Broadband Dielectric Properties of Ex Vivo Bovine Liver Tissue Characterized at Ablative Temperatures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the thermal and frequency dependence of dielectric properties of ex vivo liver tissue - relative permittivity and effective conductivity - over the frequency range 500 MHz to 6 GHz and temperatures ranging from 20 to 130 °C. METHODS: We measured the dielectric properties of fresh ex vivo bovine liver tissue using the open-ended coaxial probe method (n = 15 samples). Numerical optimization techniques were utilized to obtain parametric models for characterizing changes in broadband dielectric properties as a function of temperature and thermal isoeffective dose. The effect of heating tissue at rates over the range 6.4-16.9 °C/min was studied. The measured dielectric properties were used in simulations of microwave ablation to assess changes in simulated antenna return loss compared to experimental measurements. RESULTS: Across all frequencies, both relative permittivity and effective conductivity dropped sharply over the temperature range 89 - 107 °C. Below 91 °C, the slope of the effective conductivity changes from positive values at lower frequencies (0.5-1.64 GHz) to negative values at higher frequencies (1.64-6 GHz). The maximum achieved correlation values between transient reflection coefficients from measurements and simulations ranged between 0.83 - 0.89 and 0.68 - 0.91, respectively, when using temperature-dependent and thermal-dose dependent dielectric property parameterizations. CONCLUSION: We have presented experimental measurements and parametric models for characterizing changes in dielectric properties of bovine liver tissue at ablative temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE: The presented dielectric property models will contribute to the development of ablation systems operating at frequencies other than 2.45 GHz, as well as broadband techniques for monitoring growth of microwave ablation zones.