Global Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the ICOH Survey.

Background: On the basis of its role for the development of occupational health research, information, good practices, the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) launched the present survey to collect information on public health and prevention policies put in place by the governments of the countries in the world to contain the pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire focused on COVID-19 data, public health policies, prevention measures, support measures for economy, work, and education, personal protective equipment, intensive care units, contact tracing, return to work, and the role of ICOH against COVID-19. The questionnaire was administered to 113 ICOH National Secretaries and senior OSH experts. Collected data refer to the period ranging from the beginning of the pandemic in each country to June 30, 2020. Results: A total of 73 questionnaires from 73 countries around the world were considered valid, with a 64.6% response rate. Most of the respondents (71.2%) reported that the state of emergency was declared in their country, and 86.1% reported lockdown measures. Most of the respondents (66.7%) affirmed that the use of face masks was compulsory in their country. As for containment measures, 97.2% indicated that mass gatherings (meetings) were limited. Regarding workplace closing, the most affected sector was entertainment (90.1%). Conclusion: The results of this survey are useful to gain a global view on COVID-19 policy responses at country level.

The future of scientific conferences in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Critical analysis and future perspectives.

The global spread of COVID-19 pandemic forced the scientific community to identify new ways of exchanging and transferring the scientific knowledge, also considering that the measures taken to combat the pandemic, such as travel restrictions, closed borders and gathering bans, led to cancellations of many conferences, meetings and workshops. The enhancement of the existing digital platforms and the development of new systems to share scientific knowledge has allowed the scientific community to "meet" again in new virtual environments (e.g., Zoom, Cisco WebEx, Live Stream, Demio, GoToWebinar Seminar, Google Hangouts, Skype, Microsoft Teams, etc.), providing an unprecedented opportunity to reform methods of organizing academic conferences in all disciplines.Starting from the review of the existing literature, this study aimed at investigating the impact of the spreading of virtual conferences on the field of research. The SWOT analysis was used to identify strengths and weaknesses of the scientific conferences organized in the new format, as well as opportunities and threats created by the socio-economic and political context in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Making the Difference in Occupational Health: Three Original and Significant Cases Presented at ICOH Congresses in the 20th Century.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to illustrate the historical role of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) congresses as an arena where national and international occupational medicine can dialogue and as the first example of scientific transferability of the research and prevention results that have had such an impact on global public health. METHODS: We used the ICOH Heritage Repository, in which ICOH congress proceedings (from the first congress in Milan in 1906 to the last congress, held in Dublin in 2018), are organised in an orderly way, updated and easily accessible according to open access logic. RESULTS: We describe studies by three physicians who submitted significant scientific work to ICOH congresses, one on the battle against ancylostomiasis (Volante, 1906), the second (Quarelli, 1928) on carbon disulphide poisoning, and the third (Viola, 1969) on the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride monomer. Priority is given to Italian cases, on account of the authors' obvious familiarity with the issues. CONCLUSION: The visibility offered in ICOH conferences and their published proceedings has boosted the international spread of their findings, contributing to the scientific transferability of the research results and influencing the development of policies and prevention interventions that have had a great impact on global public health.

Computer vision profiling of neurite outgrowth dynamics reveals spatiotemporal modularity of Rho GTPase signaling.

Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) control the cytoskeletal dynamics that power neurite outgrowth. This process consists of dynamic neurite initiation, elongation, retraction, and branching cycles that are likely to be regulated by specific spatiotemporal signaling networks, which cannot be resolved with static, steady-state assays. We present NeuriteTracker, a computer-vision approach to automatically segment and track neuronal morphodynamics in time-lapse datasets. Feature extraction then quantifies dynamic neurite outgrowth phenotypes. We identify a set of stereotypic neurite outgrowth morphodynamic behaviors in a cultured neuronal cell system. Systematic RNA interference perturbation of a Rho GTPase interactome consisting of 219 proteins reveals a limited set of morphodynamic phenotypes. As proof of concept, we show that loss of function of two distinct RhoA-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) leads to opposite neurite outgrowth phenotypes. Imaging of RhoA activation dynamics indicates that both GAPs regulate different spatiotemporal Rho GTPase pools, with distinct functions. Our results provide a starting point to dissect spatiotemporal Rho GTPase signaling networks that regulate neurite outgrowth.

openBIS ELN-LIMS: an open-source database for academic laboratories.

UNLABELLED: The open-source platform openBIS (open Biology Information System) offers an Electronic Laboratory Notebook and a Laboratory Information Management System (ELN-LIMS) solution suitable for the academic life science laboratories. openBIS ELN-LIMS allows researchers to efficiently document their work, to describe materials and methods and to collect raw and analyzed data. The system comes with a user-friendly web interface where data can be added, edited, browsed and searched. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The openBIS software, a user guide and a demo instance are available at https://openbis-eln-lims.ethz.ch. The demo instance contains some data from our laboratory as an example to demonstrate the possibilities of the ELN-LIMS (Ottoz et al., 2014). For rapid local testing, a VirtualBox image of the ELN-LIMS is also available.

The discovery of potent ribosomal S6 kinase inhibitors by high-throughput screening and structure-guided drug design.

The ribosomal P70 S6 kinases play a crucial role in PI3K/mTOR regulated signalling pathways and are therefore potential targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases including diabetes and cancer. In this study we describe the identification of three series of chemically distinct S6K1 inhibitors. In addition, we report a novel PKA-S6K1 chimeric protein with five mutations in or near its ATP-binding site, which was used to determine the binding mode of two of the three inhibitor series, and provided a robust system to aid the optimisation of the oxadiazole-substituted benzimidazole inhibitor series. We show that the resulting oxadiazole-substituted aza-benzimidazole is a potent and ligand efficient S6 kinase inhibitor, which blocks the phosphorylation of RPS6 at Ser235/236 in TSC negative HCV29 human bladder cancer cells by inhibiting S6 kinase activity and thus provides a useful tool compound to investigate the function of S6 kinases.

Analysis of water patterns in protein kinase binding sites.

Deregulation of protein kinases is associated with numerous diseases, making them important targets for drug discovery. The majority of drugs target the catalytic site of these proteins, but due to the high level of similarity within the ATP binding sites of protein kinases, it is often difficult to achieve the required pharmacological selectivity. In this study, we describe the identification and subsequent analysis of water patterns in the ATP binding sites of 171 protein kinase structures, comprising 19 different kinases from various branches of the kinome, and demonstrate that structurally similar binding sites often have significantly different water patterns. We show that the observed variations in water patterns of different, but structurally similar kinases can be exploited in the structure-based design of potent and selective kinase inhibitors.

Benzimidazole inhibitors induce a DFG-out conformation of never in mitosis gene A-related kinase 2 (Nek2) without binding to the back pocket and reveal a nonlinear structure-activity relationship.

We describe herein the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and cocrystal structures of a series of Nek2 inhibitors derived from the published polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitor (R)-1. Our studies reveal a nonlinear SAR for Nek2 and our cocrystal structures show that compounds in this series bind to a DFG-out conformation of Nek2 without extending into the enlarged back pocket commonly found in this conformation. These observations were further investigated, and structure-based design led to Nek2 inhibitors derived from (R)-1 with more than a hundred-fold selectivity against Plk1.

Aminopyrazine inhibitors binding to an unusual inactive conformation of the mitotic kinase Nek2: SAR and structural characterization.

We report herein the first systematic exploration of inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Nek2. Starting from HTS hit aminopyrazine 2, compounds with improved activity were identified using structure-based design. Our structural biology investigations reveal two notable observations. First, 2 and related compounds bind to an unusual, inactive conformation of the kinase which to the best of our knowledge has not been reported for other types of kinase inhibitors. Second, a phenylalanine residue at the center of the ATP pocket strongly affects the ability of the inhibitor to bind to the protein. The implications of these observations are discussed, and the work described here defines key features for potent and selective Nek2 inhibition, which will aid the identification of more advanced inhibitors of Nek2.

Targeting HSP70: the second potentially druggable heat shock protein and molecular chaperone?

The HSF1-mediated stress response pathway is steadily gaining momentum as a critical source of targets for cancer therapy. Key mediators of this pathway include molecular chaperones such as heat shock protein (HSP) 90. There has been considerable progress in targeting HSP90 and the preclinical efficacy and signs of early clinical activity of HSP90 inhibitors have provided proof-of-concept for targeting this group of proteins. The HSP70 family of molecular chaperones are also key mediators of the HSF-1-stress response pathway and have multiple additional roles in protein folding, trafficking and degradation, as well as regulating apoptosis. Genetic and biochemical studies have supported the discovery of HSP70 inhibitors which have the potential for use as single agents or in combination to enhance the effects of classical chemotherapeutic or molecularly targeted agents including HSP90 inhibitors. Here we provide a perspective on the progress made so far in designing agents which target the HSP70 family.

Hot-spots-guided receptor-based pharmacophores (HS-Pharm): a knowledge-based approach to identify ligand-anchoring atoms in protein cavities and prioritize structure-based pharmacophores.

The design of biologically active compounds from ligand-free protein structures using a structure-based approach is still a major challenge. In this paper, we present a fast knowledge-based approach (HS-Pharm) that allows the prioritization of cavity atoms that should be targeted for ligand binding, by training machine learning algorithms with atom-based fingerprints of known ligand-binding pockets. The knowledge of hot spots for ligand binding is here used for focusing structure-based pharmacophore models. Three targets of pharmacological interest (neuraminidase, beta2 adrenergic receptor, and cyclooxygenase-2) were used to test the evaluated methodology, and the derived structure-based pharmacophores were used in retrospective virtual screening studies. The current study shows that structure-based pharmacophore screening is a powerful technique for the fast identification of potential hits in a chemical library, and that it is a valid alternative to virtual screening by molecular docking.

Domain versatility in plant AB-toxins: evidence for a local, pH-dependent rearrangement in the 2gamma lectin site of the mistletoe lectin by applying ligand derivatives and modelling.

Mistletoe lectin is a potent biohazard. Lectin activity in the toxic dimer primarily originates from the 2gamma-subdomain (Tyr-site) of the B-subunit. Crystallographic information on lectin-sugar complexes is available only at acidic pH, where lectin activity is low. Thus, we mapped ligand-binding properties including comparison to ricin's Tyr-site at neutral pH. Using these results and molecular dynamics simulations, a local conformational change was rendered likely. The obtained structural information is valuable for the design of potent inhibitors.

Classification of water molecules in protein binding sites.

Water molecules play a crucial role in mediating the interaction between a ligand and a macromolecular receptor. An understanding of the nature and role of each water molecule in the active site of a protein could greatly increase the efficiency of rational drug design approaches: if the propensity of a water molecule for displacement can be determined, then synthetic effort may be most profitably applied to the design of specific ligands with the displacement of this water molecule in mind. In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of water molecules in the binding sites of six proteins, each complexed with a number of inhibitors, is presented. Two classes of water molecules were identified: those conserved and not displaced by any of the ligands, and those that are displaced by some ligands. The absolute binding free energies of 54 water molecules were calculated using the double decoupling method, with replica exchange thermodynamic integration in Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that conserved water molecules are on average more tightly bound than displaced water molecules. In addition, Bayesian statistics is used to calculate the probability that a particular water molecule may be displaced by an appropriately designed ligand, given the calculated binding free energy of the water molecule. This approach therefore allows the numerical assessment of whether or not a given water molecule should be targeted for displacement as part of a rational drug design strategy.