X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of selenium in living systems.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Selenium is an essential element with a rich and varied chemistry in living organisms. It plays a variety of important roles ranging from being essential in enzymes that are critical for redox homeostasis to acting as a deterrent for herbivory in hyperaccumulating plants. Despite its importance there are many open questions, especially related to its chemistry in situ within living organisms. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of selenium in biological samples, with an emphasis on the methods, and in particular the techniques of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI). We discuss the experimental methods and capabilities of XAS and XFI, and review their advantages and their limitations. A perspective on future possibilities and next-generation of experiments is also provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: XAS and XFI provide powerful probes of selenium chemistry, together with unique in situ capabilities. The opportunities and capabilities of the next generation of advanced X-ray spectroscopy experiments are particularly exciting. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: XAS and XFI provide versatile tools that are generally applicable to any element with a convenient X-ray absorption edge, suitable for investigating complex systems essentially without pre-treatment.