Correlación del Ángulo de Fase con las Masas Muscular y Grasa en una Población Caucásica Sana de Amplio Rango de Edad / Correlation of Phase Angle with Muscle and Fat Mass in a Healthy Caucasian Population of a Wide Age Range

El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) es un método relativamente económico, rápido y no invasivo para la determinación de la composición corporal. El ángulo de fase (PhA) es un indicador de la salud celular y de la integridad de la membrana y parece estar relacionado con la capacidad física y el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar las posibles relaciones entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (SMM%) y entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa grasa (FM%) en una población caucásica sana, con un amplio rango de edad. Se analizaron 210 sujetos caucásicos sanos (99 mujeres y 111 hombres), de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 70 años. Se utilizó un dispositivo BIA mano-pie (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) para la determinación de los parámetros bioeléctricos y un escáner DXA de cuerpo entero QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) para la determinación de SMM% y FM%. Se observaron correlaciones significativas positivas fuertes entre PhA y SMM%, independientemente de la franja de edad, (0,520-0,687; p < 0,01) y correlaciones significativas negativas fuertes (o moderadas/fuertes) entre PhA y FM% (0,492-0,657; p < 0,01), también independientemente de la franja de edad. Estas correlaciones indican que PhA podría utilizarse como marcador para ver la evolución de un sujeto activo, sea deportista o no. Se recomienda, por tanto, el desarrollo y la validación de nuevas ecuaciones para determinar la masa muscular y la masa grasa, que incluyan PhA como parámetro bioeléctrico.

SUMMARY: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive, economic and fast method for body composition assessment. Phase angle (PhA) is considered an indicator of cellular health and cell membrane integrity, and it seems to be related to physical capacity and performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible relationships between PhA and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMM%) and between PhA and fat mass percentage (FM%) in a healthy Caucasian population with a wide age range. 210 healthy Caucasian participants (99 women and 111 men), aged 20-70 years were analyzed. A BIA foot-to-hand body composition analyzer (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) was used to determine bioelectrical parameters, and a whole body DXA scanner QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) was used for SMM% and FM% assessment. Irrespective of age range, strong positive significant correlations were observed between PhA and SMM% (0.520-0.687; p < 0.01) and strong (or moderate/strong) negative significant correlations were observed between PhA and FM% (0.492-0.657; p < 0.01). These correlations indicate that PhA could be used as a marker to monitor the evolution of an active subject, whether an athlete or not. It would be useful to develop and validate new equations for skeletal muscle mass and fat mass assessment, which include PhA as a bioelectrical parameter.

Predicting future climate change impacts on the potential distribution of the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra): an endangered arboreal primate.

Climate change is one of the main factors affecting biodiversity worldwide at an alarming rate. In addition to increases in global extreme weather events, melting of polar ice caps, and subsequent sea level rise, climate change might shift the geographic distribution of species. In recent years, interest in understanding the effects of climate change on species distribution has increased, including species which depend greatly on forest cover for survival, such as strictly arboreal primates. Here, we generate a series of species distribution models (SDMs) to evaluate future projections under different climate change scenarios on the distribution of the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra), an endemic endangered primate species. Using SDMs, we assessed current and future projections of their potential distribution for three Social Economic Paths (SSPs) for the years 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090. Specifically, we found that precipitation seasonality (BIO15, 30.8%), isothermality (BIO3, 25.4%), and mean diurnal range (BIO2, 19.7.%) are the main factors affecting A. pigra distribution. The future climate change models suggested a decrease in the potential distribution of A. pigra by projected scenarios (from - 1.23 to - 12.66%). The highly suitable area was the most affected above all in the more pessimist scenario most likely related to habitat fragmentation. Our study provides new insights into the potential future distribution and suitable habitats of Alouatta pigra. Such information could be used by local communities, governments, and non-governmental organizations for conservation planning of this primate species.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Cham. & Schltdl.) G.Don. (Santalales: Loranthaceae), the first plastome of a mistletoe species in the Psittacantheae tribe.

Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Cham. & Schltdl.) G.Don., 1834, is a mistletoe species in the Loranthaceae, characteristic of the canopy in cloud forest edges and widely distributed in northern Mesoamerica. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of P. schiedeanus, the first for a species in the Psittacantheae tribe. The circularized quadripartite structure of the P. schiedeanus chloroplast genome was 122,586 bp in length and included a large single-copy region of 72,507 bp and two inverted repeats of 21,283 bp separated by a small single-copy region of 7,513 bp. The genome contained 112 genes, of which 96 are unique, including 65 protein-coding genes, 27 transfer RNA, and four ribosomal RNA. The overall GC content in the plastome of P. schiedeanus is 36.9%. Based on 43 published complete chloroplast genome sequences for species in the families Loranthaceae and Santalaceae (Santalales), the maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with high-support bootstrap values indicated that P. schiedeanus in the Psittacantheae tribe is sister to the tribe Lorantheae. The chloroplast genome provided in this study represents a valuable resource for genetic, phylogenetic and conservation studies of Psittacanthus species, and an important advance for unraveling the evolutionary history of these hemiparasitic plants.

Avaliação da Capacidade Laboral da Rede da Atenção Primária a Saúde: desafios e perspectivas / Evaluation of the Workforce Capacity of the Primary Health Care Network: Challenges and Perspectives

Problema: Disposição laboral insuficiente dos profissionais alocados na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Relevância: O dimensionamento correto qualifica os processos e a gestão. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade laboral da rede da Atenção Primária à Saúde do município de Primavera do Leste/Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo exploratório, do tipo transversal, de análise secundária do Sistema de Notificação de Agravos de Notificação, e-SUS AB e o e-Gestor. Foram utilizados indicadores de saúde e parâmetros para a estratificação do grau de vulnerabilidade territorial. A produção e o número de profissionais foram calculados por unidade de saúde. Resultados: A análise mostrou que a produtividade e o quantitativo ideal das categorias profissionais de médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem, agentes comunitários, dentistas, técnicos e auxiliares de saúde bucal estiveram abaixo do recomendado. Considerando que os dados compilados se referem ao ano de 2021, período de excepcionalidade da pandemia, a explicação para essa redução da produção ideal pode estar na diminuição dos procedimentos e consultas programadas em todas as unidades de saúde. Os desafios são complexos e envolvem fatores como crescimento populacional acelerado, profissionais sem vínculo efetivo e com alta rotatividade, bem como participação mais efetiva da gestão para a inclusão desse tema nas pautas estratégicas da saúde.

Issue: Insufficient workforce allocation in Primary Health Care. Relevance: Accurate staffing enhances processes and management. Objective: To evaluate the workforce capacity of the Primary Health Care network in the municipality of Primavera do Leste/Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: An exploratory descriptive epidemiological study, of a cross-sectional type, with a secondary analysis of the Notifiable Disease Notification System (SINAN), e-SUS AB, and the e-Manager (e-Gestor). Health indicators and parameters for the stratification of territorial vulnerability levels were used. The output and number of professionals were calculated per health unit. Results: The analysis revealed that the productivity and ideal quantity of professional categories, including doctors, nurses, nursing technicians, community agents, dentists, dental technicians, and dental assistants, were below the recommended levels. Considering that the compiled data refer to the year 2021, a period of exceptional circumstances because of the pandemic, the explanation for this reduction in ideal production may be due to the decrease in procedures and scheduled appointments across all health units. The challenges are complex and involve factors such as rapid population growth, professionals without a formal contract and with high turnover, as well as a more effective management participation to include this issue in the strategic health agendas.

Transcriptional Basis for Haustorium Formation and Host Establishment in Hemiparasitic Psittacanthus schiedeanus Mistletoes.

The mistletoe Psittacanthus schiedeanus, a keystone species in interaction networks between plants, pollinators, and seed dispersers, infects a wide range of native and non-native tree species of commercial interest. Here, using RNA-seq methodology we assembled the whole circularized quadripartite structure of P. schiedeanus chloroplast genome and described changes in the gene expression of the nuclear genomes across time of experimentally inoculated seeds. Of the 140,467 assembled and annotated uniGenes, 2,000 were identified as differentially expressed (DEGs) and were classified in six distinct clusters according to their expression profiles. DEGs were also classified in enriched functional categories related to synthesis, signaling, homoeostasis, and response to auxin and jasmonic acid. Since many orthologs are involved in lateral or adventitious root formation in other plant species, we propose that in P. schiedeanus (and perhaps in other rootless mistletoe species), these genes participate in haustorium formation by complex regulatory networks here described. Lastly, and according to the structural similarities of P. schiedeanus enzymes with those that are involved in host cell wall degradation in fungi, we suggest that a similar enzymatic arsenal is secreted extracellularly and used by mistletoes species to easily parasitize and break through tissues of the host.

Efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 en hospitalizados con fallas vacunales en 10 hospitales de la CCINSHAE / Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in hospitalized patients with vaccine failures in 10 CCINSHAE hospitals

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 para evitar muerte e intubación en pacientes hospitalizados con Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se presentó un análisis de 3 565 hospitalizaciones por SARS-CoV-2 de personas mayores de 20 años de edad, reportadas con fines de salud pública por 10 hospitales de especialidad. Se comparó a los egresados por mejoría (2 094) con los fallecidos (1 471) en modelos mixtos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, sexo, número de comorbilidades y el hospital como variable aleatoria. Resultados: Un esquema completo de vacunación, con cinco tipos de vacunas disponibles, tuvo un efecto protector para muerte o intubación (RM: 0.67, IC95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% de protección); y para muerte (RM: 0.80, IC95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% de protección) estos datos se compararon con los que no habían sido vacunados. Todas las vacunas aplicadas mostraron un efecto protector con un RM<0.8, con intervalos de confianza variables. Conclusiones: El antecedente de vacunación reduce los riesgos de ser intubado y morir, aun en pacientes previamente vacunados y hospitalizados con Covid-19 grave.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to avoid death and intubation in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Materials and methods: We present an analysis of 3 565 hospitalizations for SARS-CoV-2 in people over 20 years of age, reported for public health purposes by 10 specialty hospitals, comparing those discharged for improvement (2 094) with those who died (1 471) in mixed models of logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, number of comorbidities and the reporting hospital as a random variable. Results: A complete vaccination schedule, with five types of vaccine available, had a protective effect for death or intubation (OR: 0.67, CI95%: 0.54,0.83, 33% protection) and for death (OR: 0.80, CI95%: 0.64,0.99, 20% protection) compared to those who had not been vaccinated. All the applied vaccines in the Mexican program showed a protective effect with an OR<0.8, with variable confidence intervals. Conclusions: Even in patients previously vaccinated and hospitalized with severe Covid-19, a history of vaccination reduces the risks of being intubated and dying.

Migración del somatotipo en jugadores de fútbol profesional en las últimas décadas / Somatotype migration in professional soccer players over the last decades

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la configuración morfológica de los jugadores de fútbol de un equipo de la primera división italiana y compararlo con las investigaciones publicadas en las últimas décadas. Un total de 23 jugadores fueron evaluados a mitad de temporada, mediante el método de campo antropométrico y tratados los valores con el software KINBIA®. Se estableció que el somatotipo de la muestra es ecto-mesomorfo (1,52 - 4,7 - 2,63) y no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las posiciones de juego. Se realizó una representación gráfica de los somatotipos por posición de juego y la migración del somatotipo de las investigaciones de fútbol de las últimas décadas. Se concluye que el futbolista de élite actual ha reducido más el componente endomórfico y que, en el mismo equipo, existen diferencias no significativas en el somatotipo según la posición de juego que desempeñen. El territorio de influencia de estos deportistas en la somatocarta ha ido evolucionando en las dos últimas décadas desplazándose desde la mesomorfia balanceada hacia la ecto-mesomorfia.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological configuration of soccer players of an Italian first division team and to compare it with research published in recent decades. A total of 23 players were evaluated at mid-season, using the anthropometric field method and the values were processed with the KINBIA® software. It was established that the somatotype of the sample is ecto-mesomorphic (1,52 - 4,7 - 2,63) and no significant differences were found between playing positions. A graphical representation of the somatotypes by playing position and somatotype migration from soccer researches of the last decades was made. It is concluded that the current elite soccer player has reduced the endomorphic component and there are non-significant differences in somatotype according to the playing position. The territory of influence of these athletes in the somatochart has been evolving over the last two decades, shifting from balanced mesomorphy to ecto-mesomorphy.

Cambios en la composición corporal y ángulo de fase durante la pretemporada en jugadores de fútbol profesional / Changes in body composition and phase angle during pre-season in professional soccer players

RESUMEN: El análisis y el control de la composición corporal son claves en el fútbol por su implicación en el rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar, en jugadores de futbol profesional, el ángulo de fase (PhA) de miembros inferiores con los posibles patrones de mejora del componente magro en los mismos medido por DEXA. Al mismo tiempo, se estudió mediante BIA la evolución de parámetros hídricos de los jugadores, sometidos a un entrenamiento intenso y a un control nutricional de su alimentación y suplementación. Se evaluaron a 18 jugadores (26,28 ± 5,1 años; 85,09 ± 9,16 kg; 185,5 ± 4,32 cm) de un equipo de la primera división de fútbol italiana. Se llevó a cabo el estudio durante cuatro semanas, entre el 11 de julio (pre-test) y el 11 de agosto de 2021 (post-test). La intervención se llevó a cabo en su totalidad en pretemporada, con un confinamiento en modalidad de aislamiento o burbuja total por prevención al contagio del COVID-19, dónde se monitorizaba en un alto porcentaje la vida del jugador, incluyendo factores como la alimentación, el entrenamiento y el descanso. La suplementación estuvo basada en antioxidantes, multivitamínicos, minerales y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y dos productos en polvo (uno a base de creatina, glutamina y leucina, y otro, a base de aminoácidos esenciales). Los jugadores presentaron una mejora del PhA y del componente magro en los miembros inferiores, con una moderada correlación (r = 0,6). Con respecto al agua intracelular y extracelular, señalar que, a pesar de la alta intensidad del ejercicio durante cuatro semanas, éstas se han mantenido constantes sin presentar variaciones significativas durante el periodo de estudio, lo que indica que no se ha producido un proceso de deshidratación del jugador.

SUMMARY: The analysis and control of body composition is essential in soccer due to its implication in performance. The aim of this study was to identify, in professional soccer players, the phase angle (PhA) of the lower limbs with possible patterns of improvement of the lean component measured by DEXA. At the same time, the evolution of hydric parameters of the players, subjected to intense training and nutritional control of their diet and supplementation, was studied by means of BIA. Eighteen players (26.28 ± 5.1 years; 85.09 ± 9.16 kg; 185.5 ± 4.32 cm) from an Italian first division football team were evaluated. The study was conducted for four weeks, between 11th July (pre- test) and 11th August of 2021 (post-test). The intervention was carried out entirely in pre-season, with confinement in isolation or total bubble mode for prevention of COVID-19 infection, where a high percentage of the player's life was monitored, including factors such as diet, training and rest. Supplementation was based on antioxidants, multivitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids and two powdered products (one based on creatine, glutamine and leucine, and the other one, on essential amino acids). The players showed an improvement in PhA and in the lean component in the lower limbs, with a moderate correlation (r = 0.6). With regard to intracellular and extracellular water, it should be noted that, despite the high intensity of exercise during four weeks, these have remained constant without significant variations during the study period, indicating that there has not been a process of dehydration of the player.

Endonasal clipping of unruptured right paraclinoid aneurysm. Case report in a third level center in Mexico City.

Paraclinoid aneurysms take importance due to the technical difficulty due to anatomical relationships, which is why different approaches have been sought for their proper management. This is a female patient with a finding of a paraclinoid aneurysm and treatment using an endonasal approach with adequate angiographic support. Knowledge of the anatomy and surgical skill are required for the management of these lesions, assisted by angiographic controls for successful treatment. The endoscopic endonasal approach is adequate if the anatomy allows it and the basic hospital infrastructure is available to obtain high success rates.

Los aneurismas paraclinoideos cobran importancia debido a la dificultad técnica por sus relaciones anatómicas, por lo que se han buscado diferentes abordajes para su adecuado manejo. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con un aneurisma paraclinoideo y tratamiento mediante abordaje endonasal con apoyo angiográfico adecuado. Se requieren conocimientos de la anatomía y habilidad quirúrgica para el manejo de estas lesiones, así como asistencia de controles angiográficos para el éxito del tratamiento. El abordaje endonasal endoscópico es adecuado en caso de que la anatomía lo permita y se tenga la infraestructura hospitalaria básica para obtener un alto índice de éxitos.

Phylogeography and population differentiation in Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) reveal expansion and gene flow in world populations.

BACKGROUND: Hepatozoon canis is a protozoan transmitted to dogs and other wild carnivores by the ingestion of ticks containing mature oocysts and is considered the principal cause of canine hepatozoonosis in the world. Here, we examined ribosomal RNA 18S gene sequence variation to determine the genetic differences and phylogeographic diversity of H. canis from various geographical areas around the world. METHODS: We used 550 publicly available sequences of H. canis from 46 countries to assess haplotype relationships, geographical structure, genetic diversity indices, and relationships among populations. We performed neutrality tests and pairwise comparisons of fixation index (FST) values between groups and pairwise comparisons of FST values between populations. To determine whether populations are structured, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVAs) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) were performed. RESULTS: The dataset of H. canis yielded 76 haplotypes. Differentiation among populations indicated that there is no phylogeographical structure (GST = 0.302 ± 0.0475). Moreover, when samples were grouped by continents a significant FST was obtained, meaning that populations were genetically differentiated. The AMOVA showed that 57.4% of the genetic variation was explained by differences within populations when all locations were treated as a single group and revealed that there is no population structure when populations are grouped into two, three, and four groups (FCT, p > 0.05), suggesting that dispersal between populations is high. SAMOVA revealed significant FCT values for groups K = 5. The Tajima's D and Fu's Fs show that populations have undergone recent expansion, and the mismatch distribution analysis showed population expansion (multimodal distribution). CONCLUSIONS: The current molecular data confirmed that H. canis does not show phylogeographic or population structure. The haplotypes exhibit low genetic differentiation, suggesting a recent expansion due to gene flow among populations. These results provide pivotal information required for future detailed population genetic analysis or to establish control strategies of this parasite.

Valoración del impacto del confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 sobre la composición corporal de una población de futbolistas de élite / Assessment of the impact of confinement by SARS-CoV-2 on the body composition of elite soccer players

RESUMEN: El confinamiento por pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha agravado la condición física y nutricional de los deportistas de élite, modificando la rutina de los entrenamientos. La bioimpedancia (BIA) estudia la composición corporal y es utilizada para valorar la evolución de las intervenciones médicas, deportivas y nutricionales. El objetivo del estudio fue observar si una intervención nutricional y una prescripción de actividad física específicas pudieron atenuar los cambios hídricos, de composición corporal, y ángulo de fase (PhA) tras el confinamiento por la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 en una población de futbolistas de élite. En un grupo de 22 futbolistas profesionales (Serie A, Calcio, Italia) se evaluó la BIA antes (febrero 2020) y después (mayo 2020) del confinamiento por la pandemia SARS-CoV-2. Durante el periodo de confinamiento se aplicó una intervención nutricional y prescripción de actividad física específicas. Las medidas de los participantes se realizaron de forma protocolizada, usando material antropométrico y un impedanciómetro multifrecuencia, octopolar y segmental de la marca Tanita modelo MC-780MA. Se aplicó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. No se observaron diferencias significativas antes y después del periodo de intervención, en el grado de hidratación y composición corporal (masa muscular y masa grasa). Por el contrario, se evidenció un cambio significativo en el PhA. Estos datos nos permiten poder tener una referencia de que intervenciones nutricionales y de actividad física pueden minimizar o disminuir el impacto de un confinamiento en la composición corporal. No obstante, este tipo intervención no fue capaz de atenuar los efectos del confinamiento sobre el PhA, considerado un indicador de la salud celular. Así mismo, aportamos una gráfica vectorial de referencia, mediante SpecificBIVA, de esta población.

SUMMARY: The confinement due to a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has aggravated the physical and nutritional condition of elite athletes, modifying their training routine. Bioimpedance (BIA) studies body composition and is used to assess the evolution of medical, sports and nutritional interventions. The objective of the study was to observe if a specific nutritional intervention and prescription of physical activity could attenuate the changes in water, body composition, and phase angle (PhA) after confinement due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a population of professional soccer players. In a group of (22 professional soccer players (Serie A, Calcio, Italy) the BIA was evaluated before (February 2020) and after (May 2020) the confinement due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. During the confinement period, a specific nutritional intervention and prescription of physical activity was applied. The measurements of the participants were carried out in a standardized way, using anthropometric material and a multifrequency, octopolar and segmental impedance measurer of the "Tanita" brand model MC-780MA. Student's T test was applied for related samples. No significant differences were observed before and after the intervention period, in the degree of hydration and body composition (muscle mass and fat mass). On the contrary, a significant change in PhA was evidenced. These data allow us to hav a reference for nutritional and physical activity interventions that can minimize or reduce the impact of confinement on body composition. However, this type of intervention was not able to attenuate the effects of confinement on PhA, considered an indicator of cellular health. Likewise, we provide a reference vector graph, using Specific BIVA, of this population.

Intracranial hypertension syndrome secondary to internal jugular vein thrombosis due to miliary cervical tuberculosis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein (IJV) is extremely rare, being central catheterization the most common cause. We present a case of a patient with an unusual appearance of neurological symptoms as a consequence of thrombosis of the IJV secondary to miliary tuberculosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 30-year-old woman with disseminated tuberculosis, with multiple lymphadenopathy, axillary, cervical, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and inguinal, presented with clinical evidence of intracranial hypertension. A diagnostic cerebral angiography was performed, which revealed an occluded left internal jugular and venous stasis in the entire cerebral venous system. The patient was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin, with which she had an adequate evolution. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis is capable of generating a state of hypercoagulability, in addition to a mechanical compression effect due to cervical lymphadenopathy. We report an unusual clinical presentation, with intracranial involvement due to IJV thrombosis secondary to miliary tuberculosis. So far, there are no cases with a similar presentation described above.

Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra) and Domestic Animals in Fragmented Rain-Forest Areas in Tabasco, Mexico.

The appearance and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in natural environments and wildlife are related to agricultural and livestock activities and are a global health and conservation problem. We assessed the presence of AMR genes in Escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), and horses (Equus caballus) from a highly fragmented forest in southern Mexico. Fresh fecal samples were collected using swabs, seeded on eosin-methylene blue agar, and E. coli colonies identified by PCR; multiplex-PCR was performed on E. coli DNA for the detection of 10 AMR genes from four families (sulfonamides, tetracycline, ß-lactamase, and chloramphenicol). We detected E. coli in 94% (48/51) of fecal samples, of which 33% (16/48) tested positive for at least one AMR gene. We detected AMR genes in at least one individual from each sampled animal species, with the most prevalent genes being tet(B) 18% (9/48), sul2 14% (7/48), sul1, and blaTEM 12% (6/48). Sheep samples contained AMR genes from the four families of antibiotics detected in this study and 50% (5/10) tested positive for the presence of at least one gene. A total of 12% (2/16) of fecal samples from black howler monkeys tested positive for AMR genes. The presence of AMR genes in A. pigra and domestic animals has not been reported in the Balancán area of Tabasco, Mexico. Transmission of AMR bacteria from domestic animals to monkeys is rare; however, this is a potential health risk for wildlife and species conservation.

Etnomedicina en Los Altos de Chiapas, México / Ethnomedicine in The Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

The objective of the this research was to register the current popular therapeutic use of medicinal plants in the Tzotzil indigenous population, in The Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. The data were collected from 59 informants (39% men, 61% women) between 20 and 86 years old, through a semi-structured questionnaire in the Tzotzil language. From the information collected, a total of 59 species of medicinal plants were registered, belonging to 55 genera and 37 botanical families. The families Asteraceae (with 6 species and UR=51), Lamiaceae (4, UR=37) and Lauraceae (4, UR=21), are were the most representative in the study area. The highest use value index (UVI) was reported for Matricaria chamomilla (UVI=0.42), Mentha sativa (UVI=0.36) and Ruta graveolens (UVI=0.31). According to the informant consensus factor (ICF), the main pathological categories treated are were of the reproductive system (ICF=0.80), respiratory infections (ICF=0.75) and diseases of the digestive system (ICF=0.70). The species reported and their diversity of uses satisfy the needs of families with socioeconomic deficiencies.

El objetivo de la esta investigación fue registrar el uso terapéutico popular actual de plantas medicinales en la población indígena Tzotzil, en Los Altos de Chiapas, México. Los datos fueron recolectados de 59 informantes (39% hombres, 61% mujeres) entre 20 y 86 años, a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado en el idioma Tzotzil. De la información recabada, se registraron un total de 59 especies de plantas medicinales, pertenecientes a 55 géneros y 37 familias botánicas. Las familias Asteraceae (con 6 especies y RU=51), Lamiaceae (4, RU=37) y Lauraceae (4, RU=21), son fueron las más representativas en el área de estudio. El índice de valor de uso más alto (IVU) se informó para Matricaria chamomilla (IVU=0.42), Mentha sativa (IVU=0.36) y Ruta graveolens (IVU=0.31). Según el factor de consenso del informante (FCI), las principales categorías patológicas tratadas son fueron del sistema reproductivo (ICF=0.80), las infecciones respiratorias (ICF=0.75) y las enfermedades del sistema digestivo (ICF=0.70). Las especies reportadas y su diversidad de usos satisfacen las necesidades de las familias con deficiencias socioeconómicas.

West Nile Virus Prevalence in Wild Birds from Mexico.

West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in the Americas with its introduction in 1999 and now is considered endemic across the continent. In 2002, WNV was detected in Mexico, where its occurrence and mortality are considerably lower compared with the US. However, continuous national surveillance programs in Mexico are nonexistent. Birds are considered the primary hosts and primary geographic dispersers of this pathogen. A total of 200 cloacal and tracheal samples from wild migratory or resident birds were retrospectively analyzed using reverse transcription PCR to detect WNV from birds collected in Mexico from 2008 to 2009. The overall prevalence was 8% (16/200), and positive samples were from Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Tamaulipas in Ruby-throated Hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris), Double-crested Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax auritus), Ring-billed Gull ( Larus delawarensis), and Mourning Dove ( Zenaida macroura). Analysis of the partial sequence of the envelope gene from one of the samples from Oaxaca provided evidence that the virus belonged to the WN99 genotype. Taken together, these results demonstrated that WNV circulated in wild birds from northern and southern Mexico during the 2008-09 season, providing further information about the presence of WNV in Mexico.

Tracking Host Trees: The Phylogeography of Endemic Psittacanthus sonorae (Loranthaceae) Mistletoe in the Sonoran Desert.

The host dependence of mistletoes suggests that they track the distributions of their hosts. However, the factors that determine the geographic distribution of mistletoes are not well understood. In this study, the phylogeography of Psittacanthus sonorae was reconstructed by sequencing one nuclear (ITS) and two plastid (trnL-F and atpB-rbcL) regions of 148 plants from populations separated by the Sea of Cortez. Divergence time and gene flow were estimated to gain insight into the historical demography and geographic structuring of genetic variation. We also described and mapped the spatial distribution of suitable habitat occupied by P. sonorae and its most common host Bursera microphylla in the Sonoran Desert, along with their responses to Quaternary climate fluctuations using environmental data and ecological niche modeling (ENM). We detected environmental and genetic differentiation between the peninsular and continental P. sonorae populations. Population divergence occurred during the Pleistocene, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. No signals of population growth were detected, with net gene flow moving from the continent to the peninsula. ENM models indicate decoupled responses by the mistletoe and its main host to past climate changes. For the Last Interglacial to the present, most models produce only partial areas of overlap on both the peninsula and the continent. Our results support a scenario of Late-Pleistocene isolation and divergence with asymmetrical gene flow between peninsular and continental P. sonorae populations. Continental populations migrated to the peninsula and the spatial isolation probably produced genetic differentiation under different environmental conditions.

Molecular detection of Bifidobacterium spp. in faeces of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra).

BACKGROUND: Bifidobacterium genus are considered to be beneficial bacteria for their hosts; however, knowledge about the specific species that are part of the gut microbiome of howler monkeys is scarce. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful technique for the identification of non-cultivable or difficult to grow bacterial species. With the goal of detecting species of the genus Bifidobacterium in black howler monkeys, we used PCR on DNA derived from faecal samples. METHODS: We collected and extracted DNA from 40 faecal samples. Using specific primers, we performed PCR and nested PCR to detect members of the Bifidobacterium genus and a subset of species: Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis. RESULTS: 97.5% (39/40) of the samples were positive for Bifidobacterium spp. We found B longum in 100% of the analysed samples. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of B longum in black howler monkey faeces.

Platelet yield and recovery following the PRGF-U1 protocol in a peruvian population

Objective: to determine the platelet recovery and yield of the PRGF-U1 protocol in a peruvian population. methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with a simple random probability sample of 32 patients who attended the laboratorio Scalab in Trujillo, Peru. a blood sample was taken from each patient in order to obtain the concentration of platelets and before and after the PRGF-U1 protocol, in order to determine platelet recovery and yield. to compare basal platelet concentrations and platelet recovery and yield with gender and age, the chi-square test, student's t-distribution and pearson's correlation coefficient were used considering a significance level of p<0.05. results: platelet yield was less than 2.2 in two patients and greater than or equal to 2.2 in 30 patients; platelet recovery was equal to 0.4 in 30 patients and greater than 0.4 in two patients. a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05) between basal platelet count and age was found when comparing basal platelet count, platelet recovery and platelet yield according to gender and age, but no significant relationship between the other variables (p>0.05). conclusion: the PRGF-U1 protocol presents optimal platelet yield and minimal expected platelet recovery.

Psycho-oncological intervention in haematopoietic progenitor cell transplant (HPT): effects of emotional impact / Intervención psicooncológica en trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TPH): efectos en el impacto emocional

The aim of this work has been to determine the repercussions a psycho-oncological program has on patients who need to undergo a haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HPT). We have studied two groups, an intervention group (n=21), formed with patients that have gone through the program of psycho-oncologic preparation previous to the transplant, and a control group (n=15), without psychological intervention. The program consists of four sessions: analysis and handling of the information, coping skills, management of stress, and preparation for the isolation. The results show that patients who receive the psychological intervention. appear to obtain minor levels in anxiety and depression and has a more adaptive perception of the passage of time and a more positive mood with more activity than the control group. However, such differences are not significant in the perception of the physical symptomatology as the amount of time in isolation increases.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido determinar las repercusión un programa de intervención psicooncológica sobre los pacientes candidatos a un Trasplante de Progenitores Hematopoyéticos (TPH). Participan dos grupos de pacientes, el grupo intervención (n=21), formado por los pacientes que han realizado el programa de intervención previo al trasplante, y un grupo de control (n=15), que no recibe la intervención pre-TPH. El programa consta de cuatro módulos: análisis y manejo de la información, habilidades de afrontamiento, control del estrés, y preparación familiar al aislamiento. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes que reciben la intervención psicológica obtienen niveles menores en ansiedad y depresión y tiene una percepción más adaptativa del paso del tiempo y un estado de ánimo más positivo, con más actividad que el grupo de control. Sin embargo, tales diferencias no son significativas en la percepción de la sintomatología física que aumenta con el paso del tiempo en aislamiento.