Caffeine consumption of medical students in Korea: amount and symptoms based on a 2023 survey.

PURPOSE: To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. METHODS: From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. RESULTS: Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was "to improve academic performance" (60.9%) and "preferred food" (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. CONCLUSION: Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

Onset and progression of dental erosion in a mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: Purpose of this research was to examine the onset, progression and wear rates of dental erosion in an established mouse model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dental erosion in mice was experimentally induced, and the acidic effects of cola drink on their teeth after 2, 4 and 6-weeks were closely analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The tooth height and enamel or dentin loss were established.  Results: The dental erosion on the molars showed clear progression from 2 to 6 weeks. By the 2-week mark, a significant portion of enamel was already eroded, revealing the dentin on the lingual cusps. When adjusted for attritional wear, molars exposed to cola for 2 weeks showed a 35% drop in lingual tooth height compared to controls (533 µm vs. 818 µm). At 4 and 6 weeks, the cola-exposed group continued to display decreased lingual tooth heights by 40% (476 µm vs. 799 µm) and 43% (440 µm vs. 767 µm), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study revealed significant acidic effects of cola drink on mouse molars as early as 2 weeks. These findings highlight the challenge of monitoring dental erosion clinically and underscore the importance of early preventive and intervention measures.

Associations between soft drinks intake and primary dysmenorrhea among Chinese undergraduate female students.

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common global health concern. However, limited studies explored the association between soft drinks intake and PD among female undergraduates in China. To determine the association between soft drinks (carbonated soft drinks, etc.) as well coffee intake and the incidence/severity of PD among female undergraduates in China. We performed a cross-sectional study among 1809 female undergraduates in China from September 29, 2020 to October 22, 2020. The demographic information and menstrual information of the participants were collected by a self-administrated questionnaire. Chi-square test, ANOVA test, and logistic regression test were used to investigate the association between soft drinks intake and the incidence/severity of PD. We also conducted stratification analysis among different locations (rural or urban). The prevalence of PD was 47.1% (n = 852). There were 221 (25.9%) participants suffered from severe pain. In the participants with PD, the OR of carbonated soft drinks intake was 1.244 (95% CI 1.010-1.533). Among the participants with PD from rural areas, the OR of carbonated soft drinks intake was 1.402 (95% CI 1.045-1.881), compared with the non-carbonated soft drink group. In the participants with moderate and severe PD, the OR of coffee intake was 0.451 (95% CI 0.228-0.892), compared with the non-coffee-drinking group. There was a significant association between carbonated soft drinks intake frequency and the severity of PD (P < 0.05). Our study showed that carbonated soft drinks intake is a risk factor for PD, especially in participants from rural areas. Coffee intake is a protective factor for the severity of PD. Periodical awareness programs about adverse effects of excessive soft drink consumption should be introduced to reduce the prevalence and exacerbation of PD. Coffee intake might be helpful to relieve the severity of PD.

Evaluation of nanohardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of fluoride-releasing tooth colored restorative materials.

Recently, interest in tooth-colored fluoride-releasing dental materials has increased. Although physical and mechanical properties such as surface hardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the restorative materials have been investigated, the effect of different immersion media on these properties is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the fluoride release of tooth-colored restorative materials after immersion in acidic beverages. Prepared samples of three restorative materials (a highly viscous glass ionomer (EQUIA Forte; GC, Tokyo, Japan), a compomer (Dyract XP; Dentsply, Weybridge, UK), and a bioactive restorative material (Activa BioACTIVE; Pulpdent, MA, USA)) were randomly divided and immersed in distilled water, a cola and an orange juice for one week. The HYSITRON T1 950 TriboIndenter device (Hysitron, USA) with the Berkovich diamond indenter tip was used for all measurements. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of the samples were measured by applying a force of 6000 µN to five different points on the sample surface. Surface roughness measurements were evaluated on random samples by scanning five random 40 × 40 µm areas. The properties were measured at the initial and one week after immersion. The values of nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness were tested for significant differences using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (p < 0.05). Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test was used for multiple comparisons. AB (Activa BioACTIVE) had the highest initial mean values for nanohardness. After post-immersion, the highest mean value for elastic modulus was the initial AB value. The lowest mean value for roughness of 100.36 nm was obtained for the initial DX (Dyract XP) measurement. Acidic beverages had a negative effect on the nanohardness, elastic modulus and surface roughness of the restorative materials.

Prevalence and Predictors of Soft Drink Consumption among Adolescents in the Gulf Countries: Findings from National Surveys.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of soft drink consumption among adolescents in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using nationally representative data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in a school survey and included 22,116 adolescents aged 12-18 years from Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Data were collected and analyzed using complex survey methods. The GSHS was not available for Saudi Arabia. Soft drink consumption was the main outcome variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, parental factors, and health-related behaviors. RESULTS: The prevalence of soft drink consumption three or more times per day ranged from 10.6% to 26.8% across the countries, with the highest being in Qatar. Adjusted analyses showed that girls had lower odds of SD consumption compared to boys (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57-0.77). Food insecurity, a proxy for low socioeconomic status, was associated with twice the odds of frequent consumption (OR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.75-2.43). Parental smoking and low physical activity levels were also associated with higher soft drink intake (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.13-1.88 and OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.28, respectively), while obesity showed a weak positive association. CONCLUSIONS: Daily soft drink consumption was highly prevalent among adolescents in the GCC countries. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors were significantly associated with frequent intake. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive, multi-sectoral interventions to reduce soft drink consumption in the region.

Habitual intake of carbonated drinks is associated with subjective difficulty in swallowing in community-dwelling older adults: a survey-based cross-sectional study.

Carbonated drinks have been reported to increase muscle activity during swallowing compared with water. Older adults who habitually consume carbonated drinks may use their swallowing-related muscles to a greater extent, thereby preserving their swallowing function. This study investigated the relationship between habitual carbonated drink intake, amount of carbonated drink consumed, and subjective difficulty in swallowing in community-dwelling older adults. We administered a questionnaire to determine subjective difficulty in swallowing, nutritional status, presence of sarcopenia, and habitual intake of carbonated drinks. Statistical analysis of the subjective difficulty in swallowing was performed using logistic regression analysis with the presence or absence of suspected dysphagia, using the Eating Assessment Tool-10 as the dependent variable. The results showed that older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.077; p = 0.011), nutritional status (OR: 0.807; p = 0.040), systemic sarcopenia (OR: 1.753, p < 0.001), and habitual intake of carbonated drinks (OR: 0.455; p = 0.039) were associated with subjective difficulty in swallowing. In conclusion, the daily habits of community-dwelling older adults impact their swallowing function.

Impact of Carbonated Beverages on Color Stability and Home Bleaching Efficacy of BulkFill Composite Resins.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess, in vitro, the color stability and bleaching response of three bulk-fill composite resins-Activa™, Tetric®-N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, and Filtek™ One Bulk-Fill???and one conventional composite resin, Filtek™ Z250, after immersion in commonly consumed carbonated beverages and subsequent home bleaching with 15 percent carbamide peroxide. Methods: Ninety-six samples (two- and four-mm thick) of the materials were immersed in malt drink, energy drink, cola, or distilled water for one day, one week, and two months. After two months, samples underwent home bleaching with 15 percent carbamide peroxide gel. Spectrophotometric analysis measured color and whiteness changes pre-immersion, post-immersion, and post-bleaching. Statistical significance was determined using factorial mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), three-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P<0.05). Results: All tested composite resins exhibited unacceptable discoloration (color change greater than 3.3) after two months in carbonated beverages. Filtek™ One Bulk-Fill and Filtek™ Z250 displayed the most significant discoloration, particularly when immersed in the malt drink (P<0.05). In contrast, Activa™ samples reached unacceptable discoloration within just one week in malt and cola drinks. Home bleaching yielded limited whiteness recovery, with Activa™ presenting acceptable whiteness post-bleaching after staining with cola and energy drinks. Conclusions: This study highlights the aesthetic risks of prolonged carbonated beverage consumption and the limitations of the assessed home bleaching technique using 15 percent carbamide peroxide. Enhanced dental education on the dietary effects of some beverages on restorative materials is indicated by these findings.

Can a Carbonated Lemon Drink Reduce Extracardiac Activity in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging?

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) provides physiologic and functional information about the heart muscle and its blood flow. Extracardiac radioactivity can interfere with visualization of the inferior wall of the myocardium, leading to poor-quality images, difficulties in interpretation, and delays in routine practice. This study aimed to identify the efficiency of having the patient consume a carbonated lemon drink to minimize the extracardiac radioactivity of 99mTc-sestamibi in comparison to 99mTc-tetrofosmin during MPI. Methods: This was a retrospective study that recruited 158 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease referred to undergo 99mTc-sestamibi or 99mTc-tetrofosmin rest/stress single-day MPI. The patients were divided into 2 groups of mixed sexes and different ages. The first group comprised 78 patients injected with 99mTc-sestamibi, and the second group comprised 80 patients injected with 99mTc-tetrofosmin. For both groups, the patients drank 30 mL of fresh lemon juice diluted with 150 mL of soda water, and then we gave the patients about 100 mL of straight soda water, before imaging for both the rest and the stress phases. Results: Generally, in both groups, the 99mTc-tetrofosmin produced a good-quality image in comparison with the 99mTc-sestamibi. The mean rank of the total score for 99mTc-tetrofosmin (62.75) was less than that for 99mTc-sestamibi (96.68), and this difference was highly statistically significant (P = 0.000). There were statistically significant differences in the ratios and mean ranks for both groups in favor of 99mTc-tetrofosmin in patients having coronary artery disease. Conclusion: The use of a carbonated lemon drink minimizes extracardiac activity from both 99mTc-labeled MPI radiopharmaceuticals. This finding was more statistically significant for 99mTc-tetrofosmin MPI, providing better image quality and earlier imaging in both the rest and the stress phases because of faster hepatobiliary clearance.

Dietary habits as associated factors with irritable bowel syndrome among medical students: evidence from a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Research on Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) among medical students has increased globally, highlighting a high prevalence in this demographic. However, there is a lack of data specifically regarding the prevalence of IBS among medical students in Yemen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of IBS among Yemeni medical students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving medical students who completed a validated self-administered questionnaire incorporating socio-demographic information, dietary habits, smoking status, sleep patterns, and the Rome IV criteria for IBS. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify IBS's associated factors, estimated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and average marginal effect (AME) on the predicted probability of IBS. RESULTS: The study included 351 medical students with a mean age of 22.53 ± 2.70 years; 39.60% (139) were females. The prevalence of IBS was 26.21% (92 students), with 67.39% (62) of them classified as IBS-M (mixed). In multivariable analysis, the consumption of carbonated soft drinks remained significantly associated with IBS (OR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.14-9.88; P = 0.028). In males, coffee consumption had a substantial effect on the predicted probability of IBS (AME: 11.41%; 95% CI: 0.32-22.60). In females, the consumption of carbonated soft drinks had a significant effect on the predicted probability of IBS (AME: 24.91%; 95% CI: 8.34-41.48). CONCLUSION: The consumption of carbonated soft drinks is significantly associated with IBS among medical students, with a particularly notable increase in the predicted probability of IBS in females. These findings highlight the necessity for gender-specific dietary recommendations in IBS management. Further research is essential to investigate IBS in the general population to gain a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence and associated factors.

Exploring the impact of bubble type on sensory stimulation in drinks.

This study explores the impact of various types of carbonation on sensory stimulation in the mouth, salivary secretion and the neurotransmitter substance P (SP), as well as body responses such as heart rate (HR) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). Three types of carbonation (one made using a soda machine, another carbonated with a gasifier, and the last commercial sparkling water) were used to produce different bubbles resulting in distinct sensory characteristics assessed by a trained panel. The impact of carbonation was measured by recording changes in salivary flow rate, SP levels, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), HR, and GSR in fifteen healthy participants. The results showed that the bubble type only affected the sensory perception of carbonation. Regardless of bubble type, carbonation increased salivary flow rate and SP values, SigA and HR. These characteristics are being sought to improve treatments for dysphagia or dry mouth. Therefore, these findings highlight the potential therapeutic application of carbonation in these situations.

One-pot derivatization spectrofluorimetric method for detection of aspartame in sweetener commercial tablets and soft drinks: Greenness assessments of the methodology.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used in drinks and many foods. International Agency for Research on Cancer classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B). In this study, a sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method was developed to detect aspartame. The method is based on switching on the fluorescence activity of aspartame upon its condensation with O-phthalaldehyde (Roth's reaction) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The reaction product was detected fluorometrically at λem of 438 nm after λex of 340 nm. All reaction conditions required to yield the optimal fluorescence intensity were observed and investigated. Furthermore, the approach was validated according to ICH guidelines. Upon plotting the concentrations of aspartame against their associated fluorescence intensity values, the relationship between the two variables was linear within the range of 0.5-3.0 µg/mL. Furthermore, the method was employed to analyze the quantity of aspartame in commercial packages and soft drinks with an acceptable level of recovery. In addition, the Green Solvents Selecting Tool, Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index, and the Analytical Greenness Metric tool were used to evaluate the sustainability and the greenness of the developed methodology.

Exploring the sugar-sweetened beverage tax (SSBT) pass-through rate in the Irish hospitality sector.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) supports the use of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes (SSBTs) as a fiscal lever to help reduce sugar consumption and tackle obesity. Obesity is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. In response to increasing levels of obesity in Ireland, an SSBT was introduced in 2018. Previous research in Ireland has noted that the pass-through rate of the SSBT in retail (off-site consumption) settings was poor. However, to date, no research has examined the SSBT pass-through rate in hospitality (on-site consumption) venues in Ireland. METHODS: This research examines the SSBT pass-through rate on Coca-Cola versus diet versions of Coca-Cola in a convenience sample of 100 hospitality venues in two provincial Irish cities. RESULTS: Wilcoxon signed rank test analysis revealed that regular Coca-Cola was significantly more expensive compared to the price charged for diet versions of Coca-Cola. However, in 85.6% of cases the same price was charged for both full-sugar and sugar-free drinks. The mean pass-through rate of the SSBT was 33.8%. CONCLUSION: The effective functioning of the SSBT is premised on persistent price differences between soft drink prices based on sugar content. However, this is barely evident in the hospitality sector in Ireland. A number of recommendations are suggested, including both increasing the SSBT, and increasing it annually in line with inflation.

The color stability of artificial white spot lesions treated with resin infiltration after exposure to staining beverages.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of staining beverages on the color-changing of resin-infiltrated artificial white spot lesions (WSLs). METHODS: Thirty-five artificial WSLs were created by pH cycling on flat bovine teeth specimens. The WSLs were treated with resin infiltration and were divided into five groups based on staining beverages: artificial saliva, coffee, wine, green tea, and Coca-Cola. These specimens were subjected to a 28-day exposure to the respective beverages. Color stability was assessed using a spectrophotometer at different time points: baseline, after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure, and repolishing. The color difference (∆E) between each time point and the baseline was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way measures ANOVA with a significance level of p = 0.05. RESULTS: All resin-infiltrated specimens exposed to staining beverages for 7 days exhibited more significant color changes than those exposed to artificial saliva. The color change patterns varied based on the type of beverage. The color alterations intensified with extended immersion in the wine and Coca-Cola groups, while there were no significant differences in the color of specimens after 28 days of immersion in the coffee and green tea groups. However, after cleaning with pumice powder, all specimens showed significantly reduced color changes compared to those observed after 28 days of immersion, except those immersed in coffee. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of resin-infiltrated bovine tooth specimens to staining beverages resulted in a significant color alteration as the immersion time increased. However, the staining effect could be minimized by cleaning with pumice powder, except for the coffee group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After resin infiltration treatment, patients should be advised to minimize the consumption of colored beverages to prevent staining that could impact esthetic appearance.

Estimated changes in free sugar consumption one year after the UK soft drinks industry levy came into force: controlled interrupted time series analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2011-2019).

BACKGROUND: The UK soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) was announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, encouraging manufacturers to reduce the sugar content of soft drinks. This is the first study to investigate changes in individual-level consumption of free sugars in relation to the SDIL. METHODS: We used controlled interrupted time series (2011-2019) to explore changes in the consumption of free sugars in the whole diet and from soft drinks alone 11 months after SDIL implementation in a nationally representative sample of adults (>18 years; n=7999) and children (1.5-19 years; n=7656) drawn from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Estimates were based on differences between observed data and a counterfactual scenario of no SDIL announcement/implementation. Models included protein consumption (control) and accounted for autocorrelation. RESULTS: Accounting for trends prior to the SDIL announcement, there were absolute reductions in the daily consumption of free sugars from the whole diet in children and adults of 4.8 g (95% CI 0.6 to 9.1) and 10.9 g (95% CI 7.8 to 13.9), respectively. Comparable reductions in free sugar consumption from drinks alone were 3.0 g (95% CI 0.1 to 5.8) and 5.2 g (95% CI 4.2 to 6.1). The percentage of total dietary energy from free sugars declined over the study period but was not significantly different from the counterfactual. CONCLUSION: The SDIL led to significant reductions in dietary free sugar consumption in children and adults. Energy from free sugar as a percentage of total energy did not change relative to the counterfactual, which could be due to simultaneous reductions in total energy intake associated with reductions in dietary free sugar.

The association between soft drinks consumption and risk of mental disorders among Iranian adults: The LIPOKAP study.

OBJECTIVE: With rising demand for soft drinks (SDs) in low-income countries, studies examining mental disorders in relation to SDs are rather scarce. Therefore, we aimed to explore this association in a sample of Iranian adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out within the framework of the multi-centric LIPOKAP project, with 1970 Iranian healthy adults. Dietary intake and symptoms of depression and anxiety were collected using validated, Persian versions of a food frequency questionnaire and a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. Artificial juices were considered fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) included fruit-flavored carbonated sugar beverages and carbonated colas, and soft drinks included SSB and drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 39.8 ± 13.9 years. Compared to lower intake, higher intake of SDs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.69; P = 0.041), SSBs (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.67; P = 0.045) and artificial juice (OR = 1.63, 95 % CI: 1.24, 2.13; P < 0.001) was associated with higher risk of depression in adjusted model. These associations were sex-specific and more evident in males. No significant association was found between any of the drinks and anxiety risk except for artificial juice in men which was directly associated with anxiety risk (OR = 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.06, 2.61; P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: This study found a positive association between SDs, SSBs and artificial juice and depression, but not anxiety. These associations varied between men and women. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our results and reveal the causal relationship.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Bulk-fill and Nanohybrid Composite after Exposure to Different Beverages at Various Time Intervals - An In vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the surface roughness and microhardness of bulk-fill composite and nanohybrid composite resin after exposure to three different beverages at different time intervals. METHODOLOGY: In this study, 60 composite discs each for bulk fill and nanohybrid, of dimensions 10 mm × 2 mm were made. Both composites were randomly divided into four subgroups, i.e., 15 samples each for artificial saliva, tea, coffee, and soft drinks which were further subdivided into five samples for three time intervals. Composite resin discs were immersed in beverages for 4 min in 24 h for 7, 15, and 30 days. All samples were evaluated for surface roughness and microhardness before and after immersion. RESULTS: Both the composites showed a significant increase in surface roughness in all the beverages with maximum change in surface roughness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. Furthermore, the microhardness of both the composites was decreased significantly in all beverages with maximum change in microhardness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Bulk-fill composite resin has better resistance to surface roughness and higher microhardness as compared to nanohybrid. Furthermore, acidic beverages highly affect the physical properties of both composite resins for longer periods.

Résumé Objectif:Comparer la rugosité de surface et la microdureté du composite Bulk-Fill et de la résine composite nanohybride après exposition à trois boissons différentes à différents intervalles de temps.Matériels et Méthodes:Dans cette étude, 60 disques composites chacun pour remplissage en vrac et nanohybride, de dimensions 10 mm X 2 mm ont été fabriqués. Les deux composites ont été divisés au hasard en quatre sous-groupes, soit 15 échantillons chacun pour la salive artificielle, le thé, le café et les boissons gazeuses, qui ont ensuite été subdivisés en 5 échantillons pendant 3 intervalles de temps. Des disques de résine composite ont été immergés dans des boissons pendant 4 minutes en 24 heures pendant 7, 15 et 30 jours. Tous les échantillons ont été évalués pour la rugosité de surface et la microdureté avant et après immersion.Résultats:Les deux composites ont montré une augmentation significative de la rugosité de surface dans toutes les boissons, un changement maximal de rugosité de surface ayant été observé dans la résine composite nanohybride immergée dans une boisson gazeuse. De plus, la microdureté des deux composites a diminué de manière significative dans toutes les boissons, un changement maximal de microdureté ayant été observé dans la résine composite nanohybride immergée dans une boisson gazeuse.Conclusions:La résine composite de remplissage en vrac a une meilleure résistance à la rugosité de surface et une microdureté plus élevée que la nanohybride. De plus, les boissons acides affectent fortement les propriétés physiques des deux résines composites sur des périodes plus longues.

Assessing one-shade composite resin color stability in response to everyday drinks.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to measure the color changes in one-shade composite resins when exposed to common drinks, such as tea, cola and coffee. MATERIALS/METHODS: In our study, Omnichroma, Vitrra APS Unique, GC A'chord and Charisma Diamond One composite resins were used. Composite resins were placed in stainless steel molds with depths of 2 mm and diameters of 5 mm. Ten specimens were immersed in tea, 10 specimens were immersed in coffee, 10 specimens were immersed in cola and 10 specimens were immersed in distilled water in an incubator at 37 °C for 14 days. Color measurements were performed at the beginning of the study and after 24 h and 14 days. Color values ​​were measured using a CIE L*a*b* system with a spectrophotometer device. Color and translucency changes were calculated and data analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The greatest color changes occurred in the tea and coffee groups; the smallest color change occurred in the control group. After 14 days, the greatest color change was observed in the Charisma + Coffee group; the smallest color change was observed in the Omnichroma + Water group. The transparency and contrast ratios changed in all groups, and the smallest change occurred in the Omnichroma control group. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were found in the composite color changes after immersion in beverages. The color variations significantly differed depending on the beverage in which the specimens were immersed. The initial contrast ratio was markedly different from the examined materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study emphasizes the significance of common beverages on the color stability of one-shade composite resins, underlining the need of appropriate material selection for long-term aesthetic effects in one-shade composite resin restorations.

"Don't think of a soda": Contradictory public health messaging from a content analysis of Twitter posts about sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in California from 2015 to 2018.

To show how sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes were framed in posts on Twitter (now known as X) through text and images, we conducted a content analysis on a sample of Tweets from California users posted between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 about SSB taxes in Berkeley, San Francisco, Oakland, and/or Albany, California. We evaluated posts for information sources, arguments for or against SSB tax policies, and images used. We found that posts presented a mix of messages through text and images. The majority of posts (64%) included arguments supporting SSB taxes, 28% presented a neutral position (e.g., factual information) or a mix of both pro-and anti-tax arguments, and 8% opposed. One-third of posts included an image, almost half of which appeared to be stock photos from SSB advertisements: many of these were shared by medical and public health users. Some tax supporters also reposted messages and images from opposition campaigns and added their own criticisms. By reposting opponents' anti-tax messages and images of SSBs, tax supporters may have inadvertently promoted SSBs, reinforced opposition to SSB taxes, and normalized SSBs. While advocates effectively shared pro-tax arguments, they should also ensure that accompanying images reflect the solutions they seek, not just the problem they are trying to combat.