Hypophosphatemia after Start of Medical Nutrition Therapy Indicates Early Refeeding Syndrome and Increased Electrolyte Requirements in Critically Ill Patients but Has No Impact on Short-Term Survival.

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially life-threatening complication in malnourished (critically ill) patients. The presence of various accepted RFS definitions and the inclusion of heterogeneous patient populations in the literature has led to discrepancies in reported incidence rates in patients requiring treatment at an intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a prospective observational study from 2010 to 2013 to assess the RFS incidence and clinical characteristics among medical ICU patients at a large tertiary center. RFS was defined as a decrease of more than 0.16 mmol/L serum phosphate to values below 0.65 mmol/L within seven days after the start of medical nutrition therapy or pre-existing serum phosphate levels below 0.65 mmol/L. Overall, 195 medical patients admitted to the ICU were included. RFS was recorded in 92 patients (47.18%). The presence of RFS indicated significantly altered phosphate and potassium levels and was accompanied by significantly more electrolyte substitutions (phosphate, potassium, and magnesium). No differences in fluid balance, energy delivery, and insulin requirements were detected. The presence of RFS had no impact on ICU length of stay and ICU mortality. Screening for RFS using simple diagnostic criteria based on serum phosphate levels identified critically ill patients with an increased demand for electrolyte substitutions. Therefore, stringent monitoring of electrolyte levels is indicated to prevent life-threatening complications.

Effectiveness of an ERAS-based exercise-nutrition management model in enhancing postoperative recovery for thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the effect of an exercise-nutrition management model based on the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) concept on patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical surgery for lung cancer. METHODS: From June 2019 to December 2022, 85 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic radical lung cancer surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group, consisting of 42 patients, received routine nursing care during the perioperative period. The study group, comprising 43 patients, implemented an exercise-nutrition management model based on the ERAS concept during the perioperative period. We compared general data, perioperative indicators, compliance, and complications between the 2 groups. Additionally, we assessed the nutritional status using the patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PA), and hemoglobin (Hb), as well as lung function, including forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), in the patient population following the Piper intervention. RESULTS: In the study group, the times to first defecation and getting out of bed, the duration of thoracic drainage tube indwelling, and the length of hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group. The VAS scores on the 2nd and 3rd postoperative days were lower in the study group than in the control group (P < .05). Medication compliance was higher in the study group compared to the control group (P < .05). Post-intervention, the PG-SGA scores in the study group were lower, while PA, ALB, and Hb levels were higher than those in the control group (P < .05). The MVV, FEV1, and FVC values were higher in the study group than in the control group after the intervention (P < .05). The PFS and mMRC scores were lower in the study group compared to the control group after the intervention, and the QLQ-C30 scores were higher (P < .05). The incidence of complications was 6.98% in the study group, which was not significantly different from 11.90% in the control group (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The exercise-nutrition management model, based on the ERAS concept, exhibits significant perioperative effects in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer, improving their nutritional status and reducing complications.

Positive correlation between persistence of medical nutrition therapy and overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer.

Background: Several factors can affect overall survival of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, including characteristics of the cancer disease and response to treatments. However, patients' nutritional status and the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) can also impact overall survival. The primary goal of our research was to collect real-life data on the use of MNT in HNC patients and to specifically investigate the correlation between survival and the duration of uninterrupted (persistent) nutrition. Method: The data of this retrospective, analytical, cohort study was collected from electronic healthcare records from the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund Management. Overall, 38,675 HNC patients' data of the period between 2012 and 2021 was used. We applied multi-step exclusions to identify patient groups accurately and to avoid biasing factors. Statistical analysis was done by the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis. Results: Throughout the investigated period 16,871 (64%) patients received MNT therapy out of 26,253 newly diagnosed patients (≥18 years). In terms of the persistence of MNT, we divided the patients into three groups (1-3; 4-6; ≥7-month duration of MNT). When comparing these groups, we found that patients receiving long-term (≥7 months) MNT had a significantly longer overall survival (p < 0.0001) than those who received MNT for a shorter duration, both in locally advanced and recurrent/metastatic cases. Conclusion: The main outcome of the study is that there is a positive correlation between the persistence of MNT and the overall survival in HNC patients when nutritional intervention lasts several months. It highlights the responsibility of the specialists during the patient journey to use MNT early and to continue its use for as long as it is beneficial to the patients.

Individuals' perceptions and expectations of nutrition care provided by doctors in Australia: A focus group study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Doctors are well placed to facilitate nutrition care to support dietary improvements due, in part, to their regular contact with their patients. Limited literature exists which explores the perspective of patients regarding the nutrition care provided by medical professionals across the continuum of care. This article explores the perspective of patients regarding perceptions of nutrition advice and care received from doctors and expectations of this care, including key skills and attributes the patients perceive as important. METHOD: Six online focus groups were conducted with Australian service users (n=32). RESULTS: Framework analysis identified four key themes: perceptions of doctors' role in nutrition care, expectations and experiences; the importance of individualised care; barriers and enablers to nutrition care; and topics, skills and attributes perceived as important in nutrition care. DISCUSSION: Patients have a desire for individualised and collaborative nutrition care but experienced systemic barriers in practice.

Combined Effect of Early Nutrition Therapy and Rehabilitation for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs (RP) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation remains controversial. However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of exercise and nutritional therapy. This study aimed to determine the effects of combined nutritional therapy on the physical function and nutritional status of patients with COPD exacerbation who underwent early RP. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations. Patients were assigned to receive a regular diet in addition to RP (control group) or RP and nutrition therapy (intervention group). Physical function, including quadricep strength and body composition, was assessed. The intervention group was administered protein-rich oral nutritional supplements. A total of 38 patients with negligible baseline differences were included in the analysis. The intervention group showed a notably greater change in quadriceps strength. Lean body mass and skeletal muscle indices markedly decreased in the control group but were maintained in the intervention group. Logistic regression analysis identified nutritional therapy as a significant factor associated with increased muscle strength. No serious adverse events were observed in either group. Therefore, nutritional therapy combined with RP is safe and effective for improving exercise function while maintaining body composition in patients with COPD exacerbation.

Medical Nutrition Therapy, In-Person, or Telephone Group Lifestyle Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes? A Qualitative Study of Patient Perceptions and Treatment Preferences.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to explore the thoughts, feelings, motivations, and assignment preferences of community health center patients with type 2 diabetes considering participation in a 2-year lifestyle intervention trial aimed at weight loss and increased physical activity. The reasons for patients' delivery mode preferences were also explored to aid in the design of future interventions for controlled trials. METHODS: Using structured telephone interview guides, 57 patients with type 2 diabetes receiving primary care at 3 community health centers affiliated with an academic medical center were interviewed regarding the perceived pros and cons of each of the 3 possible treatment assignments: telephone conference group, in-person group, or individual medical nutrition therapy. The interview data were organized using NVIVO and analyzed using content analysis. Findings on whether preferences varied by age, gender, or diabetes duration were also examined. RESULTS: Six categories related to patient treatment preferences were identified: (1) perception of time, (2) learning style, (3) comfort, (4) prior experience with weight loss programs and conference calls, (5) desire for support/idea exchange, and (6) accountability. Preferences did not seem to vary by age, gender, or diabetes duration. CONCLUSIONS: Key factors influencing preference of treatment assignment included schedule demands, belief about learning style, and past experiences. These findings demonstrate the importance of having a variety of nutrition and lifestyle treatment options available to meet the needs of people with type 2 diabetes.

The CoNUT score predicts the length of hospital stay and the risk of long CoVID / La puntuación CONUT predice la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y el riesgo de COVID persistente

Objective: the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score is an objective tool widely used to assess nutritional status of patients. We aimed toinvestigate the value of CONUT score on predicting length of hospital stay (LOS) and the risk of long COVID in patients with COVID-19.Methods: a total of 151 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled for analysis. Patients were followed up for two years from three months after theonset of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONUT score was calculated on admission. The correlation between CONUT score and LOS were assessed bySpearman’s rank correlation coefficient and multivariate linear analysis. The association between different CONUT grade and long COVID wasevaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models.Results: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient showed that CONUT scores were positively correlated with LOS (r = 0.469, p < 0.001). Multivari-ate linear analysis showed that CONUT score is the only independent determinant of LOS (B 2.055, 95 % CI: 1.067-3.043, p < 0.001). A total of 53(35.10 %) patients with long COVID were identified. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curves and Cox proportional hazards analyses showed thatthe incidence of long COVID in patients with a higher CONUT score was significantly higher than in patients with lower CONUT score (p < 0.001).Conclusions: higher CONUT score predicts longer LOS and the risk of long COVID in patients with COVID-19. The CONUT score might be usefulfor risk stratification in COVID-19 patients and help to develop new nutritional treatment strategies for long COVID.(AU)

Objetivo: la escala de valoración del estado nutricional CONUT es una herramienta objetiva ampliamente utilizada para evaluar el estado nutricionalde los pacientes. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el valor de la puntuación CONUT para predecir la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (LOS) y elriesgo de COVID persistente en pacientes con COVID-19.Métodos: se inscribieron para el análisis un total de 151 pacientes con COVID-19. Los pacientes se sometieron a un seguimiento de dos añosa partir de los tres meses posteriores al inicio de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. La puntuación CONUT se calculó al ingreso. La correlación entrela puntuación CONUT y la LOS se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de rangos de Spearman y el análisis lineal multivariante. Laasociación entre diferentes grados CONUT y COVID persistente se evaluó mediante curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier con prueba derango logarítmico y modelos de riesgo proporcional de Cox.Resultados: el coeficiente de correlación de rango de Spearman mostró que las puntuaciones CONUT se correlacionaron positivamente con LOS(r = 0,469, p <0,001). El análisis lineal multivariante mostró que la puntuación CONUT es el único determinante independiente de LOS (B 2,055,IC 95 %: 1,067-3,043, p < 0,001). Se identificaron un total de 53 (35,10 %) pacientes con COVID persistente. Las curvas de supervivenciaacumulada de Kaplan-Meier y los análisis de riesgos proporcionales de Cox mostraron que la incidencia de COVID persistente en pacientes conuna puntuación CONUT más alta fue significativamente mayor que en pacientes con una puntuación CONUT más baja (p < 0,001).Conclusiones: una puntuación CONUT más alta predice una LOS más larga y el riesgo de COVID persistente en pacientes con COVID-19. Lapuntuación CONUT podría ser útil para la estratificación de riesgo en pacientes con COVID-19 y ayudar a desarrollar nuevas estrategias detratamiento nutricional para COVID persistente.(AU)

Incorporación del dietista-nutricionista en un hospital universitario: declaración de postura de la Comisión de Nutrición del Hospital Universitario La Paz / Dietitian-nutritionist incorporation in a university hospital: position statement of the Commission on Nutrition, Hospital Universitario La Paz

El presente documento tiene como objetivo plantear y justificar la incorporación del dietista-nutricionista en los equipos multidisciplinares deatención integrada en la educación, el tratamiento y el seguimiento de aquellos pacientes con patologías que cursen con alteraciones del estadonutricional, tanto en su defecto como en su exceso, en el área sanitaria de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid.El estado nutricional de los pacientes hospitalizados se beneficiará de la incorporación del dietista-nutricionista al equipo multidisciplinar que,actualmente, se ocupa de la atención de estos. El manejo de la terapia nutricional por dietistas-nutricionistas ha demostrado ser costo-efectiva,habida cuenta de la repercusión sanitaria que tiene el estado nutricional en la evolución clínica y prevención de enfermedades como la diabetes,los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, la obesidad, el cáncer, la insuficiencia cardiaca, la osteoporosis, la enfermedad celiaca y la enfermedadrenal crónica, entre otras.(AU)

The present document has the objective of justifying the incorporation of a dietician/nutritionist to the multidisciplinary teams of specialized carethat provide education, food anamnesis, nutritional recommendations, treatment and follow up of those patients in risk of malnutrition in Madrid.The appropriate nutritional status of hospitalized patients bears a close relationship with the existence of dieticians at hospitals. Dieticians usenutrition therapy as a cost-effective means to achieve significant health benefits by preventing or altering the course of diabetes, obesity, hyper-tension, lipid metabolism disorders, heart failure, osteoporosis, celiac disease, and chronic kidney disease, among other diseases.(AU)

Compromiso de Asunción. Un llamado a la acción / Commitment of Asunción. A call to action

La Federación Latinoamericana de Terapia Nutricional, Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo – FELANPE, fue fundada en el año 1988. Reúne a Socie-dades y Asociaciones Interdisciplinarias de Nutrición Clínica y Terapia Nutricional de América Latina y el Caribe, además de España y Portugal.Actualmente la conforman representaciones de 18 países.Se describen los objetivos de la Federación teniendo en cuenta el compromiso asumido.Se trata de estudio observacional transversal, multicéntrico en que se incluyeron 132 hospitales con más de 100 camas, de alta complejidad,estatales y privados de 14 países de Latinoamérica miembros de FELANPE. Se evaluaron las características del hospital, la implementación dela valoración nutricional, el diagnóstico nutricional de pacientes, el equipo responsable de la terapia nutricional, la terapéutica nutricional (oral,enteral y parenteral), la monitorización y el seguimiento nutricional.Para tal, se diseñó y validó un cuestionario digital y un video explicativo para garantizar la calidad de los datos recolectados. La validación seefectúo mediante un estudio piloto realizado en Paraguay, aprobado por el Comité de ética en la Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicasde la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. La investigación actual cuenta con la aprobación del Comité de ética de Investigación de la Facultad deCiencias Químicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción y del Comité de ética de FELANPE.Los resultados presentados en el XVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de FELANPE, en Asunción del Paraguay, el 12 de octubre del 2023, sirven comobase para caracterizar la implementación de la Terapia Nutricional Parenteral y Enteral (terapia nutricional médica) en Hospitales de Latinoaméricay son utilizados como sustento técnico del presente Compromiso de Asunción.(AU)

The Latin American Federation of Nutritional Therapy, Clinical Nutrition, and Metabolism – FELANPE, was founded in 1988. It brings togetherinterdisciplinary societies and associations in Clinical Nutrition and Nutritional Therapy from Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as Spainand Portugal. Currently, it comprises representations from 18 countries.The objectives of the Federation are described, taking into account the assumed commitment. This is an observational cross-sectional, multicenterstudy that included 132 hospitals with more than 100 beds, of high complexity, both state-owned and private, from 14 countries in Latin Americathat are members of FELANPE. The study assessed hospital characteristics, implementation of nutritional assessment, nutritional diagnosis ofpatients, the team responsible for nutritional therapy, nutritional therapy (oral, enteral, and parenteral), monitoring, and nutritional follow-up.For this purpose, a digital questionnaire and an explanatory video were designed and validated to ensure the quality of the collected data. Validationwas carried out through a pilot study conducted in Paraguay, approved by the Ethics Committee for Research at the Faculty of Medical Sciences ofthe National University of Asunción. The current research has the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Chemical Sciencesof the National University of Asunción and the Ethics Committee of FELANPE.The results presented at the XVIII Latin American Congress of FELANPE in Asunción, Paraguay, on October 12, 2023, serve as a basis for cha-racterizing the implementation of Parenteral and Enteral Nutritional Therapy (medical nutritional therapy) in hospitals in Latin America and areused as technical support for the present Asunción Commitment.(AU)

Consenso del Grupo de Trabajo de los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria de SENPE (GTTCA-SENPE). Evaluación y tratamiento médico-nutricional en la anorexia nerviosa.Actualización 2023 / A consensus report by the Working Group on Eating Disorders of Sociedad Española de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo (GTTCA-SENPE). Evaluation, medical and nutritional management of anorexia nervosa. Update 2023

La anorexia nerviosa (AN) es una enfermedad de origen multifactorial. Recientemente se ha sumado el papel de las redes sociales y la microbiota intestinal en la patogenia. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto negativo en los pacientes con AN. La potencial afectación médica y nutricional derivada de la desnutrición o las conductas compensatorias dan lugar a una compleja enfermedad de gravedad variable, cuyo manejo precisa un equipo multidisciplinar con elevado nivel de conocimientos en la materia. Es fundamental la coordinación entre niveles asistenciales y en la transición de pediatría a adultos. Una adecuada valoración clínica permite detectar eventuales complicaciones, así como establecer el riesgo orgánico del paciente y, por tanto, adecuar el tratamiento médico-nutricional de forma individualizada. El restablecimiento de un apropiado estado nutricional es un pilar fundamental del tratamiento en la AN. Para ello es necesario diseñar una intervención de renutrición individualizada que incluya un programa de educación nutricional. Según el escenario clínico puede ser necesaria la nutrición artificial. Aunque la decisión de qué nivel de atención escoger al diagnóstico o durante el seguimiento depende de numerosas variables (conciencia de enfermedad, estabilidad médica, complicaciones, riesgo autolítico, fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio o contexto psicosocial, entre otros), el tratamiento ambulatorio es de elección en la mayoría de las ocasiones. No obstante, puede ser necesario un escenario más intensivo (hospitalización total o parcial) en casos seleccionados. En pacientes gravemente desnutridos debe prevenirse la aparición de un síndrome de alimentación cuando se inicia la renutrición. La presencia de una AN en determinadas situaciones (gestación, vegetarianismo, diabetes mellitus de tipo 1, etc.) exige un manejo particular. En estos pacientes también debe abordarse de forma correcta el ejercicio físico.(AU)

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a multifactorial disorder. A possible role of the social network and the gut microbiota in pathogenesis has been added.Exogenous shocks such as the COVID19 pandemic have had a negative impact on patients with AN.The potential medical and nutritional impact of malnutrition and/or compensatory behaviors gives rise to a complex disease with a wide range ofseverity, the management of which requires a multidisciplinary team with a high level of subject matter expertise. Coordination between levelsof care is necessary as well as understanding how to transition the patient from pediatric to adult care is essential. A proper clinical evaluationcan detect possible complications, as well as establish the organic risk of the patient. This allows caregivers to tailor the medical-nutritionaltreatment for each patient.Reestablishing adequate nutritional behaviors is a fundamental pillar of treatment in AN. The design of a personalized nutritional treatment andeducation program is necessary for this purpose. Depending on the clinical severity, artificial nutrition may be necessary. Although the decisionregarding the level of care necessary at diagnosis or during follow-up depends on a number of factors (awareness of the disease, medical stability,complications, suicidal risk, outpatient treatment failure, psychosocial context, etc.), outpatient treatment is the most frequent and most preferredchoice. However, more intensive care (total or partial hospitalization) may be necessary in certain cases. In severely malnourished patients, theappearance of refeeding syndrome should be prevented during renourishment.The presence of AN in certain situations (pregnancy, vegetarianism, type 1 diabetes mellitus) requires specific care. Physical activity in thesepatients must also be addressed correctly.(AU)

It is not just about prescription. A cohort study of the impact of enteral nutrition on mortality of hospitalized patients with CoVID-19 / No es solo una prescripción. Estudio de cohorte del impacto de la nutrición enteral en la mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19

Introduction: during COVID-19 pandemic, international societies released guidelines and recommendations for patients requiring nutritionalsupport according to previous similar respiratory diseases.Objectives: the aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional support provided by enteral nutrition (EN) in patients with COVID-19 infection,identify if the recommendations from international societies were met and their impact on mortality rate.Methods: a cohort study was conducted on adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary hospital. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, andnutritional variables were obtained. A random-effect parametric survival-time model was performed to quantify the risk of death for each variable,and the Hausman test was used to confirm the model.Results: two hundred and twenty-nine patients were enrolled. The delivered energy was > 80 % of adequacy in the first two days, as suggestedby international guidelines (11.7 ± 4.9 kcal/kg); however, an adequacy rate less than 60 % was achieved on day 14 (25.4 ± 7.4 kcal/kg). Theprotein adequacy was > 75 % on the first days of infusion (1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg); however, the infusion was < 50 % (1.5 ± 0.4 g/kg) after being extu-bated. Age, sex, and nutritional risk were related to higher mortality in patients with EN, whereas the infused energy and protein, the percentageof protein adequacy, arginine, and n-3 PUFA were associated with lower mortality.Conclusion: achieving at least 80 % of the energy and protein requirements, as well as n-3 PUFA and arginine supplementation could be asso-ciated with lower mortality in COVID-19 patients. More studies are needed to confirm the role of these nutrients on the mortality rate.(AU)

Introducción: durante la pandemia de COVID-19, las sociedades internacionales publicaron guías y recomendaciones para pacientes querequieren apoyo nutricional basándose en lo previamente recomendado en enfermedades respiratorias similares.Objetivos: evaluar el soporte nutricional con nutrición enteral (NE) en pacientes con COVID-19 e identificar el cumplimiento de las recomenda-ciones hechas por las sociedades internacionales y su impacto en la tasa de mortalidad.Métodos: estudio de cohorte en adultos con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se registraron variables demográficas, clínicas,bioquímicas y nutricionales. Se realizó un modelo de supervivencia de efectos aleatorios para cuantificar el riesgo de muerte para cada variabley la prueba de Hausman para confirmar el modelo.Resultados: se incluyeron 229 pacientes. La energía administrada fue > 80 % de adecuación en los dos primeros días (11,7 ± 4,9 kcal/kg);sin embargo, fue < 60 % el día 14 (25,4 ± 7,4 kcal/kg). La adecuación de proteínas fue > 75 % en los primeros días de infusión (1,3 ± 0,3g/kg), pero < 50 % (1,5 ± 0,4 g/kg) después de ser extubado. La edad, el sexo y el riesgo nutricional se relacionaron con mayor mortalidad,mientras que la energía y proteína infundidas, el porcentaje de adecuación proteica, la arginina y el contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados(AGPI) n-3 se asociaron con menor mortalidad.Conclusión: aunque se necesitan más estudios para confirmarlo, alcanzar al menos el 80 % de los requerimientos energéticos y proteicos, asícomo la suplementación de fórmulas con AGPI n-3 y arginina, podría asociarse con menor mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19.(AU)

Nutrition Management in Geriatric Patients with CKD.

Sarcopenia, defined as age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity, is a hallmark nutritional abnormality observed in patients with moderate-to-advanced CKD. Uremic state and associated medical conditions also predispose older patients with CKD to protein-energy wasting, a nutritional abnormality that could include sarcopenia. Prevention of protein and energy depletion and replenishing the already low nutritional reserves elderly patients with CKD should focus on conventional and innovative strategies. This review aims to provide an overview of the mainstay of nutritional therapy in this patient population, such as intake of adequate amounts of protein and energy along with preserving fluid, electrolyte, and mineral balance, and to discuss more innovative interventions to aid these approaches.

What's the big IDEA? Incorporating inclusion, diversity, equity, and access (IDEA) in population health nutrition research and practice.

Historically, the constructs of inclusion, diversity, equity, and access (IDEA) have not been sufficiently considered or included in population health nutrition research and practice. Consequently, current nutrition assessment benchmarks and knowledge translation tools may not accurately or adequately reflect diversity in the Canadian population or produce meaningful dietary guidance. The purpose of this current opinion paper is to introduce the population health nutrition research and practice framework and explore the current application of IDEA within this framework. Recommendations are offered to incorporate the constructs of IDEA along the continuum of future nutrition research and services to improve population nutritional health.