De cómo se gestó el alcantarillado de Santiago de Chile / About how was gestated the sewerage in Santiago de Chile

Resumen Puede considerarse que la red de acequias, diseñada por el alarife Gamboa en 1541 junto con el plano de los solares de la recién fundada ciudad de Santiago, fue el esqueleto que al correr de los siglos llevaría a la construcción de un alcantarillado. Durante el período colonial estas acequias, destinadas a aportar agua a las chacras, servirían para llevarse los desechos, no sólo orgánicos, sino de todo tipo, generando abusos y litigios entre los vecinos, que se intentaba controlar con múltiples leyes y reglamentos. El agua para beber, extraída del río Mapocho, era nauseabunda y fuente de infecciones entéricas, siendo mejor -y más cara- la acarreada desde las quebradas cordilleranas, como la de Ramón. Con el advenimiento de la República en el siglo XIX nació la preocupación por tener una estructura sanitaria similar a la europea, culminando con la idea de tener una red de alcantarillado, cuya construcción se iniciaría recién en 1905, luego de una larga discusión de varios proyectos.

Abstract It is possible to estimate as the skeleton for the body of one future sewerage in Santiago (Chile) the web of irrigation ditches designed for the "alarife" (a primitive architect) Gamboa in 1541. Along the three centuries of the colonial period, the ditches not only distributed water for the familial cultures, but also got away from the houses all kind of residues, not only organic, being a fountain of conflicts and fights between the neighbors, that multiple laws and warnings could not ever resolve. The water for drink was taken from the dirty Mapocho River, full of enteric bacteria, with the consequences of Salmonella and Shigella infections, being better but more expensive the water from the ravines near the city, transported on mules or horses. With the arrival of the Republic in 1810, the idea of a sewerage for Santiago similar to the Europeans was growing, and after one discussion and another, and after one project and another, its building started on 1905.

Mudanças climáticas e o acesso à água e esgotamento sanitário: desafios e oportunidades para os Estados do Ceará e São Paulo, Brasil / Climate change and access to water and sanitation: challenges and opportunities for the States of Ceara and Sao Paulo, Brazil

O acesso ao saneamento básico no Brasil sempre passou por desafios, e principalmente o acesso ao esgotamento sanitário teve uma evolução tímida em todas as regiões do país, diferentemente do acesso ao abastecimento de água. Dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS, 2019) apontam que 46,85% da população brasileira não é atendida com esgotamento sanitário e 16,38% não têm acesso à rede de água. Dentro do contexto de infraestrutura urbana, saneamento básico é visto como um dos principais desafios perante as mudanças climáticas, sobretudo quanto aos recursos hídricos. Eventos extremos, como períodos longos de seca severa e chuvas extremas, estão cada vez mais presentes no cenário brasileiro, colocando em discussão a resiliência da infraestrutura e sua capacidade de adaptação frente aos riscos iminentes à saúde humana e ao ambiente. Considerando que o Brasil é signatário dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável - ODS, que contemplam tópicos de água e saneamento (ODS 6) e mudanças climáticas (ODS 13), discute-se nesta dissertação a necessidade do setor de saneamento básico incorporar a agenda das mudanças climáticas, com foco no abastecimento de água para consumo humano e na resiliência das infraestruturas de esgotamento sanitário. Os resultados obtidos por meio de análises documentais, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores envolvidos com o saneamento básico nos estados do Ceará e São Paulo, realizadas entre abril a dezembro de 2019, evidenciam que o setor de saneamento básico ainda compreende as mudanças climáticas a partir dos eventos extremos climáticos vivenciados mais recentemente, isto é, as secas prolongadas da década de 2010, sem incorporar efetivamente, em suas decisões, perspectivas dos cenários futuros sobre os efeitos do aumento das temperaturas e aumento ou decréscimo de chuvas. Os impactos para a sociedade, ao observar as alterações climáticas e a inserção desta agenda para o setor de saneamento, são abordados discursivamente nos documentos e entrevistas analisados a partir, sobretudo, dos efeitos monetários, com aumentos de tarifa para consumo humano de água também atrelados à recuperação dos investimentos realizados para garantir segurança hídrica e resiliência das infraestruturas.

Water and Sanitation in Brazil have always been a challenge, and mainly access to sewage disposals have evolved timidly in all regions of the country, unlike access to potable water supply. Data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS, 2019) show that 46.85% of the Brazilian population do not have access to sewage disposals and 16.38% do not have access to the potable water supply. Within the context of urban infrastructure, water and sanitation are one of the main challenges in the face of climate change, especially regarding water resources. Extreme climate events, such as long periods of severe drought and extreme rains, are increasingly present in the Brazilian scenario, in which the resilience of the infrastructure and the ability to adapt to the imminent risks to human health and the environment are at stake. Considering that Brazil is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs, which include topics on water and sanitation (SDG 6) and climate change (SDG 13), this dissertation discusses the need for the water and sanitation sector to incorporate the agenda of climate changes with a focus on water supply for human consumption and the resilience of sewage infrastructure. The results obtained through documentary analysis, bibliographic review and semi-structured interviews with actors involved in water and sanitation in Ceara and Sao Paulo, from April to December 2019, show that the water and sanitation sector still perceives climate change from the most recent extreme climate events, that is , the extended droughts of the decade of 2010, without presenting perspectives of future scenarios on the effects of rising temperatures and increasing or decreasing rainfall. The impacts for society, when observing climate change and the insertion of this agenda for the water and sanitation sector through the documents and interviews, are demonstrated considering the monetary effects, with revenues increases for human consumption of water also linked to the recovery of investments made to guarantee water security and infrastructure resilience. The recommendations and final considerations about the themes worked on in the dissertation are added to a technical study carried out by Instituto Trata Brasil on water demand for the future.

Análise de efeitos socioeconômicos sobre a malária na Amazônia Legal, Brasil / Analysis of socioeconomic effects on malaria in Legal Amazon, Brazil

Introdução - A região da Amazônia Legal experimentou, na última década, reduções expressivas nas incidências de malária. No entanto, fatores diversos como gestão da saúde, financiamento, fatores climáticos, sociais e econômicos elevaram novamente a incidência de malária a partir de 2015. O planejamento e criação de políticas públicas voltadas para o combate efetivo da doença requerem o conhecimento dos determinantes socioeconômicos e ambientais na ocorrência e na incidência de malária. Objetivos: (1) Analisar a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas e ambientais na incidência de malária; (2) Indicar potenciais ações que permitam reduzir o impacto da doença nas populações expostas à infecção por Plasmodium spp. e, consequentemente, ao risco de malária. Metodologia: Foram levantados indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais de 641 municípios da Amazônia legal em bases de dados de domínio público durante o período de 2006 a 2017. As Análises de Componentes Principais (PCA) e correlação linear de Pearson foram empregadas para reduzir a dimensão das variáveis e permitir selecioná-las para a etapa de modelagem. As associações entre as variáveis selecionadas pelas análises PCA e correlação de Pearson e o Índice Parasitário Anual (IPA) foram estimadas utilizando-se modelos de Regressão Linear Multivariada. Assim, foi possível dimensionar os efeitos das variáveis socioeconômicas e ambientais sobre o IPA. Resultados: Os resultados dos modelos de regressão linear múltipla para o desfecho IPA evidenciaram que fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais no período de estudo contribuíram para a flutuação do IPA, tanto para todo o grupo de municípios da região da Amazônia legal quanto para o grupo de municípios com IPA médio e alto. O Índice de Gini, proporção de domicílios com esgotamento sanitário e abastecimento de água inadequados, e proporção de domicílios sem banheiro ou sanitário foram fatores de risco (p<0,5) para a incidência de malária. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados demonstram a relevância dos fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais no risco de adquirir malária em áreas endêmicas da Amazônia legal. Os efeitos encontrados de desigualdade, condições de saneamento inadequadas e infraestrutura das habitações sobre a incidência de malária ressaltam a importância de políticas públicas de melhoria da qualidade de vida da população desta região no combate à doença.

Introduction - The region known as the legal Amazon has undergone, in the last decade, considerable reductions in the incidence of malaria. However, various factors such as health management, financing and climatic, social and economic factors have contributed to a new increase in the incidence of malaria as from 2015. The planning and creation of public policies for the purpose of effectively combating the disease call for knowledge of the socio-economic and environmental determining factors related to the occurrence and incidence of malaria. Objectives: (1) An analysis of the influence of the socio-economic and environmental variables on the incidence of malaria; (2) The indication of potential actions which would permit a reduction in the impact of the disease in the populations exposed to infection by Plasmodium spp. and, consequently, to the risk of malaria. Methodology: Socio-economic and environmental indicators were surveyed in 641 municipalities of legal Amazon in a database of public access during the period from 2006 to 2017. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Pearson's Linear Correlation were employed to reduce the size of the variables and permit the selection of the variables for the modeling stage. The associations between the variables selected by the PCA analyses and Pearson's Correlation and the Annual Parasite Index (IPA) were estimated using Multilinear Multivariate Analysis models. It was thus possible to measure the effects of the socio-economic and environmental variables on the IPA. Results: The results of the models of multiple linear regression for the resulting IPA evidenced that socio-economic and environmental factors contributed during the study period to the fluctuation of the IPA, both for the whole group of municipalities of the region of the legal Amazon as also for the group of municipalities with average and high IPA. The Gini Index, the proportion of dwellings with inadequate sewage and water supply, and the proportion of dwellings without a bathroom or sanitation were risk factors (p<0.5) for the incidence of malaria. Conclusion: The results found demonstrated the relevance of the socio-economic and environmental factors to the risk of contracting malaria in endemic areas of legal Amazon. The effects found in terms of inequality, inadequate sanitary conditions and infrastructure of the dwellings on the incidence of malaria highlight the importance of public policies for the improvement of the quality of life of the population of this region in the fight against this disease.

Pseudomonas spp: contamination sources in bulk tanks of dairy farms / Pseudomonas spp: fontes de contaminação em tanques de expansão em fazendas leiteiras

This study focused on isolating Pseudomonas spp. during milking process in ten dairy farms with manual and mechanical milking systems during dry and rainy seasons, and evaluating DNA homology and patterns of distribution between isolates, in order to identify main sources of milk contamination by Pseudomonas spp. A total of 167 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were obtained from water, milkers' hands, cows' teats, teat cups, cooling tanks and raw milk. Bacteria of Pseudomonas spp. genus were isolated from 85 and 82 sampling points in dairy farms with manual and mechanical milking system, respectively. A significant difference (p=0.02) on Pseudomonas spp. isolation was observed among samples of surface of cows' teats before and after pre-dipping, but no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed among milking systems or seasons. The possibility of the same Pseudomonas spp. patterns are distributed in different farms and seasons using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique was demonstrated. Milkers' hands, surface of cows' teats, teat cups and cooling tanks were associated with raw milk contamination with Pseudomonas spp. on farms with manual and mechanical milking system, showing that regardless of the type of milking system and season, proper hygiene procedures of equipment, utensils and workers' hands are essential to avoid contamination of the milk and, therefore, improve milk quality.(AU)

Este estudo se propôs a isolar Pseudomonas spp. durante o processo de ordenha em dez fazendas com sistemas manuais e mecanizados, durante as estações seca e chuvosa, além de avaliar a homologia do DNA e seus padrões de distribuição entre os isolados, a fim de se determinar as principais fontes de contaminação do leite. Cento e sessenta e sete isolados de Pseudomonas spp. foram obtidos a partir de amostras de água, mãos de ordenhadores, tetos, teteiras, tanques de resfriamento e leite cru armazenado, sendo 85 e 82 pontos de amostragem em fazendas com sistemas de ordenha manual e mecânico, respectivamente. Diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre os isolados observados entre a superfície dos tetos antes e após o pré-dipping (p=0,02), mas nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre sistemas de ordenha ou estações (p>0,05). A possibilidade do mesmo padrão de Pseudomonas spp. estar distribuído em diferentes fazendas ou estações foi avaliada pela técnica de Polimorfismo do Tamanho de Fragmento Amplificado (AFLP). As mãos de ordenhadores, superfície dos tetos das vacas, teteiras e tanques de resfriamento foram associados com a contaminação do leite cru, demonstrando que independente do tipo de ordenha e estação, a higiene adequada de equipamentos, utensílios e mãos dos ordenhadores é essencial para evitar contaminação do leite, e consequentemente aumentar sua qualidade.(AU)

Diagnóstico da situação do saneamento no perímetro urbano da cidade de Timon, MA / Diagnosis of the sanitation situation in the urban area of the city of Timon, MA

A gestão do saneamento no Brasil enfrenta desafios, sobretudo pelo fato do crescimento populacional e urbano não serem levados em conta, influenciando direta ou indiretamente na manifestação dos problemas ambientais. A avaliação da combinação entre a universalização do acesso ao saneamento e a realidade encontrada através de um diagnóstico in situ, pode contribuir para levantamento de indicadores precisos sobre as vulnerabilidades regionais. O diagnóstico da situação do saneamento no perímetro urbano da cidade de Timon no estado do Maranhão, foi realizado para contribuir com informações que ofereçam base para tomadas de decisões da gestão pública. O levantamento das informações deu-se em uma amostra com 313 domicílios localizados no perímetro urbano da cidade. Para a determinação da quantidade e localização dos domicílios, inicialmente realizou-se uma avaliação do espaço geográfico da cidade, mapeamento e reconhecimento dos bairros, ressaltando características como área e vias de acesso, dividindo-o em quatro macrorregiões. Utilizou-se inquérito auto relatado, para levantamento de informações socioeconômicas, sobre o provimento e utilização da água, esgotos e descarte de resíduos domiciliares. As análises consistiram de dados da cidade como um todo, sendo construído um banco de dados no Programa Tabwin, que permitiu o cruzamento destes e a realização de análises estatísticas. Observou-se que mais de 61 por cento da população armazena água nos domicílios, sobretudo na MRS e MRO. 5 por cento da população não possui banheiro dentro do domicílio, refletindo riscos por destinação incorreta dos excretas. Ainda, 11 por cento dos domicílios, afirmaram despejar dejetos do vaso em rede pública, sem tratamento algum, não passando por fossas sépticas, sendo despejados em sumidouros, podendo contaminar calçadas e locais de passagem de pedestres. O volume de lixo informado pelos domicílios abordados, demonstra: uma grande quantidade de resíduos sendo descartado; resíduos sendo descartados sem coleta; resíduos coletados em períodos errados. A gestão pública municipal deve permanecer vigilante, principalmente na MRN e na MRO. O levantamento de dados a respeito da coleta de resíduos sólidos domiciliares demostrou que 17 por cento dos domicílios não possuem coleta de resíduos pela companhia de coleta de lixo. Os dados levantados apontam para a necessidade da população por maiores informações sobre condutas corretas de higiene e que a gestão pública necessita ampliar o sistema de saneamento; bem como proporcionar uma coleta de resíduos sólidos adequada para a demanda de descarte atual da população.

Sanitation management in Brazil faces challenges, mainly because the population and urban growth are not taken into account, which influences directly or indirectly in the demonstration of environmental problems. The evaluation of the combination of universal access to sanitation and the reality found through diagnosis in situ, can contribute to raising precise indicators on regional vulnerabilities. The diagnosis of the sanitation situation in the urban area of the city of Timon in the state of Maranhão, was undertaken to contribute information that provides the basis for decision-making in public administration. The gathering of information took place in a sample of 313 households located in the urban area of the city. To determine the number and location of households, there was initially held an assessment of the geographic area of the city, mapping and recognition of neighborhoods, highlighting features such as area and access roads, dividing it into four geographical regions. We used self-reported survey to survey of socio-economic information on the provision and use of water, sewage and disposal of household waste. The analysis consisted of city data as a whole, and a database was built in the program, TabWin, which allowed the crossing of these and performing statistical analyses. It was observed that over 61 percent of the population stores water in theirn households, particularly in MRS and MRO. Five percent of the population does not have a bathroom inside the home, reflecting the risks of improper disposal of excreta. Still, 11 percent of households said there was untreated vessel dump waste in public, not going through septic tanks being dumped into sinks and contaminate sidewalks and pedestrian crossing locations. (...) The volume of waste reported by households covered shows the following: a large amount of waste being disposed of; waste being discarded without collection; waste collected in the wrong periods. The municipal public administration must remain vigilant, particularly in MRN and MRO. The survey data regarding the collection of household solid waste has shown that 17 percent of households have no waste collection by the garbage collection company. The data obtained point to the population’s need for more information concerning correct hygiene conduct. Public management needs to expand sanitation systems; as well as providing a collection of adequate solid waste disposal for the current demand of the population.

Indicadores para avaliação de efeitos de intervenções de saneamento básico: a questão da sustentabilidade / Indicators to assess effects of sanitation interventions the issue of sustainability

As intervenções de saneamento básico, ou seja, as obras para implantação ou ampliação de sistemas de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário têm sido relacionadas à redução das taxas de mortalidade infantil ocorrida no estado de São Paulo nas últimas décadas. De fato, a relação entre saneamento básico e saúde pública é antiga, principalmente no que se refere ao controle das doenças de veiculação hídrica. Entretanto, ela se mostra muito fraca, ou até nula, para regiões onde os índices de cobertura por redes de água e esgotos já se encontram em patamares acima da média nacional, como é o caso de grande parte dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. Uma abordagem do saneamento básico, sob o ponto de vista da complexidade de suas relações, considerando aspectos multidimensionais, faz-se necessária como forma de repensar o setor de forma mais ampla, fugindo do senso comum. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar, analisar e descrever indicadores de sustentabilidade que pudessem estabelecer uma nova base para avaliação de efeitos de intervenções de saneamento básico, melhorando a determinação e acompanhamento dos impactos decorrentes, constituindo, então, uma matriz de indicadores específicos para a área, a partir da investigação dos conceitos de sustentabilidade e seus desdobramentos para o setor saneamento básico e o ambiente empresarial

Sanitation interventions, ie the works for implementation or expansion of water and sewage systems, have been related to the reduction of infant mortality rates occurred in the state of São Paulo in recent decades. Indeed, the relationship between public health and basic sanitation is old, especially with regard to the control of waterborne diseases. This relationship, however, proves very low, or even zero, for regions where the networks coverage ratios of water and sewers are already at levels above the national average, as is the case of most municipalities in the state of São Paulo. An approach to sanitation from the point of view of the complexity of their relationships, considering multidimensional aspects, is necessary in order to rethink the most widely sector, running common sense. The objective of this research was to identify, analyze and describe sustainability indicators that could establish a new basis for evaluating effects of sanitation interventions, improving the determination and monitoring of the impacts resulting from them constituting an array of specific indicators to the area. It began with the investigation of the concepts of sustainability and its impact on the sanitation sector and the business environment. Searches in public databases enabled the identification and selection of multidimensional indicators for sanitation

Eficiência de lagoas de polimento no pós-tratamento de reator UASB no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura / Efficiency of a polishing pond for the post-treatment of the effluent from UASB reactor treating swine wastewater

Avaliou-se o desempenho de um sistema de lagoas seriadas que recebeu efluentes de reator UASB, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. O sistema foi composto de reator anaeróbio de chicanas (RAC), reator UASB, em escala real, e uma série de lagoas (uma lagoa facultativa e três de maturação), em escala piloto. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: pH, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-am.), fósforo total (Pt), coliformes totais (CT) e Escherichia coli (EC). As lagoas de pós-tratamento contribuíram eficientemente para remoção de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e sólidos, fornecendo um efluente com qualidade para o reuso agrícola ou lançamento em corpos d'água...

The performance of a post-treatment pond for treating swine wastewater from an UASB reactor was evaluated. The system was assembled with an anaerobic baffle reactor (RAC), followed by an UASB reactor (UASB) on a real scale, and a post-treatment pond on a demonstration scale. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), ammonia nitrogen (N-am.), total phosphorus (Pt), total coliforms (CT) and Escherichia coli (E coli.). The post-treatment lagoons contributed efficiently to remove nutrients, organic matter and solids, providing an effluent quality for agricultural reuse or discharge into a body of water...

Índice de sensibilidade ao risco de contrair doenças infecciosas de veiculação hídrica (Hepatite A, Leptospirose e Esquistossomose) na Área de Influência da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto – ETE Alegria, no Município do Rio de Janeiro / Sensitivity index to the risk of contracting infectious waterborne diseases (hepatitis A, leptospirosis and schistosomiasis) in the Area of Influence of Sewage Treatment Station - ETE Joy, in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho objetivou analisar a relação entre a vulnerabilidade social e o número de casos existentes de doenças infecciosas relacionadas à água, frente às alterações climáticas (enchentes, deslizamentos, etc.), a partir da identificação de áreas sensíveis ao risco de desenvolver estas doenças. Para isto definiu-se como área de estudo as RAs que são beneficiadas pelos serviços de coleta e tratamento de esgotos da ETE Alegria, consideradas umas das principais obras de infraestrutura sanitária do Programa de Despoluição da Baía de Guanabara - PDBG. Foram analisadas um total de 12 RAs, na série histórica de 2000 a 2009, quanto as variáveis epidemiológica (número de casos existentes e frequência de ocorrência na população); climatológica (precipitação, dias de chuva, temperatura máxima e mínima) e socioeconômica (educação, renda, distribuição de água, destino do lixo e esgotamento sanitário). Ao final desta caracterização, construiu-se um Índice de Sensibilidade ao Risco (ISR) para doenças infecciosas de veiculação hídrica, com base na metodologia proposta por De Oliveira (2013). A partir dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho foi possível classificar as RAs que compõem a área de influência da ETE Alegria em três níveis de risco: baixo (Portuária e Centro), médio (Rio Comprido, São Cristóvão, Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Inhaúma, Méier, Jacarezinho, Complexo do Alemão e Complexo da Maré) e alto (Ramos). Dentre as componentes do ISR, a que mais influenciou a ocorrência de doenças infecciosas de veiculação hídrica foi o indicador socioeconômico, principalmente relacionado às variáveis renda, esgotamento sanitário e coleta de lixo...

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between social vulnerability and prevalence of infectious diseases related to water, face to climate change ( floods, landslides , etc.), from the identification of sensitive areas to developing these diseases . To this, the study area was defined by the administrative regions (RA in portuguese) which are benefited by the services of collection and treatment of sewage from ETE Alegria , considered one of the major works of the health infrastructure program to clean the Guanabara Bay - PDBG . A total of twelve RAs were analyzed in the time series from 2000 to 2009, as epidemiological variables ( prevalence of cases ); climatological (precipitation, rainy days, maximum and minimum temperature ) and socioeconomic ( education, income , water supply , garbage and sewage ). At the end of this characterization we constructed an Index of Sensitivity Risk (ISR ) for infectious diseases related to water, based on the methodology proposed by De Oliveira (2013). From the results obtained in this work, it was possible to classify the RAs that comprise the area of influence of ETE Alegria into three risk levels: low (Portuária and Centro) , medium (Rio Comprido, São Cristóvão, Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Inhaúma, Méier, Jacarezinho, Complexo do Alemão e Complexo da Maré) and high (Ramos) . Among the components of the ISR, who most influences of prevalence of infectious waterborne diseases is the socioeconomic index, primarily related to income variables, sewage and garbage collection. Still, considering the results presented by RA, this study showed, according to the methodology used, even in areas where the epidemiological risk is not high Index of Sensitivity to Risk can be classified as high or medium, mainly due to socioeconomic conditions found, the vulnerability of the area for the occurrence of extreme events and due to under reporting...

Dinâmica de nitrogênio em um sistema de lagoas de estabilização na região do Vale do Ribeira (São Paulo - Brasil) / Nitrogen dynamic in waste stabilization ponds systems in the Ribeira's Valley region (São Paulo - Brasil)

Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo investigar os pro-cessos envolvidos nas transformações do nitrogênio em um sistema de lagoas de estabilização. Em amostragem nictemeral (24 horas) observou-se forte estratificação térmica durante a maior parte do ciclo amostrado a qual condicionou a compartimentalização vertical e a estratificação química nas duas lagoas, possibilitando a análise dos processos de forma segmentada pela ACP (análise de componentes principais), que mostrou-se ferramenta estatística muito útil na caracterização dos processos. A degradação de proteína, com subseqüente geração e acúmulo de nitrogênio amoniacal, foi observada, além da possível excreção de proteína ou aminoácidos por organismos fitoplanctônicos na superfície das lagoas. A provável ocorrência de nitrificação na superfície da lagoa anaeróbia evidenciou a necessidade de otimização de operação do sistema a fim de viabilizar a remoção de nitrogênio através da desnitrificação, processo provavelmente inibido pelas elevadas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido registradas durante o dia.

This research had as main objective to investigate the involved processes in the transformations of nitrogen in a system of waste stabilization ponds. In nictemeral sampling (24 hours) strong thermal stratification was observed during most of the showed cycle which conditioned two vertical compartments and the chemical stratification in the two lagoons, making possible the analysis of the processes of segmented form for PCA (Principal Components Analysis) that was a very useful statistics tool in the characterization of the processes. The protein degradation was observed with subsequent generation and accumulation of ammoniacal nitrogen, beyond the possible excretion of protein or amino acids for phytoplanktonic organisms in the surface of the ponds. The probable occurrence of nitrification in the surface layer of the anaerobic pond evidenced the necessity of improving the operation parameters of the system in order to reach a greater nitrogen removal through the denitrification, process probably inhibited by significant high concentrations of oxygen dissolved registered in superficial layers, particularly during the day.

Performance of corrugated metal pipe (CMP) culverts during past earthquakes

To evaluate culvert perfomance during earthquakes, we reviewed reconnaissance reports from six earthquake and conducted field investigations in areas shaken by three of those earthquakes. Hundreds of CMP culverts were in place in areas strongly shaken by these earthquakes. Lack of reported or observed damage to all but ten of these structures indicate that CMP culverts generally perform performed very well during earthquake shaking. Of then ten damaged culverts, all but one were in areas of ground failure caused by liquefaction or slope instability. The one culvert not in an area of ground failure suffered minor damage due to increased lateral pressures cracking a head wall and slightly deforming the pipe intel. Damaging ground failures included embankment penetration into liquefied foundation soils, lateral spread, ground oscillation and slope instability. Diameters of culverts ranged from 0.45 m to 3.6 m. (AU)

Stabilization ponds in the tropics: Promotion of the sanitary reuse of water

This article reports the results of efforts by PAHO's Environmental Health Program to lay the groundwork for designing wasterwater stabilization ponds suited to tropical areas. The resulting design concepts are flexible (permitting pond construction to be adapted to a broad range of terrains, community sizes, and working temperatures) and directed at meeting WHO standards established for the microbial quality of effluents used in agriculture and aquaculture. The WHO standards (1) call for treated wastewater being used in agriculture or aquaculture to contain less than 1 000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml. The plans outlined here, which are calculated to meet those standards, seek to minimize the pond area and volume needed by using two high-load primary anaerobic ponds discharging into an elongated secondary pond with a length-to-width ratio of at least 15:1. In rough terrain the elongated pond can be allowed to meander, following the land's natural contours. However, where the terrain is level it is recommended that a system of partitions be used to maintain the 15:1 ratio for operating purposes while changing the actual ratio of the secondary pond's outer dimensions to something like 5:3

This article will also be published in Spanish in the Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panam. Vol. 115. No. 6, 1993

Stabilization ponds in the tropics: Promotion of the sanitary reuse of water

This article reports the results of efforts by PAHO's Environmental Health Program to lay the groundwork for designing wasterwater stabilization ponds suited to tropical areas. The resulting design concepts are flexible (permitting pond construction to be adapted to a broad range of terrains, community sizes, and working temperatures) and directed at meeting WHO standards established for the microbial quality of effluents used in agriculture and aquaculture. The WHO standards (1) call for treated wastewater being used in agriculture or aquaculture to contain less than 1 000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml. The plans outlined here, which are calculated to meet those standards, seek to minimize the pond area and volume needed by using two high-load primary anaerobic ponds discharging into an elongated secondary pond with a length-to-width ratio of at least 15:1. In rough terrain the elongated pond can be allowed to meander, following the land's natural contours. However, where the terrain is level it is recommended that a system of partitions be used to maintain the 15:1 ratio for operating purposes while changing the actual ratio of the secondary pond's outer dimensions to something like 5:3

Contribución al conocimiento de las algas unicelulares de las lagunas de bioestabilización en San Juan, Lima / Unicellular algae

In large population centers the treatment of vast quantities of municipal sewage to render them suitable for other uses is becoming more and more important. This is particularly necessary in dry or semi-arid regions, where waste of water can be dangerous to survival

Lima, which is situated in a semi-arid area, has in the area of San Juan, a series of ponds for the biostabilization of part of its municipal sewage. This sewage, which is exposed to decantation, aeration, and the action of sunlight, wind, and biological purification agents for almost two months, loses its excessive load of solid and particulate organic matter, and takes up oxygen on contact with the air and as a result of the action of aquatic vegetation. In the meantime, sunlight exerts a germicidal action on pathogenic agents

At present, the vegetation primarily consists of unicellular algae, which appear as heterogeneous populations with a predominance of Chlorella and Euglena rubra in the primary pools

The plankton algae in the secondary and tertiary pools are surprinsingly diverse and abundant and are involved in several phases of the process of self-purification of sewage during its stay in the pools. When the treatmetn is completed, the water in the tertiary pools is as pure as natural water, which, together with its high production capacity, can, within limits be used in agriculture and forestry and also for ...(AU)

Lagunas de estabilización para tratamiento de aguas servidas / Stabilization ponds for the treatment of sewage

This article describes a system for the treatment of sewage by means of a stabilization pond for anaerobic treatment at the lower level and aerobic treatment at the upper level, preceded by simple mechanical aeration. The author points out the ability of this process to tolerate great differences in organic loads which are so frequent in industrial sewage

Everything possible has also been done to take into account the economic and climatic conditions of communities in which treatment plants are constructed as well as local practices and methods of managing and operating such systems which will be later reflected in their actual operation. Prior examination will make it possible to adopt the most realistic solutions and the result will be more efficient use of available resources

The author also points out that in principle, because of their low initial cost, low cost of operation and maintenance, and high degree of efficiency, stabilization ponds can be successfully employed for the treatment of effluents from factories and communities in different parts of Mexico whose organic load is less than 30 mg/1

Anaerobic or aerobic stabilization ponds, whether constructed to work in series or in parallel, can be successfully used as the sole means of treatment or in combination with simple aerators. As a rule, the most important construction items such as the purchase of land and labor costs do ...(AU)

Contribución al conocimiento de las algas unicelulares de las lagunas de bioestabilización en San Juan, Lima / Unicellular algae

In large population centers the treatment of vast quantities of municipal sewage to render them suitable for other uses is becoming more and more important. This is particularly necessary in dry or semi-arid regions, where waste of water can be dangerous to survival

Lima, which is situated in a semi-arid area, has in the area of San Juan, a series of ponds for the biostabilization of part of its municipal sewage. This sewage, which is exposed to decantation, aeration, and the action of sunlight, wind, and biological purification agents for almost two months, loses its excessive load of solid and particulate organic matter, and takes up oxygen on contact with the air and as a result of the action of aquatic vegetation. In the meantime, sunlight exerts a germicidal action on pathogenic agents

At present, the vegetation primarily consists of unicellular algae, which appear as heterogeneous populations with a predominance of Chlorella and Euglena rubra in the primary pools

The plankton algae in the secondary and tertiary pools are surprinsingly diverse and abundant and are involved in several phases of the process of self-purification of sewage during its stay in the pools. When the treatmetn is completed, the water in the tertiary pools is as pure as natural water, which, together with its high production capacity, can, within limits be used in agriculture and forestry and also for ...(AU)

Lagunas de estabilización para tratamiento de aguas servidas / Stabilization ponds for the treatment of sewage

This article describes a system for the treatment of sewage by means of a stabilization pond for anaerobic treatment at the lower level and aerobic treatment at the upper level, preceded by simple mechanical aeration. The author points out the ability of this process to tolerate great differences in organic loads which are so frequent in industrial sewage

Everything possible has also been done to take into account the economic and climatic conditions of communities in which treatment plants are constructed as well as local practices and methods of managing and operating such systems which will be later reflected in their actual operation. Prior examination will make it possible to adopt the most realistic solutions and the result will be more efficient use of available resources

The author also points out that in principle, because of their low initial cost, low cost of operation and maintenance, and high degree of efficiency, stabilization ponds can be successfully employed for the treatment of effluents from factories and communities in different parts of Mexico whose organic load is less than 30 mg/1

Anaerobic or aerobic stabilization ponds, whether constructed to work in series or in parallel, can be successfully used as the sole means of treatment or in combination with simple aerators. As a rule, the most important construction items such as the purchase of land and labor costs do ...(AU)