Pharmacodynamic monitoring of BAY 43-9006 (Sorafenib) in phase I clinical trials involving solid tumor and AML/MDS patients, using flow cytometry to monitor activation of the ERK pathway in peripheral blood cells.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported a flow cytometry technique to monitor pharmacodynamic effects of the raf kinase inhibitor BAY 43-9006 based on the ability of phorbol ester (PMA) to phosphorylate extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in peripheral blood (Chow et al., Cytometry 2001;46:72-78). In this article, we describe its application to phase I trials of BAY 43-9006 in solid tumor and AML/MDS patients. METHODS: The previously described whole blood lysis method was used to monitor BAY 43-9006 effects on peripheral T-cells of solid tumor patients. A modified whole blood fixation protocol was developed for the AML/MDS trial, using the c-kit ligand stem cell factor (SCF) to activate ERK as an alternative to PMA, and incorporating immunophenotypic markers to identify leukemic blasts. RESULTS: At all dose levels of BAY 43-9006 used to treat solid tumor patients, ERK could be activated by PMA in peripheral T-cells and we were not able to show inhibition of raf kinase. A similar effect was seen in the lymphocytes of AML/MDS patients during treatment with BAY 43-9006. However, we found strong inhibition when ERK was activated via c-kit using SCF. Furthermore, normal donor CD34+ve stem cells were much more sensitive to BAY 43-9006 when ERK was activated by SCF, compared to PMA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the further development of flow cytometry applications to monitor signal transduction inhibitors during early phase clinical trials.