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1.
JAMA Netw Open ; 7(9): e2434434, 2024 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39269702

RESUMO

Importance: Synthetic nicotine is increasingly used in e-cigarette liquids along with flavors to appeal to youths. Regulatory loopholes have allowed tobacco manufacturers to use social media to target youths. Objective: To analyze the extent to which synthetic nicotine e-cigarette brands have implemented US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) health warning requirements and to evaluate the association between health warnings and user engagement on Instagram. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study, posts from 25 brands were analyzed across a 14-month period (August 2021 to October 2022). A content analysis was paired with Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification, a computer vision algorithm designed to detect the presence of health warnings and whether the detected health warning complied with FDA guidelines by (1) appearing on the upper portion of the advertisement and (2) occupying at least 20% of the advertisement's area. Data analysis was performed from March to June 2024. Exposure: Synthetic nicotine e-cigarette advertisement on Instagram. Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcome variables were user engagement (number of likes and comments). Negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between the presence and characteristics of health warnings and user engagement. Results: Of a total of 2071 posts, only 263 (13%) complied with both FDA health warning requirements. Among 924 posts with health warnings, 732 (79%) displayed warnings in the upper image portion, and 270 (29%) had a warning covering at least 20% of the pixel area. Posts with warnings received fewer comments than posts without warnings (mean [SD], 1.8 [2.5] vs 5.4 [11.7] comments; adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86; P < .001). For posts containing warnings, a larger percentage of the warning label's pixel area was associated with fewer comments (aIRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P = .003). Flavored posts with health warnings placed in the upper image portion received more likes than posts with warnings in the lower portion (mean [SD], 34.6 [35.2] vs 19.9 [19.2] likes; aIRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of synthetic nicotine brand Instagram accounts, 87% of sampled posts did not adhere to FDA health warning requirements in tobacco promotions. Enforcement of FDA compliant health warnings on social media may reduce youth engagement with tobacco marketing.


Assuntos
Publicidade , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Rotulagem de Produtos , Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Estados Unidos , Publicidade/métodos , Rotulagem de Produtos/métodos , Nicotina/efeitos adversos , United States Food and Drug Administration
2.
Sensors (Basel) ; 24(17)2024 Aug 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39275588

RESUMO

This study investigates the application of an eNose (electrochemical sensory array) device as a rapid and cost-effective screening tool to detect increasingly prevalent counterfeit electronic cigarettes, and those to which potentially hazardous excipients such as vitamin E acetate (VEA) have been added, without the need to generate and test the aerosol such products are intended to emit. A portable, in-field screening tool would also allow government officials to swiftly identify adulterated electronic cigarette e-liquids containing illicit flavorings such as menthol. Our approach involved developing canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) models to differentiate formulation components, including e-liquid bases and nicotine, which the eNose accurately identified. Additionally, models were created using e-liquid bases adulterated with menthol and VEA. The eNose and CDA model correctly identified menthol-containing e-liquids in all instances but were only able to identify VEA in 66.6% of cases. To demonstrate the applicability of this model to a commercial product, a Virginia Tobacco JUUL product was adulterated with menthol and VEA. A CDA model was constructed and, when tested against the prediction set, it was able to identify samples adulterated with menthol 91.6% of the time and those containing VEA in 75% of attempts. To test the ability of this approach to distinguish commercial e-liquid brands, a model using six commercial products was generated and tested against randomized samples on the same day as model creation. The CDA model had a cross-validation of 91.7%. When randomized samples were presented to the model on different days, cross-validation fell to 41.7%, suggesting that interday variability was problematic. However, a subsequently developed support vector machine (SVM) identification algorithm was deployed, increasing the cross-validation to 84.7%. A prediction set was challenged against this model, yielding an accuracy of 94.4%. Altered Elf Bar and Hyde IQ formulations were used to simulate counterfeit products, and in all cases, the brand identification model did not classify these samples as their reference product. This study demonstrates the eNose's capability to distinguish between various odors emitted from e-liquids, highlighting its potential to identify counterfeit and adulterated products in the field without the need to generate and test the aerosol emitted from an electronic cigarette.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Nicotina/análise , Análise Discriminante , Aromatizantes/análise , Aromatizantes/química , Mentol/análise , Mentol/química , Humanos
3.
Neurology ; 103(7): e209790, 2024 Oct 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39250747

RESUMO

Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), previously known as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, is characterized by brief (<2 minutes) seizures with abrupt onset and offset and stereotyped focal or generalized hypermotor events occurring predominantly (but not exclusively) from sleep. Clinically, SHE can be challenging to distinguish from psychogenic nonepileptic events or sleep disorders. Up to 30% of SHE cases are drug-resistant, and SHE represents about 10% of drug-resistant surgical epilepsy cases. Although most cases have an unknown etiology, there is a subset of individuals with pathogenic variants in the subunits of n-acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Furthermore, some individuals with nAChR variants are responsive to nicotine. We report a case of a 23-year-old man with SHE, but no pathogenic variant on testing, whose seizures were exquisitely responsive to removal and application of a nicotine patch. This suggests an alternative mechanism of nicotine in the suppression of seizures in individuals with SHE.


Assuntos
Dispositivos para o Abandono do Uso de Tabaco , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Epilepsia do Lobo Frontal/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia do Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico , Nicotina , Eletroencefalografia , Agonistas Nicotínicos
4.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1397989, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39258251

RESUMO

Background: Lung is the largest mucosal area of the human body and directly connected to the external environment, facing microbial exposure and environmental stimuli. Therefore, studying the internal microorganisms of the lung is crucial for a deeper understanding of the relationship between microorganisms and the occurrence and progression of lung cancer. Methods: Tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues were collected from 38 lung adenocarcinoma patients and used nanopore sequencing technology to sequence the 16s full-length sequence of bacteria, and combining bioinformatics methods to identify and quantitatively analyze microorganisms in tissues, as well as to enrich the metabolic pathways of microorganisms. Results: the microbial composition in lung adenocarcinoma tissues is highly similar to that in adjacent tissues, but the alpha diversity is significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues. The difference analysis results show that the bacterial communities of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Neisseriales were significantly enriched in cancer tissues. The results of metabolic pathway analysis indicate that pathways related to cellular communication, transcription, and protein synthesis were significantly enriched in cancer tissue. In addition, clinical staging analysis of nicotine exposure and lung cancer found that Haemophilus, paralinfluenzae, Streptococcus gordonii were significantly enriched in the nicotine exposure group, while the microbiota of Cardiobactereae and Cardiobacterales were significantly enriched in stage II tumors. The microbiota significantly enriched in IA-II stages were Neisseriaeae, Enterobacteriales, and Cardiobacterales, respectively. Conclusion: Nanopore sequencing technology was performed on the full length 16s sequence, which preliminarily depicted the microbial changes and enrichment of microbial metabolic pathways in tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues. The relationship between nicotine exposure, tumor progression, and microorganisms was explored, providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of lung cancer through microbial targets.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Bactérias , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Microbiota , Sequenciamento por Nanoporos , Nicotina , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/microbiologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Microbiota/genética , Nicotina/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias Pulmonares/microbiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sequenciamento por Nanoporos/métodos , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Idoso , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética
5.
Ann Ist Super Sanita ; 60(3): 184-190, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39268999

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To assess nicotine-containing products (NCPs; heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes) use in relation to conventional smoking. METHODS: "LOST IN ITALY" ("LOckdown and Lifestyles IN ITALY") and "LOST IN TOSCANA" cross-sectional surveys estimated lifestyles changes before, during, and after the lockdown in a representative sample of the Italian population. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate prevalence ratios of NCP use according to socio-demographic, mental distress, and smoking variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of conventional cigarette smokers did not decrease, remaining stable at 23%. Exclusive conventional cigarette smokers decreased from 21% before the lockdown in 2020 to 15% in 2023 but dual users, representing the large majority of NCP users, increased by 4 times, and exclusive NCP users decreased from 7% in 2020 to 5% in 2023. CONCLUSIONS: NCPs are mostly accompanying instead of replacing conventional cigarettes. A targeted campaign should be developed in Italy to raise awareness on that.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , Produtos do Tabaco , Pandemias , Adolescente , Nicotina , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Fumar/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2
6.
Molecules ; 29(17)2024 Sep 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39275005

RESUMO

Passive smoking from environmental tobacco smoke not only increases the risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease but may also be a stressor triggering neuropsychiatric and other disorders. To prevent these diseases, understanding the relationship between passive smoking and stress is vital. In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive method to simultaneously measure nicotine (Nic) and cotinine (Cot) as tobacco smoke exposure biomarkers, and cortisol (CRT), serotonin (5-HT), melatonin (MEL), dopamine (DA), and oxytocin (OXT) as stress-related biomarkers. These were extracted and concentrated from saliva by in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) using a Supel-Q PLOT capillary as the extraction device, then separated and detected within 6 min by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a Kinetex Biphenyl column (Phenomenex Inc., Torrance, CA, USA). Limits of detection (S/N = 3) for Nic, Cot, CRT, 5-HT, MEL, DA, and OXT were 0.22, 0.12, 0.78, 0.39, 0.45, 1.4, and 3.7 pg mL-1, respectively, with linearity of calibration curves in the range of 0.01-25 ng mL-1 using stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Intra- and inter-day reproducibilities were under 7.9% and 14.6% (n = 5) relative standard deviations, and compound recoveries in spiked saliva samples ranged from 82.1 to 106.6%. In thirty nonsmokers, Nic contents positively correlated with CRT contents (R2 = 0.5264, n = 30), while no significant correlation was found with other biomarkers. The standard deviation of intervals between normal beats as the standard measure of heart rate variability analysis negatively correlated with CRT contents (R2 = 0.5041, n = 30). After passive smoke exposure, Nic levels transiently increased, Cot and CRT levels rose over time, and 5-HT, DA, and OXT levels decreased. These results indicate tobacco smoke exposure acts as a stressor in nonsmokers.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Saliva , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Humanos , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análise , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Serotonina/análise , Serotonina/metabolismo , Nicotina/análise , Cotinina/análise , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia Líquida
7.
Transl Psychiatry ; 14(1): 369, 2024 Sep 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39261461

RESUMO

The neurohormone oxytocin (OT) has been proposed as a treatment for alcohol and nicotine use disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine whether intravenous (IV) OT decreases alcohol oral self-administration and consumption in nonhuman primates under a 6-h alcohol access procedure as well as alcohol and nicotine (IV) self-administration under 6-h concurrent access conditions. The subjects were five male baboons (Papio anubis) that self-administered oral alcohol (4% w/v) during 6-h sessions under a fixed ratio 3 (FR3) schedule per drink. Baseline levels of alcohol self-administration were established and then OT treatment was initiated. A single dose of OT (20, 40, 80, 120 IU, IV) or its vehicle (saline) was administered before and again in the middle of the 6-h drinking session for 5 consecutive days (total oxytocin dose of 40, 80, 160, 240 IU/day). After each 5-day treatment, baseline levels of alcohol self-administration were reestablished before the next 5-day OT treatment. In addition, the effect of OT on concurrent alcohol and IV nicotine self-administration was explored in 3 of the baboons where alcohol and nicotine were concurrently available during the 6-hr session each under an FR3 schedule for each drug. Establishment of baseline self-administration and 5-day OT treatments were completed as in the alcohol only study. There was a significant overall reduction in alcohol consumption with OT compared to placebo. On post-hoc analysis, after correcting for multiple comparisons, the 40 and 80 IU doses of OT significantly reduced alcohol consumption compared with vehicle, and consumption did not vary significantly within each 5-day treatment period. OT, qualitatively, also reduced the coadministration of both alcohol and nicotine in each baboon for at least one of the OT doses administered. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of oxytocin as a treatment of alcohol use disorder and possibly, co-use of nicotine.


Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Etanol , Nicotina , Ocitocina , Autoadministração , Animais , Ocitocina/administração & dosagem , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Masculino , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Papio , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Papio anubis
8.
Front Immunol ; 15: 1444020, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39221247

RESUMO

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are thought to pose low risk of cancer because the components of e-cigarette liquid are not carcinogens. We analyzed the effects of the two major components, PG/VG and nicotine, on tumor development in preclinical models. We found that PG/VG promoted tumor cell migration in migration assays and contributed to more aggressive, metastatic, and immunosuppressive tumors in vivo, aggravated by the presence of nicotine. Whole body exposure of mice to PG/VG and nicotine rendered animals more susceptible to developing tumors with high frequencies of infiltrating proinflammatory macrophages expressing IL-6 and TNFα. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating and circulating T cells in e-cigarette exposed mice showed increased levels of immune checkpoints including CTLA4 and PD-1. Treatment with anti-CTLA4 antibody was able to abrogate metastasis with no detrimental effects on its ability to induce tumor regression in exposed mice. These findings suggest that the major components used in e-cigarette fluid can impact tumor development through induced immunosuppression.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Nicotina , Animais , Camundongos , Metástase Neoplásica , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Feminino , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1
9.
J Agric Food Chem ; 72(36): 19680-19688, 2024 Sep 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39225316

RESUMO

Spodoptera litura is a significant agricultural pest, and its glutathione S-transferase (GST) plays a crucial role in insecticide resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the SlGSTe11 gene of S. litura and resistance to cyantraniliprole and nicotine. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SlGSTe11 is highly expressed mainly in fat bodies, with a significant increase in SlGSTe11 gene expression under induction by cyantraniliprole and nicotine. The ectopic expression of the SlGSTe11 gene in transgenic fruit flies resulted in a 5.22-fold increase in the tolerance to cyantraniliprole. Moreover, compared to the UAS-SlGSTe11 line, the Act5C-UAS>SlGSTe11 line laid more eggs and had a lower mortality after nicotine exposure. RNAi-mediated inhibition of SlGSTe11 gene expression led to a significant increase in the mortality of S. litura under cyantraniliprole exposure. In vitro metabolism experiments demonstrated that the recombinant SlGSTe11 protein efficiently metabolizes cyantraniliprole. Molecular docking results indicated that SlGSTe11 has a strong affinity for both cyantraniliprole and nicotine. These findings suggest that SlGSTe11 is involved in the development of resistance to cyantraniliprole and nicotine in S. litura.


Assuntos
Corpo Adiposo , Glutationa Transferase , Proteínas de Insetos , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas , Nicotina , Pirazóis , Spodoptera , ortoaminobenzoatos , Animais , Spodoptera/genética , Spodoptera/efeitos dos fármacos , Spodoptera/metabolismo , Spodoptera/enzimologia , Spodoptera/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/metabolismo , Inseticidas/química , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/química , ortoaminobenzoatos/metabolismo , ortoaminobenzoatos/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Nicotina/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/química , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Corpo Adiposo/metabolismo , Corpo Adiposo/enzimologia , Corpo Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular
10.
JAMA Netw Open ; 7(9): e2431731, 2024 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39240566

RESUMO

Importance: Prohibiting the sale of commonly preferred e-cigarette flavors (eg, fruity and sweet) to discourage use among youths poses a risk of diminishing efforts to decrease smoking in adults. Objective: To compare reductions in smoking achieved in adults with psychiatric conditions or lower educational level using very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes alone, combined with e-cigarettes limited to tobacco flavor (TF), or combined with e-cigarettes in participant-preferred flavors. Design, Setting, and Participants: Three randomized clinical trials were conducted for 16 weeks from October 2020 through November 2023 at the University of Vermont, Brown University, and Johns Hopkins University. Participants were adults who smoked daily and were not planning to quit in the next 30 days. These participants were from 3 at-risk populations: those with affective disorders, exemplifying mental illness; those with opioid use disorder, exemplifying substance use disorders; and females of reproductive age with a high-school education or less, exemplifying lower educational level. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions: (1) normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes only; (2) VLNC cigarettes only; (3) VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes with classic TF (hereafter, VLNC + TF); and (4) VLNC cigarettes plus e-cigarettes with preferred flavors (hereafter, VLNC + PF). Interventions: The NNC cigarettes contained 15.8 mg nicotine/g tobacco, the VLNC cigarettes contained 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco, the VLNC + TF had pods containing 5% nicotine by weight and only classic TF, and the VLNC + PF had pods containing 5% nicotine in 8 flavors (including fruity and sweet) from which participants selected 3 flavors. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was mean total cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) during week 16. Tobacco-related biomarkers were assessed, including total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific carcinogen. Results: A total of 326 participants (mean [SD] age, 40.09 [10.79] years; 243 females [74.5%]) from 3 randomized clinical trials were included. The VLNC cigarettes decreased total CPD, with least square (LS) means (SEMs) of 22.54 (1.59) in the NNC, 14.32 (1.32) in the VLNC, 11.76 (1.18) in the VLNC + TF, and 7.63 (0.90) in the VLNC + PF conditions. Each VLNC condition differed significantly from NNC, with an adjusted mean difference (AMD) of -8.21 (95% CI, -12.27 to -4.16; P < .001) in the VLNC, -10.78 (95% CI, -14.67 to -6.90; P < .001) in the VLNC + TF, and -14.91 (95% CI, -18.49 to -11.33; P < .001) in the VLNC + PF conditions. Participants in the VLNC + PF condition also decreased smoking below the VLNC and the VLNC + TF conditions (AMDs, -6.70 [95% CI, -9.84 to -3.55; P < .001] and -4.13 [95% CI, -7.05 to -1.21; P = .02]); the VLNC and VLNC + TF conditions did not differ significantly. Consistent with decreases in CPD, NNAL levels in the VLNC + PF condition were lower than in all other conditions, with AMDs (in pmol/mg creatinine) of -0.94 (95% CI, -1.41 to -0.47; P < .001) compared with the NNC condition, -0.47 (95% CI, -0.87 to -0.08; P = .03) compared with the VLNC condition, and -0.46 (95% CI, -0.83 to -0.10; P = .04) compared with the VLNC + TF condition. Conclusions and Relevance: These results provide further evidence that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes has the potential to decrease smoking and tobacco-toxicant exposure in high-risk populations and that these effects may be enhanced when adults can access e-cigarettes in commonly preferred flavors. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04092387, NCT04090879, NCT04092101.


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Masculino , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Produtos do Tabaco , Aromatizantes
11.
PLoS One ; 19(9): e0300406, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39240849

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The Australian National Perinatal Data Collection collates all live and stillbirths from States and Territories in Australia. In that database, maternal cigarette smoking is noted twice (smoking <20 weeks gestation; smoking >20 weeks gestation). Cannabis use and other forms of nicotine use, for example vaping and nicotine replacement therapy, are nor reported. The 2021 report shows the rate of smoking for Australian Indigenous mothers was 42% compared with 11% for Australian non-Indigenous mothers. Evidence shows that Indigenous babies exposed to maternal smoking have a higher rate of adverse outcomes compared to non-Indigenous babies exposed to maternal smoking (S1 File). OBJECTIVES: The reasons for the differences in health outcome between Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnancies exposed to tobacco and nicotine is unknown but will be explored in this project through a number of activities. Firstly, the patterns of parental and household tobacco, nicotine and cannabis use and exposure will be mapped during pregnancy. Secondly, a range of biological samples will be collected to enable the first determination of Australian Indigenous people's nicotine and cannabis metabolism during pregnancy; this assessment will be informed by pharmacogenomic analysis. Thirdly, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic findings will be considered against maternal, placental, foetal and neonatal outcomes. Lastly, an assessment of population health literacy and risk perception related to tobacco, nicotine and cannabis products peri-pregnancy will be undertaken. METHODS: This is a community-driven, co-designed, prospective, mixed-method observational study with regional Queensland parents expecting an Australian Indigenous baby and their close house-hold contacts during the peri-gestational period. The research utilises a multi-pronged and multi-disciplinary approach to explore interlinked objectives. RESULTS: A sample of 80 mothers expecting an Australian Indigenous baby will be recruited. This sample size will allow estimation of at least 90% sensitivity and specificity for the screening tool which maps the patterns of tobacco and nicotine use and exposure versus urinary cotinine with 95% CI within ±7% of the point estimate. The sample size required for other aspects of the research is less (pharmacokinetic and genomic n = 50, and the placental aspects n = 40), however from all 80 mothers, all samples will be collected. CONCLUSIONS: Results will be reported using the STROBE guidelines for observational studies. FORWARD: We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians, the Butchulla people, of the lands and waters upon which this research is conducted. We acknowledge their continuing connections to country and pay our respects to Elders past, present and emerging. Notation: In this document, the terms Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Indigenous are used interchangeably for Australia's First Nations People. No disrespect is intended, and we acknowledge the rich cultural diversity of the groups of peoples that are the Traditional Custodians of the land with which they identify and with whom they share a connection and ancestry.


Assuntos
Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico , Nicotina , Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Austrália/epidemiologia , Adulto , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal
12.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep ; 73(35): 774-778, 2024 Sep 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39236021

RESUMO

Current e-cigarette use among U.S. youth has declined considerably since 2019*; however, approximately 2.13 million youths used e-cigarettes in 2023 (1). As sales of nicotine pouches (small, dissolvable, flavored pouches containing nicotine derived from tobacco that users place in the mouth between the lip and gum)† have continued to rise nationally since 2016, their use among U.S. youths has become concerning (2,3). All pouches and most e-cigarettes contain nicotine,§ which is highly addictive and can harm the developing adolescent brain (4,5).


Assuntos
Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Nicotina , Estudantes , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Criança , Instituições Acadêmicas , Vaping/epidemiologia
13.
J Neurosci Methods ; 411: 110256, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39182516

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although zebrafish are increasingly utilized in biomedicine for CNS disease modelling and drug discovery, this generates big data necessitating objective, precise and reproducible analyses. The artificial intelligence (AI) applications have empowered automated image recognition and video-tracking to ensure more efficient behavioral testing. NEW METHOD: Capitalizing on several AI tools that most recently became available, here we present a novel open-access AI-driven platform to analyze tracks of adult zebrafish collected from in vivo neuropharmacological experiments. For this, we trained the AI system to distinguish zebrafish behavioral patterns following systemic treatment with several well-studied psychoactive drugs - nicotine, caffeine and ethanol. RESULTS: Experiment 1 showed the ability of the AI system to distinguish nicotine and caffeine with 75 % and ethanol with 88 % probability and high (81 %) accuracy following a post-training exposure to these drugs. Experiment 2 further validated our system with additional, previously unexposed compounds (cholinergic arecoline and varenicline, and serotonergic fluoxetine), used as positive and negative controls, respectively. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The present study introduces a novel open-access AI-driven approach to analyze locomotor activity of adult zebrafish. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings support the value of custom-made AI tools for unlocking full potential of zebrafish CNS drug research by monitoring, processing and interpreting the results of in vivo experiments.


Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Cafeína , Descoberta de Drogas , Etanol , Nicotina , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Nicotina/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Cafeína/farmacologia , Etanol/farmacologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/fisiologia , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia
14.
Brasília, D.F.; OPAS; 2024-08-14.
em Português | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr2-61104

RESUMO

Para estabelecer medidas equivalentes para o ensaio de produtos de tabaco em escala mundial é necessário que haja métodos consensuais de mensuração do conteúdo e das emissões específicas dos cigarros. Nenhum regime de tragada obtido por máquinas é capaz de representar plenamente o comportamento humano de fumar: os ensaios realizados em máquinas de fumar são úteis para caracterizar as emissões de cigarro para fins de design e regulação, mas a divulgação aos fumantes das medições em máquinas pode resultar em interpretações equivocadas a respeito das diferenças de exposição e risco existentes entre as marcas. Os dados de emissão de fumaça obtidos por medições em máquinas podem ser usados como elementos para a avaliação do perigo do produto, mas não são e nem se destinam a ser medidas válidas de exposição ou risco para os seres humanos. A apresentação de diferenças nas medições em máquina como diferenças de exposição ou risco constitui uso indevido dos resultados do ensaio com métodos recomendados da TobLabNet da OMS. Este documento foi preparado por membros da Rede de Laboratórios de Tabaco (TobLabNet) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como um procedimento operacional padrão (POP) para a validação de métodos analíticos para determinação do conteúdo em corrente primária e tabaco de cigarro.


Assuntos
Produtos do Tabaco , Fumar , Nicotina , Amônia , Higroscópicos
15.
Brasília, D.F.; OPAS; 2024-08-14.
em Português | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr2-61102

RESUMO

Para estabelecer medidas equivalentes para o ensaio de produtos de tabaco em escala mundial é necessário que haja métodos consensuais de medição do conteúdo e das emissões específicas dos cigarros. Nenhum regime de fumar em máquina é capaz de representar plenamente o comportamento humano de fumar: os ensaios realizados em máquina de fumar são úteis para caracterizar as emissões de cigarro para fins de projeto e regulação, mas a divulgação aos fumantes das medições em máquina pode provocar mal-entendidos a respeito das diferenças de exposição e risco existentes entre as marcas. Os dados de emissão de fumaça obtidos por medições em máquina podem ser usados como elementos para avaliar os perigos do produto, mas não são nem se destinam a ser medidas válidas de exposição ou risco para os seres humanos. A apresentação de diferenças nas medições em máquina como diferenças de exposição ou risco constitui um uso indevido do ensaio de acordo com os padrões da TobLabNet da OMS. Este documento foi preparado por membros da Rede de Laboratórios de Tabaco (TobLabNet) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como um procedimento operacional padrão (POP) de método analítico para medição de nicotina em fumo de cigarro.


Assuntos
Nicotina , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Testes de Toxicidade
16.
Brasília, D.F.; OPAS; 2024-08-13.
em Português | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr2-61097

RESUMO

Para estabelecer medidas equivalentes para o ensaio de produtos de tabaco em escala mundial é necessário que haja métodos consensuais de medição do conteúdo e das emissões específicas dos cigarros. Nenhum regime de tragada obtido por máquinas é capaz de representar plenamente o comportamento humano de fumar: os ensaios realizados em máquinas de fumar são úteis para caracterizar as emissões de cigarro para fins de design e regulação, mas a divulgação aos fumantes das medições em máquinas pode resultar em interpretações equivocadas a respeito das diferenças de exposição e risco existentes entre as marcas. Os dados de emissão de fumaça obtidos por medições em máquinas podem ser usados como elementos para a avaliação do perigo do produto, mas não são e nem se destinam a ser medidas válidas de exposição ou risco para os seres humanos. A apresentação de diferenças nas medições em máquina como diferenças de exposição ou risco constitui uso indevido dos resultados do ensaio com métodos recomendados da TobLabNet da OMS. Este documento foi preparado por membros da Rede de Laboratórios de Tabaco (TobLabNet) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como um procedimento operacional padrão (POP) para medição de nicotina e monóxido de carbono na corrente primária do cigarro sob condições intensas de fumada.


Assuntos
Nicotina , Produtos do Tabaco , Fumaça , Monóxido de Carbono , Testes de Toxicidade
17.
Brasília, D.F.; OPAS; 2024-08-13.
em Português | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr2-61096

RESUMO

Para estabelecer medidas equivalentes para o ensaio de e-líquido em escala mundial, é necessário que haja métodos consensuais de medição do conteúdo específico em e-líquido. Como o conteúdo específico de nicotina é limitado a uma determinada concentração em algumas regiões do mundo, por exemplo, na União Europeia, a concen tração máxima de nicotina em e-líquido é de 20 mg/mL, considera-se a nicotina um elemento prioritário a ser medido em e-líquido. O glicerol e o propilenoglicol estão normalmente na composição do e-líquido, estes componentes podem ser medidos com a nicotina. Assim, sua determinação está incluída no POP. Este POP foi preparado para descrever o procedimento para a determinação de nicotina, glicerol e propilenoglicol em e-líquido de acordo com a ISO 20714. Este documento foi preparado por membros da Rede de Laboratórios de Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) (TobLabNet) em cooperação com os laboratórios membros da Ação Europeia Conjunta para o Controle do Tabagismo (JATC) como um procedimento operacional padrão (POP) do método analítico para determinação de nicotina, glicerol e propilenoglicol em e-líquido.


Assuntos
Nicotina , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Testes de Toxicidade , Glicerol , Propilenoglicol , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina
18.
Aging (Albany NY) ; 16(16): 11857-11876, 2024 Aug 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39167432

RESUMO

As the population ages, the prevalence of atherosclerosis (AS), a significant cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), continues to increase. Apoptosis is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Macrophages are the primary immune cell group in AS lesions, and their apoptosis plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AS. There is a common mechanism of action for circular RNAs (circRNAs) that involves the sponging of microRNAs (miRNAs) by binding to the miRNA response element (MRE), thereby increasing the transcription of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Most diseases are profoundly reliant on circRNAs. However, the underlying mechanism of circRNAs in apoptosis is yet to be elucidated. All differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their expression levels were analysed by whole-transcriptome sequencing of samples from the control and nicotine groups of THP-1 macrophages. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that nicotine affects macrophage physiological processes and related pathways. GSEA focused on gene sets to better understand the potential pathways and biological functions of all mRNAs. A competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed and validated through molecular biology experiments. The Notch signalling pathway was activated in nicotine-treated macrophages, and the expression of DLL4 in this pathway was increased. Circ_0006476 is involved in apoptosis via miR-3074-5p/DLL4, regulating pathogenic processes related to the Notch signalling pathway. The better we understand the pathways involved in macrophage apoptosis, the more likely we are to find other novel therapeutic targets that can help treat, prevent, and reduce the mortality associated with AS.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Macrófagos , MicroRNAs , RNA Circular , Receptores Notch , Transdução de Sinais , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Humanos , RNA Circular/genética , RNA Circular/metabolismo , Apoptose/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/genética , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Células THP-1 , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Nicotina/farmacologia
19.
Contemp Clin Trials ; 145: 107662, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39142511

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mitigating attrition is a key component to reduce selection bias in longitudinal randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Few studies of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) allow for the examination of long-term retention. This analysis explores the relationship between attrition, baseline measures, and condition assigned for a RCT involving ENDS differing in nicotine delivery over a 24-week intervention period. METHODS: Participants (N = 520) who smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day [CPD] for ≥1 year and reported interest in reducing but not quitting were randomized to 1 of 4 conditions: an ENDS containing 0, 8, or 36 mg/ml liquid nicotine (administered double-blind) or a cigarette-shaped plastic tube. Cox proportional hazards regression models were fit to examine attrition over time and predictors of attrition including baseline characteristics and condition. A stepwise approach was used to determine the final model; alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Attrition did not differ significantly by condition (223/520), and most (69%) were lost-to-follow-up. Only age, education level, and household income were significantly predictive of attrition. For every additional year of age, attrition risk fell by 3%. Holding a bachelor's degree or higher was associated with reduced attrition risk. Those with the lowest income (<$10 K) were more likely to be withdrawn compared to those earning $10 K-39 K, and those with the highest income ($100 K+) were more likely to be withdrawn compared with the latter bracket and those earning $70-99 K. CONCLUSION: ENDS nicotine content did not drive differential attrition in this trial, and targeted retention efforts are needed for specific subgroups. Trial Registration #: NCT02342795.


Assuntos
Fumar Cigarros , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Nicotina , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Método Duplo-Cego , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Redução do Consumo de Tabaco/métodos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores Etários , Perda de Seguimento , Escolaridade , Adulto Jovem , Renda
20.
Curr Opin Neurobiol ; 88: 102900, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39153250

RESUMO

Nicotine use is driven by pleasurable effects, but following chronic exposure, nicotine use becomes largely driven by the desire need to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Current cessation strategies focusing on alleviating withdrawal, but current cessation interventions are less effective for women than men. Also, hormone fluctuations across the menstrual cycle appear to impact use patterns, withdrawal severity, and treatment efficacy. This raises important questions regarding optimal quit dates and the application of hormone interventions to alleviate withdrawal in women. This review surveys the existing literature assessing the impact of ovarian hormones on nicotine withdrawal severity. This is an important issue because women seeking cessation treatments may be using hormone-based contraceptives or hormone replacement post-menopause. Hormone interventions may also offer a novel treatment avenue that is more effective than current cessation approaches. Future work in this area is important for reducing health disparities produced by excessive nicotine use in women.


Assuntos
Nicotina , Humanos , Feminino , Nicotina/farmacologia , Nicotina/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Tabagismo , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/fisiologia , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Ciclo Menstrual/efeitos dos fármacos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos
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