimulatory mediators and triggered T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity. Mechanistically, Jag2 ablation promoted Nr4a-mediated induction of Notch ligands DLL1/4 on cancer cells. DLL1/4-initiated Notch1/2 signaling in macrophages induced the expression of transcription factor IRF4 and macrophage immunostimulatory functionality. IRF4 expression was required for the anti-tumor effects of Jag2 deletion in lung tumors. Antibody targeting of Jagged2 inhibited tumor growth and activated IRF4-driven macrophage-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Thus, Jagged2 orchestrates immunosuppressive systems in NSCLC that can be overcome to incite macrophage-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon , Proteína Jagged-2 , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Camundongos Knockout , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Proteína Jagged-1/metabolismo , Proteína Jagged-1/genética , Proteína Jagged-2/metabolismo , Proteína Jagged-2/genética , Proteína Jagged-2/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Evasão Tumoral/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Bile acids are lipid-emulsifying metabolites synthesized in hepatocytes and maintained in vivo through enterohepatic circulation between the liver and small intestine1. As detergents, bile acids can cause toxicity and inflammation in enterohepatic tissues2. Nuclear receptors maintain bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes and enterocytes3, but it is unclear how mucosal immune cells tolerate high concentrations of bile acids in the small intestine lamina propria (siLP). CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells upregulate expression of the xenobiotic transporter MDR1 (encoded by Abcb1a) in the siLP to prevent bile acid toxicity and suppress Crohn's disease-like small bowel inflammation4. Here we identify the nuclear xenobiotic receptor CAR (encoded by Nr1i3) as a regulator of MDR1 expression in T cells that can safeguard against bile acid toxicity and inflammation in the mouse small intestine. Activation of CAR induced large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in Teff cells that infiltrated the siLP, but not the colon. CAR induced the expression of not only detoxifying enzymes and transporters in siLP Teff cells, as in hepatocytes, but also the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Accordingly, CAR deficiency in T cells exacerbated bile acid-driven ileitis in T cell-reconstituted Rag1-/- or Rag2-/- mice, whereas pharmacological activation of CAR suppressed it. These data suggest that CAR acts locally in T cells that infiltrate the small intestine to detoxify bile acids and resolve inflammation. Activation of this program offers an unexpected strategy to treat small bowel Crohn's disease and defines lymphocyte sub-specialization in the small intestine.
Assuntos
Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/biossíntese , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Receptor Constitutivo de Androstano , Doença de Crohn/metabolismo , Feminino , Ileíte/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/biossíntese , Interleucina-10/genética , Intestino Delgado/citologia , CamundongosRESUMO
Muscle cell fusion is a multistep process where the final step of the reaction drives progression beyond early hemifusion events to complete fusion. This step requires activity of the muscle-specific fusogen Myomerger, a single-pass transmembrane protein containing 84 amino acids with an ectodomain that includes two α-helices. Previous studies have demonstrated that Myomerger acts by destabilizing membranes through generation of elastic stresses in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. An obvious question is how such destabilizing activity might be regulated to avoid membrane and cellular damage, and how the two juxtaposed helices cooperate in fusion. Using cellular fusion assays and in vitro liposome assays, we report that the two helices possess unique characteristics, both of which are needed for full activity of the protein. We demonstrate that externalized phosphatidylserine (PS), a lipid previously implicated in myoblast fusion, has a determinant role in the regulation of Myomerger activity. The membrane-proximal, amphipathic Helix-1 is normally disordered and its α-helical structure is induced by PS, making membrane interactions more efficacious. The distal, more hydrophobic Helix-2 is intrinsically ordered, possesses an ability to insert into membranes, and augments the membrane-stressing effects of Helix-1. These data reveal that Myomerger fusogenic activity is an exquisitely orchestrated event involving its two ectodomain helices, which are controlled by membrane lipid composition, providing an explanation as to how its membrane-stressing activity is spatially and temporally regulated during the final step of myoblast fusion.
Assuntos
Fusão Celular , Proteínas de Membrana , Mioblastos , Fosfatidilserinas , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Mioblastos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Glucocorticoids display remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, but their use is limited by on-target adverse effects including insulin resistance and skeletal muscle atrophy. We used a chemical systems biology approach, ligand class analysis, to examine ligands designed to modulate glucocorticoid receptor activity through distinct structural mechanisms. These ligands displayed diverse activity profiles, providing the variance required to identify target genes and coregulator interactions that were highly predictive of their effects on myocyte glucose disposal and protein balance. Their anti-inflammatory effects were linked to glucose disposal but not muscle atrophy. This approach also predicted selective modulation in vivo, identifying compounds that were muscle-sparing or anabolic for protein balance and mitochondrial potential. Ligand class analysis defined the mechanistic links between the ligand-receptor interface and ligand-driven physiological outcomes, a general approach that can be applied to any ligand-regulated allosteric signaling system.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/genética , Atrofia Muscular/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/química , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células A549 , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Glucose/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/induzido quimicamente , Atrofia Muscular/genética , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Mioblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Ratos , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Ligand-receptor interactions, which are ubiquitous in physiology, are described by theoretical models of receptor pharmacology. Structural evidence for graded efficacy receptor conformations predicted by receptor theory has been limited but is critical to fully validate theoretical models. We applied quantitative structure-function approaches to characterize the effects of structurally similar and structurally diverse agonists on the conformational ensemble of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). For all ligands, agonist functional efficacy is correlated to a shift in the conformational ensemble equilibrium from a ground state toward an active state, which is detected by NMR spectroscopy but not observed in crystal structures. For the structurally similar ligands, ligand potency and affinity are also correlated to efficacy and conformation, indicating ligand residence times among related analogs may influence receptor conformation and function. Our results derived from quantitative graded activity-conformation correlations provide experimental evidence and a platform with which to extend and test theoretical models of receptor pharmacology to more accurately describe and predict ligand-dependent receptor activity.
Assuntos
PPAR gama/química , Sítios de Ligação , Células HEK293 , Humanos , PPAR gama/agonistas , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazolidinedionas/química , Tiazolidinedionas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The HIV-1 transactivation protein (Tat) binds the HIV mRNA transactivation responsive element (TAR), regulating transcription and reactivation from latency. Drugs against Tat are unfortunately not clinically available. We reported that didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) inhibits HIV-1 Tat activity. In human CD4+ T cells isolated from aviremic individuals and in the humanized mouse model of latency, combining dCA with antiretroviral therapy accelerates HIV-1 suppression and delays viral rebound upon treatment interruption. This drug class is amenable to block-and-lock functional cure approaches, aimed at a durable state of latency. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques (RhMs) is the best-characterized model for AIDS research. Here, we demonstrate, using in vitro and cell-based assays, that dCA directly binds to SIV Tat's basic domain. dCA specifically inhibits SIV Tat binding to TAR, but not a Tat-Rev fusion protein, which activates transcription when Rev binds to its cognate RNA binding site replacing the apical region of TAR. Tat-TAR inhibition results in loss of RNA polymerase II recruitment to the SIV promoter. Importantly, dCA potently inhibits SIV reactivation from latently infected Hut78 cells and from primary CD4+ T cells explanted from SIVmac239-infected RhMs. In sum, dCA's remarkable breadth of activity encourages SIV-infected RhM use for dCA preclinical evaluation.-Mediouni, S., Kessing, C. F., Jablonski, J. A., Thenin-Houssier, S., Clementz, M., Kovach, M. D., Mousseau, G., de Vera, I.M.S., Li, C., Kojetin, D. J., Evans, D. T., Valente, S. T. The Tat inhibitor didehydro-cortistatin A suppresses SIV replication and reactivation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Produtos do Gene tat/antagonistas & inibidores , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/metabolismo , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Ativação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Produtos do Gene tat/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis , Humanos , Isoquinolinas , Macaca mulatta , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/patologia , Sequências Repetidas TerminaisRESUMO
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that controls the expression of extensive gene networks, driving both up- and down-regulation. GR utilizes multiple DNA-binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms to achieve context-specific transcriptional outcomes. The DNA-binding-independent mechanism involves tethering of GR to the pro-inflammatory transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) through protein-protein interactions. This mechanism has served as the predominant model of GR-mediated transrepression of inflammatory genes. However, ChIP-seq data have consistently shown GR to occupy AP-1 response elements (TREs), even in the absence of AP-1. Therefore, the current model is insufficient to explain GR action at these sites. Here, we show that GR regulates a subset of inflammatory genes in a DNA-binding-dependent manner. Using structural biology and biochemical approaches, we show that GR binds directly to TREs via sequence-specific contacts to a GR-binding sequence (GBS) half-site found embedded within the TRE motif. Furthermore, we show that GR-mediated transrepression observed at TRE sites to be DNA-binding-dependent. This represents a paradigm shift in the field, showing that GR uses multiple mechanisms to suppress inflammatory gene expression. This work further expands our understanding of this complex multifaceted transcription factor.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamação/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Elementos de Resposta/genética , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/genética , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cristalografia por Raios X , DNA/química , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/química , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/química , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismoRESUMO
Many genomes contain families of paralogs--proteins with divergent function that evolved from a common ancestral gene after a duplication event. To understand how paralogous transcription factors evolve divergent DNA specificities, we examined how the glucocorticoid receptor and its paralogs evolved to bind activating response elements [(+)GREs] and negative glucocorticoid response elements (nGREs). We show that binding to nGREs is a property of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA-binding domain (DBD) not shared by other members of the steroid receptor family. Using phylogenetic, structural, biochemical, and molecular dynamics techniques, we show that the ancestral DBD from which GR and its paralogs evolved was capable of binding both nGRE and (+)GRE sequences because of the ancestral DBD's ability to assume multiple DNA-bound conformations. Subsequent amino acid substitutions in duplicated daughter genes selectively restricted protein conformational space, causing this dual DNA-binding specificity to be selectively enhanced in the GR lineage and lost in all others. Key substitutions that determined the receptors' response element-binding specificity were far from the proteins' DNA-binding interface and interacted epistatically to change the DBD's function through DNA-induced allosteric mechanisms. These amino acid substitutions subdivided both the conformational and functional space of the ancestral DBD among the present-day receptors, allowing a paralogous family of transcription factors to control disparate transcriptional programs despite high sequence identity.
Assuntos
DNA/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Células HeLa , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/metabolismo , Elementos de Resposta/genética , Especificidade por Substrato , Fatores de Transcrição/químicaRESUMO
Synchronizing rhythms of behaviour and metabolic processes is important for cardiovascular health and preventing metabolic diseases. The nuclear receptors REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-ß have an integral role in regulating the expression of core clock proteins driving rhythms in activity and metabolism. Here we describe the identification of potent synthetic REV-ERB agonists with in vivo activity. Administration of synthetic REV-ERB ligands alters circadian behaviour and the circadian pattern of core clock gene expression in the hypothalami of mice. The circadian pattern of expression of an array of metabolic genes in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was also altered, resulting in increased energy expenditure. Treatment of diet-induced obese mice with a REV-ERB agonist decreased obesity by reducing fat mass and markedly improving dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. These results indicate that synthetic REV-ERB ligands that pharmacologically target the circadian rhythm may be beneficial in the treatment of sleep disorders as well as metabolic diseases.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos dos fármacos , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Repressoras/antagonistas & inibidores , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Relógios Biológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Relógios Biológicos/genética , Relógios Biológicos/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Metaboloma/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismoRESUMO
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid plays crucial roles in HIV-1 replication and thus represents an excellent drug target. We developed a high-throughput screening method based on a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (HTS-TR-FRET) assay, using the C-terminal domain (CTD) of HIV-1 capsid to identify inhibitors of capsid dimerization. This assay was used to screen a library of pharmacologically active compounds, composed of 1,280in vivo-active drugs, and identified ebselen [2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one], an organoselenium compound, as an inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid CTD dimerization. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed the direct interaction of ebselen with the HIV-1 capsid CTD and dimer dissociation when ebselen is in 2-fold molar excess. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that ebselen covalently binds the HIV-1 capsid CTD, likely via a selenylsulfide linkage with Cys198 and Cys218. This compound presents anti-HIV activity in single and multiple rounds of infection in permissive cell lines as well as in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ebselen inhibits early viral postentry events of the HIV-1 life cycle by impairing the incoming capsid uncoating process. This compound also blocks infection of other retroviruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus and simian immunodeficiency virus, but displays no inhibitory activity against hepatitis C and influenza viruses. This study reports the use of TR-FRET screening to successfully identify a novel capsid inhibitor, ebselen, validating HIV-1 capsid as a promising target for drug development.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Azóis/farmacologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/antagonistas & inibidores , Capsídeo/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Azóis/química , Sítios de Ligação , Capsídeo/química , Capsídeo/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Bases de Dados de Produtos Farmacêuticos , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , HIV-1/fisiologia , Células HeLa , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Isoindóis , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Vírus da Leucemia Murina de Moloney/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Leucemia Murina de Moloney/fisiologia , Compostos Organosselênicos/química , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Multimerização Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Montagem de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem de Vírus/fisiologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and include the receptors for steroid hormones, lipophilic vitamins, sterols, and bile acids. These receptors serve as targets for development of myriad drugs that target a range of disorders. Classically defined ligands that bind to the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors, whether they are endogenous or synthetic, either activate receptor activity (agonists) or block activation (antagonists) and due to the ability to alter activity of the receptors are often termed receptor "modulators." The complex pharmacology of nuclear receptors has provided a class of ligands distinct from these simple modulators where ligands display agonist/partial agonist/antagonist function in a tissue or gene selective manner. This class of ligands is defined as selective modulators. Here, we review the development and pharmacology of a range of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/fisiologiaRESUMO
REV-ERBα and REV-ERBß are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of circadian physiology, metabolism, and immune function. Although the REV-ERBs were originally characterized as orphan receptors, recent studies have demonstrated that they function as receptors for heme. Here, we demonstrate that cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) and zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) are ligands that bind directly to the REV-ERBs. However, instead of mimicking the agonist action of heme, CoPP and ZnPP function as antagonists of REV-ERB function. This was unexpected because the only distinction between these ligands is the metal ion that is coordinated. To understand the structural basis by which REV-ERBß can differentiate between a porphyrin agonist and antagonist, we characterized the interaction between REV-ERBß with heme, CoPP, and ZnPP using biochemical and structural approaches, including x-ray crystallography and NMR. The crystal structure of CoPP-bound REV-ERBß indicates only minor conformational changes induced by CoPP compared with heme, including the porphyrin ring of CoPP, which adopts a planar conformation as opposed to the puckered conformation observed in the heme-bound REV-ERBß crystal structure. Thus, subtle changes in the porphyrin metal center and ring conformation may influence the agonist versus antagonist action of porphyrins and when considered with other studies suggest that gas binding to the iron metal center heme may drive alterations in REV-ERB activity.
Assuntos
Porfirinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/química , Proteínas Repressoras/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Células HEK293 , Heme/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/química , Membro 1 do Grupo D da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/antagonistas & inibidores , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Porfirinas/agonistas , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Protoporfirinas/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Repressoras/genéticaRESUMO
Ligand-binding dynamics control allosteric signaling through the estrogen receptor-α (ERα), but the biological consequences of such dynamic binding orientations are unknown. Here, we compare a set of ER ligands having dynamic binding orientation (dynamic ligands) with a control set of isomers that are constrained to bind in a single orientation (constrained ligands). Proliferation of breast cancer cells directed by constrained ligands is associated with DNA binding, coactivator recruitment and activation of the estrogen-induced gene GREB1, reflecting a highly interconnected signaling network. In contrast, proliferation driven by dynamic ligands is associated with induction of ERα-mediated transcription in a DNA-binding domain (DBD)-dependent manner. Further, dynamic ligands showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity. The DBD-dependent profile was predictive of these signaling patterns in a larger diverse set of natural and synthetic ligands. Thus, ligand dynamics directs unique signaling pathways and reveals a new role of the DBD in allosteric control of ERα-mediated signaling.
Assuntos
Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Regulação Alostérica , Proliferação de Células , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ligantes , Células MCF-7 , Modelos Moleculares , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression programs in response to ligand binding. Endogenous lipids and synthetic ligands, including covalent antagonist inhibitors such as GW9662 and T0070907, are thought to compete for the orthosteric pocket in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, we previously showed that synthetic PPARγ ligands can cooperatively cobind with and reposition a bound endogenous orthosteric ligand to an alternate site, synergistically regulating PPARγ structure and function (Shang et al., 2018). Here, we reveal the structural mechanism of cobinding between a synthetic covalent antagonist inhibitor with other synthetic ligands. Biochemical and NMR data show that covalent antagonist inhibitors weaken-but do not prevent-the binding of other synthetic ligands via an allosteric mechanism rather than direct ligand clashing. The covalent ligands shift the LBD ensemble toward a transcriptionally repressive conformation, which structurally clashes with and reduces the orthosteric binding affinity of non-covalent synthetic ligands. Crystal structures reveal different non-covalent synthetic ligand-specific cobinding mechanisms ranging from alternate site binding to unexpectedly adopting an orthosteric binding mode by altering the covalent ligand binding pose. Our findings not only highlight the significant flexibility of the PPARγ orthosteric pocket and its ability to accommodate multiple ligands simultaneously, but also demonstrate that GW9662 and T0070907 should not be used as reliable chemical tools to inhibit the binding of other ligands to PPARγ.
RESUMO
The prolyl isomerase Pin1 catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds, a non-covalent post-translational modification that influences cellular and molecular processes, including protein-protein interactions. Pin1 is a two-domain enzyme containing a WW domain that recognizes phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline (pS/pT-P) canonical motifs and an enzymatic PPIase domain that catalyzes proline cis-trans isomerization of pS/pT-P motifs. Here, we show that Pin1 uses a tethering mechanism to bind and catalyze proline cis-trans isomerization of a noncanonical motif in the disordered N-terminal activation function-1 (AF-1) domain of the human nuclear receptor PPARγ. NMR reveals multiple Pin1 binding regions within the PPARγ AF-1, including a canonical motif that when phosphorylated by the kinase ERK2 (pS112-P113) binds the Pin1 WW domain with high affinity. NMR methods reveal that Pin1 also binds and accelerates cis-trans isomerization of a noncanonical motif containing a tryptophan-proline motif (W39-P40) previously shown to be involved in an interdomain interaction with the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Cellular transcription studies combined with mutagenesis and Pin1 inhibitor treatment reveal a functional role for Pin1-mediated acceleration of cis-trans isomerization of the W39-P40 motif. Our data inform a refined model of the Pin1 catalytic mechanism where the WW domain binds a canonical pS/T-P motif and tethers Pin1 to the target, which enables the PPIase domain to exert catalytic cis-trans isomerization at a distal noncanonical site.
RESUMO
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are thought to dynamically alternate between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations, which are stabilized upon ligand binding. Most NR ligand series exhibit limited bias, primarily consisting of transcriptionally active agonists or neutral antagonists, but not repressive inverse agonists-a limitation that restricts understanding of the functional NR conformational ensemble. Here, we report a NR ligand series for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) that spans a pharmacological spectrum from repression (inverse agonism) to activation (agonism) where subtle structural modifications switch compound activity. While crystal structures provide snapshots of the fully repressive state, NMR spectroscopy and conformation-activity relationship analysis reveals that compounds within the series shift the PPARγ conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations that are populated in the apo/ligand-free ensemble. Our findings reveal a molecular framework for minimal chemical modifications that enhance PPARγ inverse agonism and elucidate their influence on the dynamic PPARγ conformational ensemble.
RESUMO
IGF2BP2 (IMP2) is an RNA-binding protein that contributes to cancer tumorigenesis and metabolic disorders. Structural studies focused on individual IMP2 domains have provided important mechanistic insights into IMP2 function; however, structural information on full-length IMP2 is lacking but necessary to understand how to target IMP2 activity in drug discovery. In this study, we investigated the behavior of full-length IMP2 and the influence of RNA binding using biophysical and structural methods including mass photometry, hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). We found that full-length IMP2 forms multiple oligomeric states but predominantly adopts a dimeric conformation. Molecular models derived from SAXS data suggest the dimer is formed in a head-to-tail orientation by the KH34 and RRM1 domains. Upon RNA binding, IMP2 forms a pseudo-symmetric dimer different from its apo/RNA-free state, with the KH12 domains of each IMP2 molecule forming the dimer interface. We also found that the formation of IMP2 oligomeric species, which includes dimers and higher-order oligomers, is sensitive to ionic strength and RNA binding. Our findings provide the first insight into the structural properties of full-length IMP2, which may lead to novel opportunities for disrupting its function with more effective IMP2 inhibitors.
RESUMO
Nuclear receptors are targets for a wide range of ligands, both natural and synthetic, that regulate their activity and provide a means to pharmacologically modulate the receptor. Recent emphasis in the nuclear receptor field has focused on selective nuclear receptor modulators, which can display graded transcriptional responses and tissue selective pharmacological responses that deviate from the prototypical agonist or antagonist. Understanding the molecular mechanism of action of these selective modulators will provide significant insight toward the development of the next generation of modulators. Although most nuclear receptor structural studies have primarily focused on obtaining ligand-receptor cocrystal structures, recent studies implicate an important role for protein dynamics in the mechanism of action of nuclear receptor ligands. Here we review nuclear receptor studies reporting how ligands modulate the conformational dynamics of the nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD). A particular emphasis is placed on protein NMR and hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) techniques and how they provide complementary information that, when combined with crystallography, provide detailed insight into the function of nuclear receptors.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/química , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/agonistas , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Synthetic ligands often show undesired polypharmacology, affecting the function of multiple targets. In this issue of Structure, Huber et al. developed a PXR-specific agonist based on a promiscuous ligand. Their structure-guided approach exploited the malleability of the PXR ligand-binding pocket, which unlike other nuclear receptors could accommodate bulkier ligands.
Assuntos
Receptores de Esteroides , Receptores de Esteroides/química , Receptor de Pregnano X , Ligantes , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e NuclearesRESUMO
Small molecule compounds that activate transcription of Nurr1-retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) (NR4A2-NR2B1) nuclear receptor heterodimers are implicated in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, but function through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we show that RXRα ligands activate Nurr1-RXRα through a mechanism that involves ligand-binding domain (LBD) heterodimer protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibition, a paradigm distinct from classical pharmacological mechanisms of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor modulation. NMR spectroscopy, PPI, and cellular transcription assays show that Nurr1-RXRα transcriptional activation by RXRα ligands is not correlated with classical RXRα agonism but instead correlated with weakening Nurr1-RXRα LBD heterodimer affinity and heterodimer dissociation. Our data inform a model by which pharmacologically distinct RXRα ligands (RXRα homodimer agonists and Nurr1-RXRα heterodimer selective agonists that function as RXRα homodimer antagonists) operate as allosteric PPI inhibitors that release a transcriptionally active Nurr1 monomer from a repressive Nurr1-RXRα heterodimeric complex. These findings provide a molecular blueprint for ligand activation of Nurr1 transcription via small molecule targeting of Nurr1-RXRα.