Etiological treatment of Chagas disease patients with benznidazole lead to a sustained pro-inflammatory profile counterbalanced by modulatory events.

In the present study, we characterized the phagocytic capacity, cytokine profile along with the FCγ-R and TLR expression in leukocytes from Chagas disease patients (indeterminate-IND and cardiac-CARD) before and one-year after Bz-treatment (INDT and CARDT). A down-regulation of IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10 synthesis by neutrophils was observed in CARDT. The Bz-treatment did not impact on the expression of phagocytosis-related surface molecules or monocyte-derived cytokine profile in INDT. Although CARDT showed unaltered monocyte-phagocytic capacity, up-regulated expression of Fcγ-RI/III and TLR-4 may be related to their ability to produce IL-10 and TGF-ß. Down-regulation of lymphocyte-derived cytokine was observed in INDT whereas up-regulated cytokine profile was observed for lymphocytes in CARDT. Analysis of cytokine network revealed that IND displayed a multifaceted cytokine response characterized by strong connecting axes involving pro-inflammatory/regulatory phagocytes and lymphocytes. On the other hand, CARD presented a modest cytokine network. The Bz-treatment leads to distinct cytokine network: decreasing the links in INDT, with a pivotal role of IL-10(+) monocytes and expanding the connections in CARDT. Our findings highlighted that the Bz-treatment contributes to an overall immunomodulation in INDT and induces a broad change of immunological response in CARDT, eliciting an intricate phenotypic/functional network compatible with beneficial and protective immunological events.