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1.
J Neurosci ; 41(11): 2447-2456, 2021 03 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33376157

RESUMO

Unexpected and thus surprising events are omnipresent and oftentimes require adaptive behavior such as unexpected inhibition or unexpected action. The current theory of unexpected events suggests that such unexpected events just like global stopping recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network. A global suppressive effect impacting ongoing motor responses and cognition is specifically attributed to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Previous studies either used separate tasks or presented unexpected, task-unrelated stimuli during response inhibition tasks to relate the neural signature of unexpected events to that of stopping. Here, we aimed to test these predictions using a within task design with identical stimulus material for both unexpected action and unexpected inhibition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for the first time. To this end, 32 healthy human participants of both sexes performed a cue-informed go/nogo task comprising expected and unexpected action and inhibition trials during fMRI. Using conjunction, contrast, and Bayesian analyses, we demonstrate that unexpected action elicited by an unexpected go signal and unexpected inhibition elicited by an unexpected nogo signal recruited the same fronto-basal-ganglia network which is usually assigned to stopping. Furthermore, the stronger the unexpected action-related activity in the STN region was the more detrimental was the effect on response times. The present results thus complement earlier findings and provide direct evidence for the unified theory of unexpected events while ruling out alternative task and novelty effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test whether unexpected events regardless of whether they require unexpected action or inhibition recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network just like stopping. In contrast to previous studies, we used identical stimulus material for both conditions within one task. This enabled us to directly test predictions of the current theory of unexpected events and, moreover, to test for condition-specific neural signatures. The present results underpin that both processes recruit the same neural network while excluding alternative task and novelty effects. The simple task design thus provides an avenue to studying surprise as a pure form of reactive inhibition in neuropsychiatric patients displaying inhibitory deficits who often have a limited testing capacity.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Inibição Psicológica , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
2.
Neuroimage ; 204: 116223, 2020 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31557545

RESUMO

Motivated by the recent replicability crisis we tested replicability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) group activations in two independent samples. An identical behavioral and fMRI test battery for the longitudinal investigation of stress resilience mechanisms was developed for the Mainz Resilience Project (MARP) and conducted in a discovery (N = 54) and a replication sample (N = 103). The test battery consisted of a stress reactivity task, a reward sensitivity task, a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, two volitional reappraisal tasks and an emotional interference inhibition task. Replicability of group activations was tested with the Jaccard index and the Intra Class Correlation (ICC). Overall, we observed good to excellent replicability of activations at the whole brain level. Only a minority of contrasts showed unsatisfactory replicability. Replicability at the level of individual regions of interest (ROIs) was generally lower. Tasks with stronger activation in the discovery sample showed better replicability.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/normas , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Resiliência Psicológica , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Masculino , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem
3.
J Neurosci ; 37(40): 9785-9794, 2017 10 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28887387

RESUMO

In stimulus-selective stop-signal tasks, the salient stop signal needs attentional processing before genuine response inhibition is completed. Differential prefrontal involvement in attentional capture and response inhibition has been linked to the right inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), respectively. Recently, it has been suggested that stimulus-selective stopping may be accomplished by the following different strategies: individuals may selectively inhibit their response only upon detecting a stop signal (independent discriminate then stop strategy) or unselectively whenever detecting a stop or attentional capture signal (stop then discriminate strategy). Alternatively, the discrimination process of the critical signal (stop vs attentional capture signal) may interact with the go process (dependent discriminate then stop strategy). Those different strategies might differentially involve attention- and stopping-related processes that might be implemented by divergent neural networks. This should lead to divergent activation patterns and, if disregarded, interfere with analyses in neuroimaging studies. To clarify this crucial issue, we studied 87 human participants of both sexes during a stimulus-selective stop-signal task and performed strategy-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses. We found that, regardless of the strategy applied, outright stopping displayed indistinguishable brain activation patterns. However, during attentional capture different strategies resulted in divergent neural activation patterns with variable activation of right IFJ and bilateral VLPFC. In conclusion, the neural network involved in outright stopping is ubiquitous and independent of strategy, while different strategies impact on attention-related processes and underlying neural network usage. Strategic differences should therefore be taken into account particularly when studying attention-related processes in stimulus-selective stopping.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dissociating inhibition from attention has been a major challenge for the cognitive neuroscience of executive functions. Selective stopping tasks have been instrumental in addressing this question. However, recent theoretical, cognitive and behavioral research suggests that different strategies are applied in successful execution of the task. The underlying strategy-dependent neural networks might differ substantially. Here, we show evidence that, regardless of the strategy used, the neural network involved in outright stopping is ubiquitous. However, significant differences can only be found in the attention-related processes underlying those different strategies. Thus, when studying attentional processing of salient stop signals, strategic differences should be considered. In contrast, the neural networks implementing outright stopping seem less or not at all affected by strategic differences.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Inibição Psicológica , Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Adulto , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Aleatória , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
4.
Curr Psychiatry Rep ; 19(3): 15, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28251591

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct and an important personality trait in various mental health conditions. Among personality disorders (PDs), especially cluster B PDs are affected. The aims of this review are to summarize the relevant findings of the past 3 years concerning impulsivity in cluster B PDs and to identify those subcomponents of self-reported impulsivity and experimentally measured impulse control that are most affected in these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: All studies referred to antisocial (ASPD) or borderline PD (BPD), and none were found for narcissistic or histrionic PD. In ASPD as well as BPD, self-report scales primarily revealed heightened impulsivity compared to healthy controls. In experimental tasks, ASPD patients showed impairments in response inhibition, while fewer deficits were found in delay discounting. BPD patients showed specific impairments in delay discounting and proactive interference, while response inhibition was less affected. However, after inducing high levels of stress, deficits in response inhibition could also be observed in BPD patients. Furthermore, negative affect led to altered brain activation patterns in BPD patients during impulse control tasks, but no behavioral impairments were found. As proposed by the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders, heightened impulsivity is a core personality trait in BPD and ASPD, which is in line with current research findings. However, different components of experimentally measured impulse control are affected in BPD and ASPD, and impulsivity occurring in negative emotional states or increased distress seems to be specific for BPD. Future research could be focused on measures that assess impulsive behaviors on a momentary basis as this is a promising approach especially for further ecological validation and transfer into clinical practice.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/psicologia , Adulto , Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inibição Proativa
5.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 37(9): 3114-36, 2016 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27133468

RESUMO

Response inhibition is the ability to suppress inadequate but prepotent or ongoing response tendencies. A fronto-striatal network is involved in these processes. Between-subject differences in the intra-individual variability have been suggested to constitute a key to pathological processes underlying impulse control disorders. Single-trial EEG/fMRI analysis allows to increase sensitivity for inter-individual differences by incorporating intra-individual variability. Thirty-eight healthy subjects performed a visual Go/Nogo task during simultaneous EEG/fMRI. Of 38 healthy subjects, 21 subjects reliably showed Nogo-related ICs (Nogo-IC-positive) while 17 subjects (Nogo-IC-negative) did not. Comparing both groups revealed differences on various levels: On trait level, Nogo-IC-negative subjects scored higher on questionnaires regarding attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; on a behavioral level, they displayed slower response times (RT) and higher intra-individual RT variability while both groups did not differ in their inhibitory performance. On the neurophysiological level, Nogo-IC-negative subjects showed a hyperactivation of left inferior frontal cortex/insula and left putamen as well as significantly reduced P3 amplitudes. Thus, a data-driven approach for IC classification and the resulting presence or absence of early Nogo-specific ICs as criterion for group selection revealed group differences at behavioral and neurophysiological levels. This may indicate electrophysiological phenotypes characterized by inter-individual variations of neural and behavioral correlates of impulse control. We demonstrated that the inter-individual difference in an electrophysiological correlate of response inhibition is correlated with distinct, potentially compensatory neural activity. This may suggest the existence of electrophysiologically dissociable phenotypes of behavioral and neural motor response inhibition with the Nogo-IC-positive phenotype possibly providing protection against impulsivity-related dysfunction. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3114-3136, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/fisiologia , Adulto , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Inibição Psicológica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador
6.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 36(2): 619-32, 2015 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25327821

RESUMO

The Mona Lisa effect describes the phenomenon when the eyes of a portrait appear to look at the observer regardless of the observer's position. Recently, the metaphor of a cone of gaze has been proposed to describe the range of gaze directions within which a person feels looked at. The width of the gaze cone is about five degrees of visual angle to either side of a given gaze direction. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how the brain regions involved in gaze direction discrimination would differ between centered and decentered presentation positions of a portrait exhibiting eye contact. Subjects observed a given portrait's eyes. By presenting portraits with varying gaze directions-eye contact (0°), gaze at the edge of the gaze cone (5°), and clearly averted gaze (10°), we revealed that brain response to gaze at the edge of the gaze cone was similar to that produced by eye contact and different from that produced by averted gaze. Right fusiform gyrus and right superior temporal sulcus showed stronger activation when the gaze was averted as compared to eye contact. Gaze sensitive areas, however, were not affected by the portrait's presentation location. In sum, although the brain clearly distinguishes averted from centered gaze, a substantial change of vantage point does not alter neural activity, thus providing a possible explanation why the feeling of eye contact is upheld even in decentered stimulus positions.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Fixação Ocular , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Olho , Feminino , Humanos , Julgamento/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estimulação Luminosa , Retratos como Assunto , Adulto Jovem
7.
BMC Neurosci ; 15: 19, 2014 Jan 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24456150

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The processing of verbal fluency tasks relies on the coordinated activity of a number of brain areas, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere. Recent studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the neural networks subserving verbal fluency functions have yielded divergent results especially with respect to a parcellation of the inferior frontal gyrus for phonemic and semantic verbal fluency. We conducted a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on brain activation during the processing of phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks involving 28 individual studies with 490 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: For phonemic as well as for semantic verbal fluency, the most prominent clusters of brain activation were found in the left inferior/middle frontal gyrus (LIFG/MIFG) and the anterior cingulate gyrus. BA 44 was only involved in the processing of phonemic verbal fluency tasks, BA 45 and 47 in the processing of phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Our comparison of brain activation during the execution of either phonemic or semantic verbal fluency tasks revealed evidence for spatially different activation in BA 44, but not other regions of the LIFG/LMFG (BA 9, 45, 47) during phonemic and semantic verbal fluency processing.


Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Modelos Neurológicos , Modelos Estatísticos , Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Fala/fisiologia , Simulação por Computador , Conectoma/métodos , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Valores de Referência
8.
J Psychiatry Neurosci ; 38(3): 164-72, 2013 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23046830

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Both emotion regulation and impulsivity are core aspects of borderline personality disorder (BPD) pathology. Although both problems may be combined specifically in BPD, few studies to date have investigated the emotional modulation of impulsivity in BPD. METHODS: Women with BPD and matched healthy controls performed go/no-go tasks after induction of anger, joy or a neutral mood by vocally presented short stories. Dependent variables were the behavioural results and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. RESULTS: We included 17 women with BPD and 18 controls in our study. No behavioural group differences were found. However, patients with BPD showed stronger activation of the left amygdala and weaker activation of the subgenual anterior cingulate during anger induction than controls. Inhibition in the go/no-go task after anger induction increased activity in the left inferior frontal cortex in controls, but not in women with BPD, who, in turn, showed increased activation in the subthalamic nucleus. LIMITATIONS: Findings cannot be generalized to men, and 4 patients were taking antidepressant medication (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). In addition, no patient control group was investigated, thus we do not know whether findings are specific to BPD compared with other disorders. CONCLUSION: Our findings are consistent with the view that a disturbed amygdala-prefrontal network in patients with BPD is compensated by a subcortical loop involving the subthalamic nucleus, leading to normal behavioural inhibition in these patients.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/psicologia , Adulto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo/fisiopatologia , Inibição Psicológica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Psicometria , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia
9.
Curr Psychiatry Rep ; 15(2): 339, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23424747

RESUMO

Impulsivity is regarded as a clinical, diagnostic and pathophysiological hallmark of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Self-report measures of impulsivity consistently support the notion of higher impulsive traits in BPD patients as compared to healthy control subjects. Laboratory tests of impulsivity, i.e. neuropsychological tests of impulse control render weak and inconsistent results both across different cognitive components of impulse control and within the same cognitive component of impulse control. One important factor worsening impulsive behaviors and impulse control deficits in BPD is comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, emotional dysregulation interacts with impulse control especially for BPD salient emotions. In sum, although basic mechanisms of impulse control seem not to be disturbed in BPD, clinically well observed impulsive behaviors may be explained by comorbid ADHD or may be the consequence of dysregulation of BPD salient emotions.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/psicologia , Transtornos do Humor/psicologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/diagnóstico , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/diagnóstico , Humanos , Transtornos do Humor/diagnóstico
10.
Acta Neurochir Suppl ; 117: 13-7, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23652651

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: In order to improve image quality in a simultaneous fMRI-EEG study with patients suffering from the involuntary movements typical for Huntington's disease, the aim was to develop a technique for immobilizing the heads of our patients inside an MRI head coil. METHODS: We modified a mask technique previously used for reliable repositioning in temporally fractionated radiotherapy. The mask was tested in three patients with Huntington's disease, acquiring structural and functional MR images with simultaneous EEG with and without the mask. RESULTS: Image as well as EEG signal quality were significantly improved in patients wearing the mask. However, the image quality with mask was comparable to acquisitions from patients without movement disorders only in patients with light to moderate dyskinesia. Although image quality was also significantly improved in a patient suffering from severe dyskinesia with quasi-continuous involuntary movements, the quality of both the MR images as well as the EEG signal was lower than what would be expected in a healthy control person. CONCLUSION: We have succeeded in developing a mask that fits into the MRI head coil, does not disturb the MRI signal, and significantly improves both fMRI and EEG signal quality.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Doença de Huntington/diagnóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Desenho de Equipamento , Humanos , Doença de Huntington/fisiopatologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/instrumentação , Máscaras , Oxigênio/sangue , Restrição Física/instrumentação , Restrição Física/métodos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
11.
Psychiatry Res ; 202(2): 132-41, 2012 May 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22475505

RESUMO

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is marked by inhibitory and attentional deficits which can persist into adulthood. Those deficits have been associated with dysfunctional fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits. The present study sought to delineate neural correlates of component specific inhibitory deficits in adult ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 20 adult ADHD patients and 24 matched healthy controls were included. Brain activation was assessed during three stages of behavioral inhibition, i.e. interference inhibition (Simon task), action withholding (Go/no-go task) and action cancelation (Stop-signal task). Behaviorally, ADHD patients were affected in all tasks. Impaired interference inhibition was associated with hypoactivation in parietal and medial frontal regions. During action withholding and cancelation ADHD patients displayed hypoactivation in a fronto-striatal network. These findings support the notion of at least two disturbed neural circuits in ADHD differentially associated with deficits in separate inhibitory subcomponents. Thereby, deficits in inhibitory subcomponents which are closely connected to response interference were related to hypofunction in more attention related circuits, while stopping related deficits were rather associated with hypofunction in inhibitory circuits.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/patologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Inibição Psicológica , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/complicações , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Modelos Lineares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Oxigênio , Tempo de Reação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
12.
Brain Imaging Behav ; 16(1): 186-198, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34403039

RESUMO

D2-like dopamine receptors in animals and humans have been shown to be linked to impulsive behaviors that are highly relevant for several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate the relationship between the fronto-striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a selected population of healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers. Twenty-two participants successively underwent blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a stop-signal task and a separate positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability was measured using the radiotracer [18F]fallypride. Caudate D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability positively correlated with stopping-related fronto-striatal fMRI activation. In addition, right prefrontal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability correlated positively with stopping-related striatal fMRI BOLD signal. Our study partially replicates previous findings on correlations between striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a population selected for its genetic determination of dopamine response to alcohol and as a modulator of impulse control via the endogenous opioid system. We confirm the important role of D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability in the fronto-striatal neural circuit for response inhibition. Moreover, we extend previous findings suggesting that dopamine receptor availability in the right inferior frontal cortex, a crucial region of the stopping network, is also strongly associated with stopping-related striatal fMRI activity in healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers.


Assuntos
Dopamina , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Animais , Corpo Estriado/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D3/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D3/metabolismo
13.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 8061, 2022 05 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35577829

RESUMO

Deep learning approaches can uncover complex patterns in data. In particular, variational autoencoders achieve this by a non-linear mapping of data into a low-dimensional latent space. Motivated by an application to psychological resilience in the Mainz Resilience Project, which features intermittent longitudinal measurements of stressors and mental health, we propose an approach for individualized, dynamic modeling in this latent space. Specifically, we utilize ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and develop a novel technique for obtaining person-specific ODE parameters even in settings with a rather small number of individuals and observations, incomplete data, and a differing number of observations per individual. This technique allows us to subsequently investigate individual reactions to stimuli, such as the mental health impact of stressors. A potentially large number of baseline characteristics can then be linked to this individual response by regularized regression, e.g., for identifying resilience factors. Thus, our new method provides a way of connecting different kinds of complex longitudinal and baseline measures via individualized, dynamic models. The promising results obtained in the exemplary resilience application indicate that our proposal for dynamic deep learning might also be more generally useful for other application domains.


Assuntos
Resiliência Psicológica , Humanos , Saúde Mental
14.
Emotion ; 21(4): 801-811, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32191091

RESUMO

Highly arousing, affective stimuli have adverse effects on cognition and performance. Perception of affective stimuli is, however, highly subjective and may impact on the interaction of emotion and cognition. Here, we tested the impact of high- versus low-threatening stimuli on response inhibition as a function of perceived threat intensity. Response inhibition was probed using a stop-signal paradigm in 62 healthy adults. We used stop-signals that had previously been paired with an unpleasant electrodermal stimulation (i.e., high-threat stimuli) or that had never been paired with electrodermal stimulation (i.e., low-threat stimuli). High-threat stimuli did not affect stopping performance in general. Only participants who perceived the high-threat stimuli as highly painful showed impaired response inhibition on high-threat trials relative to low-threat trials. Participants who perceived the high-threat as mildly painful, however, showed improved response inhibition on high-threat trials. This effect was not moderated by the current anxious state. This suggests that the impact of negative affective stimuli on cognition critically depends on subjective threat perception. Ratings of affective stimuli should be included in studies probing the emotion-cognition interaction because subjective perception might strongly impact on that interaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta , Cognição , Emoções , Autocontrole , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dor/psicologia , Adulto Jovem
15.
Elife ; 102021 03 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33755019

RESUMO

Motor inhibitory control implemented as response inhibition is an essential cognitive function required to dynamically adapt to rapidly changing environments. Despite over a decade of research on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition, it remains unclear, how exactly response inhibition is initiated and implemented. Using a multimodal MEG/fMRI approach in 59 subjects, our results reliably reveal that response inhibition is initiated by the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) as a form of attention-independent top-down control that involves the modulation of beta-band activity. Furthermore, stopping performance was predicted by beta-band power, and beta-band connectivity was directed from rIFG to pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), indicating rIFG's dominance over pre-SMA. Thus, these results strongly support the hypothesis that rIFG initiates stopping, implemented by beta-band oscillations with potential to open up new ways of spatially localized oscillation-based interventions.


Assuntos
Ritmo beta/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Adulto , Cognição/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inibição Psicológica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Magnetoencefalografia/métodos , Masculino , Córtex Motor , Tempo de Reação
16.
Front Psychol ; 12: 710493, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34539510

RESUMO

Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. How to operationalize resilience and to determine the factors and processes that lead to good long-term mental health outcomes in stressor-exposed individuals is a matter of ongoing debate and of critical importance for the advancement of the field. One of the biggest challenges for implementing an outcome-based definition of resilience in longitudinal observational study designs lies in the fact that real-life adversity is usually unpredictable and that its substantial qualitative as well as temporal variability between subjects often precludes defining circumscribed time windows of inter-individually comparable stressor exposure relative to which the maintenance or recovery of mental health can be determined. To address this pertinent issue, we propose to frequently and regularly monitor stressor exposure (E) and mental health problems (P) throughout a study's observation period [Frequent Stressor and Mental Health Monitoring (FRESHMO)-paradigm]. On this basis, a subject's deviation at any single monitoring time point from the study sample's normative E-P relationship (the regression residual) can be used to calculate that subject's current mental health reactivity to stressor exposure ("stressor reactivity," SR). The SR score takes into account the individual extent of experienced adversity and is comparable between and within subjects. Individual SR time courses across monitoring time points reflect intra-individual temporal variability in SR, where periods of under-reactivity (negative SR score) are associated with accumulation of fewer mental health problems than is normal for the sample. If FRESHMO is accompanied by regular measurement of potential resilience factors, temporal changes in resilience factors can be used to predict SR time courses. An increase in a resilience factor measurement explaining a lagged decrease in SR can then be considered to index a process of adaptation to stressor exposure that promotes a resilient outcome (an allostatic resilience process). This design principle allows resilience research to move beyond merely determining baseline predictors of resilience outcomes, which cannot inform about how individuals successfully adjust and adapt when confronted with adversity. Hence, FRESHMO plus regular resilience factor monitoring incorporates a dynamic-systems perspective into resilience research.

17.
Neuropharmacology ; 156: 107565, 2019 09 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30844407

RESUMO

The prevalence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is significantly higher among offenders compared to the prevalence found in the general population. Both disorders share important diagnostic characteristics and thus it has been suggested that they might follow a common developmental pathway. In this narrative review, we first discuss the potential links of disorder inherent symptoms such as impulsivity and emotion regulation difficulties and how they might elevate the risk of violent delinquency. We continue with highlighting that comorbidities particularly from the antisocial spectrum as well as comorbid substance use disorders need to be considered in the context of offending in individuals with BPD and ADHD. Finally, we summarize current therapeutic approaches for offenders with BPD and ADHD and associated challenges especially concerning the provision of treatment in prison settings. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Current status of the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity'.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/psicologia , Criminosos/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/epidemiologia , Regulação Emocional , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo , Violência/prevenção & controle
18.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform ; 34(2): 398-412, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18377178

RESUMO

A psychological refractory period (PRP) approach and the locus of slack logic were applied to examine the novel question of whether spatial translation processes can begin before the central bottleneck when effector or noneffector stimuli are processed from an egocentric (viewer-centered) perspective. In single tasks, trials requiring spatial translations were considerably slower than trials without translations (Experiment 1). Dual tasks consisted of tone discriminations (Task 1) and spatial translations (Task 2) using PRP methods with different manipulations on perceptual and response demands. When a viewer-centered perspective was used, the effect of spatial translation was reduced at short compared with long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) when the potential for code overlap between tasks was removed (Experiments 2, 3, and 4); this finding supports the view that translation processes can begin before the central bottleneck. When an allocentric (non-viewer-centered) perspective was used (Experiment 5), the slowing associated with spatial translation was additive with SOA, suggesting that the processes of spatial translation cannot begin before the bottleneck. These findings highlight the importance of viewer perspective on central bottleneck requirements. Findings are further discussed in relation to the dorsal-ventral model of action and perception.


Assuntos
Conflito Psicológico , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Período Refratário Psicológico/fisiologia , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Atenção/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha , Discriminação Psicológica/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Processos Mentais/fisiologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Valores de Referência , Estimulação Subliminar
19.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev ; 90: 130-136, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29660415

RESUMO

Our understanding of the neural correlates of response inhibition has greatly advanced over the last decade. Nevertheless the specific function of regions within this stopping network remains controversial. The traditional neuroimaging approach cannot capture many processes affecting stopping performance. Despite the shortcomings of the traditional neuroimaging approach and a great progress in mathematical and computational models of stopping, model-based cognitive neuroscience approaches in human neuroimaging studies are largely lacking. To foster model-based approaches to ultimately gain a deeper understanding of the neural signature of stopping, we outline the most prominent models of response inhibition and recent advances in the field. We highlight how a model-based approach in clinical samples has improved our understanding of altered cognitive functions in these disorders. Moreover, we show how linking evidence-accumulation models and neuroimaging data improves the identification of neural pathways involved in the stopping process and helps to delineate these from neural networks of related but distinct functions. In conclusion, adopting a model-based approach is indispensable to identifying the actual neural processes underlying stopping.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Neurociência Cognitiva , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Neuroimagem , Humanos , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia
20.
Neuroimage Clin ; 15: 143-150, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28529870

RESUMO

Initial historical accounts as well as recent data suggest that emotion processing is dysfunctional in conversion disorder patients and that this alteration may be the pathomechanistic neurocognitive basis for symptoms in conversion disorder. However, to date evidence of direct interaction of altered negative emotion processing with motor control networks in conversion disorder is still lacking. To specifically study the neural correlates of emotion processing interacting with motor networks we used a task combining emotional and sensorimotor stimuli both separately as well as simultaneously during functional magnetic resonance imaging in a well characterized group of 13 conversion disorder patients with functional hemiparesis and 19 demographically matched healthy controls. We performed voxelwise statistical parametrical mapping for a priori regions of interest within emotion processing and motor control networks. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) was used to test altered functional connectivity of emotion and motor control networks. Only during simultaneous emotional stimulation and passive movement of the affected hand patients displayed left amygdala hyperactivity. PPI revealed increased functional connectivity in patients between the left amygdala and the (pre-)supplemental motor area and the subthalamic nucleus, key regions within the motor control network. These findings suggest a novel mechanistic direct link between dysregulated emotion processing and motor control circuitry in conversion disorder.


Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Transtorno Conversivo/fisiopatologia , Córtex Motor/fisiopatologia , Núcleo Subtalâmico/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno Conversivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Emoções/fisiologia , Expressão Facial , Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Córtex Motor/diagnóstico por imagem , Núcleo Subtalâmico/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem
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