Stable isotopes analysis and heavy metal contamination in the rocky shore intertidal food web on the east coast of South Africa.

Using a short food web, i.e. from prey (macro-algae) to predator (limpet), this study investigated the concentrations and biomagnification of heavy metals from macro-algae (Ralfsia verrucosa, Ulva lactuca and Gelidium pristoides) to limpet (Scutellastra cochlear, S. longicosta, S. granularis and Cellana capensis) species. Samples were collected from four sites (Mbhashe; Mthatha; Hluleka; Silaka Mouth) in four seasons (winter 2019; spring 2019; summer 2020; spring 2020). In the laboratory samples were digested with the normal protocols, subsequently analysed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), while δ15N and δ13C isotopes were analysed with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). There were significant differences of heavy metals concentration between species of macro-algae and limpet, and metal concentration was species-specific. Spatio-temporal differences of (δ13C) isotope was evident, indicating a wide source of energy. Using (δ15N) as a proxy for biomagnification (BMF) of metals, As did not show any sign of biomagnification (BMF<1) among all seasons and sites. Though mercury and Ni had BMF >1, negative regression slope showed biodilution of these metals to the next trophic level. The toxic Cd, Pb, and essential metals Zn and Cu indicated possible biomagnification (BMF >1) between sites and seasons respectively. This study showed that the selected limpet species are notable accumulators of heavy metals and these contaminants have the potential to biomagnify in the next trophic level suggesting that they are possibly unfit for human consumption in these study sites.