Rotary excitation of non-sinusoidal pulsed magnetic fields: Towards non-invasive direct detection of cardiac conduction.

PURPOSE: There is a need for high resolution non-invasive imaging methods of physiologic magnetic fields. The purpose of this work is to develop a MRI detection approach for non-sinusoidal magnetic fields based on the rotary excitation (REX) mechanism which was previously successfully applied for the detection of oscillating magnetic fields in the sub-nT range. METHODS: The new detection concept was examined by means of Bloch simulations, evaluating the interaction effect of spin-locked magnetization and low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields. The REX detection approach was validated under controlled conditions in phantom experiments at 3 T. Gaussian and sinc-shaped stimuli were investigated. In addition, the detection of artificial fields resembling a cardiac QRS complex, which is the most prominent peak visible on a magnetocardiogram, was tested. RESULTS: Bloch simulations demonstrated that the REX method has a high sensitivity to pulsed fields in the resonance case, which is met when the spin-lock frequency coincides with a non-zero Fourier component of the stimulus field. In the experiments, we found that magnetic stimuli of different durations and waveforms can be distinguished by their characteristic REX response spectrum. The detected REX amplitude was proportional to the stimulus peak amplitude (R2 > 0.98) and the lowest field detection was 1 nT. Furthermore, the detection of QRS-like fields with varying QRS durations yielded significant results in a phantom setup (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: REX detection can be transferred to non-sinusoidal pulsed magnetic fields and could provide a non-invasive, quantitative tool for spatially resolved assessment of cardiac biomagnetism. Potential applications include the direct detection and characterization of cardiac conduction.

Towards fully automated inner ear analysis with deep-learning-based joint segmentation and landmark detection framework.

Automated analysis of the inner ear anatomy in radiological data instead of time-consuming manual assessment is a worthwhile goal that could facilitate preoperative planning and clinical research. We propose a framework encompassing joint semantic segmentation of the inner ear and anatomical landmark detection of helicotrema, oval and round window. A fully automated pipeline with a single, dual-headed volumetric 3D U-Net was implemented, trained and evaluated using manually labeled in-house datasets from cadaveric specimen ([Formula: see text]) and clinical practice ([Formula: see text]). The model robustness was further evaluated on three independent open-source datasets ([Formula: see text] scans) consisting of cadaveric specimen scans. For the in-house datasets, Dice scores of [Formula: see text], intersection-over-union scores of [Formula: see text] and average Hausdorff distances of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] voxel units were achieved. The landmark localization task was performed automatically with an average localization error of [Formula: see text] voxel units. A robust, albeit reduced performance could be attained for the catalogue of three open-source datasets. Results of the ablation studies with 43 mono-parametric variations of the basal architecture and training protocol provided task-optimal parameters for both categories. Ablation studies against single-task variants of the basal architecture showed a clear performance benefit of coupling landmark localization with segmentation and a dataset-dependent performance impact on segmentation ability.

Iterative training of robust k-space interpolation networks for improved image reconstruction with limited scan specific training samples.

PURPOSE: To evaluate an iterative learning approach for enhanced performance of robust artificial-neural-networks for k-space interpolation (RAKI), when only a limited amount of training data (auto-calibration signals [ACS]) are available for accelerated standard 2D imaging. METHODS: In a first step, the RAKI model was tailored for the case of limited training data amount. In the iterative learning approach (termed iterative RAKI [iRAKI]), the tailored RAKI model is initially trained using original and augmented ACS obtained from a linear parallel imaging reconstruction. Subsequently, the RAKI convolution filters are refined iteratively using original and augmented ACS extracted from the previous RAKI reconstruction. Evaluation was carried out on 200 retrospectively undersampled in vivo datasets from the fastMRI neuro database with different contrast settings. RESULTS: For limited training data (18 and 22 ACS lines for R = 4 and R = 5, respectively), iRAKI outperforms standard RAKI by reducing residual artifacts and yields better noise suppression when compared to standard parallel imaging, underlined by quantitative reconstruction quality metrics. Additionally, iRAKI shows better performance than both GRAPPA and standard RAKI in case of pre-scan calibration with varying contrast between training- and undersampled data. CONCLUSION: RAKI benefits from the iterative learning approach, which preserves the noise suppression feature, but requires less original training data for the accurate reconstruction of standard 2D images thereby improving net acceleration.

Full utilization of conjugate symmetry: combining virtual conjugate coil reconstruction with partial Fourier imaging for g-factor reduction in accelerated MRI.

PURPOSE: In this study we propose a method to combine the parallel virtual conjugate coil (VCC) reconstruction with partial Fourier (PF) acquisition to improve reconstruction conditioning and reduce noise amplification in accelerated MRI where PF is used. METHODS: Accelerated measurements are reconstructed in k-space by GRAPPA, with a VCC reconstruction kernel trained and applied in the central, symmetrically sampled part of k-space, while standard reconstruction is performed on the asymmetrically sampled periphery. The two reconstructed regions are merged to form a full reconstructed dataset, followed by PF reconstruction. The method is tested in vivo using T1-weighted spin-echo and T2*-weighted gradient-echo echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences, using both in-plane and simultaneous multislice (SMS) acceleration, at 1.5T and 3T field strengths. Noise amplification is estimated with theoretical calculations and pseudo-multiple-replica computations, for different PF factors, using zero-filling, homodyne, and projection onto convex sets (POCS) PF reconstruction. RESULTS: Depending on the PF algorithm and the inherent benefit of VCC reconstruction without PF, approximately 35% to 80%, 15% to 60%, and 5% to 30% of that intrinsic SNR gain can be retained for PF factors 7/8, 6/8, and 5/8, respectively, by including the VCC signals in the reconstruction. Compared with VCC-reconstructed acquisitions of higher acceleration, without PF, but having the same net acceleration, the combined method can provide a higher SNR if the inherent benefit of VCC is low or moderate. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique enables the partial application of VCC reconstruction to measurements with PF using either in-plane or SMS acceleration, and therefore can reduce the noise amplification of such acquisitions.

Simultaneous T1 and T2 measurements using inversion recovery TrueFISP with principle component-based reconstruction, off-resonance correction, and multicomponent analysis.

PURPOSE: To improve the reconstruction quality for quantitative T1 and T2 measurements using the inversion recovery (IR) TrueFISP sequence and to demonstrate the potential for multicomponent analysis. METHODS: The iterative reconstruction method takes advantage of the high redundancy in the smooth exponential signals using principle component analysis (PCA). Multicomponent information is preserved and allows voxel-by-voxel computation of relaxation time spectra with an inverse Laplace transform. Off-resonance effects are analytically and numerically investigated and a correction approach is presented. RESULTS: Single-shot IR TrueFISP in vivo measurements on healthy volunteers demonstrate the improved reconstruction performance compared to a view sharing (k-space weighted image contrast [KWIC]) reconstruction. Especially, tissue components with short apparent relaxation times T1 * are not filtered out and can be identified in the relaxation time spectra. These components include myelin in the human brain (T1 * ≈ 130 ms) and extra cranial subcutaneous fat. CONCLUSION: The PCA-based reconstruction method improves the temporal accuracy and preserves multicomponent information. Spatially resolved relaxation time spectra can be obtained and allow the identification of tissue types with short, apparent relaxation times.

Time-of-flight MR-angiography with a helical trajectory and slice-super-resolution reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To improve 2D noncontrast-enhanced MRA by using a helical time-of-flight (TOF) acquisition technique and a slice-super-resolution reconstruction. METHODS: The TOF technique is combined with a helical trajectory with golden-angle-based radial projection reordering. A continuous spatial shift in slice direction is realized by adjusting the frequency of the excitation pulse between the individual projections. The limited resolution along the shift direction is improved by a deconvolution with simulated slice profile. The helical TOF (hTOF) was compared in vivo with a conventional 2D and 3D TOF. RESULTS: Results from in vivo experiments on the carotid show that the visual resolution in slice direction can be improved by using hTOF and the slice-super-resolution reconstruction. The vessels appear up to 1.5 times sharper and can be better separated from each other. Compared to 2D TOF images, the stair step artifacts are strongly reduced in reformatted hTOF images, whereas measurement time is decreased by at least 35%. Compared to 3D TOF, the hTOF offers a higher blood-to-background contrast, better visualization of smaller vessels, and reduced measurement time. CONCLUSION: The hTOF benefits from a 2D acquisition and a 3D reconstruction, which makes it a promising technique for the noncontrast-enhanced imaging of the carotid.

Increasing robustness of radial GRASE acquisition for SAR-reduced brain imaging.

PURPOSE: To improve a radial multi-slice 2D gradient- and spin-echo (GRASE) sequence and provide an appropriate image reconstruction technique for SAR-reduced high-resolution neuroimaging. METHODS: Additional readout gradients per radio-frequency (RF) refocusing allow for a reduced number of RF pulses. In this way, a specific absorption rate (SAR) reduction is achieved and the application at high-field systems becomes more feasible. A phase insensitive image reconstruction is proposed to reduce signal dropout artifacts originating from opposite readout polarities. In addition, the image reconstruction allows for the calculation of images with varying contrast from one measurement. RESULTS: Results obtained at 3T and 7T demonstrate a SAR-reduction of at least 66% for a single-slice experiment with radial GRASE. The reduced SAR is used for an increased spatial coverage without increasing the measurement time. Experiments at 3T and 7T showed that the visual image quality is comparable to standard TSE and GRASE sequences with the same measurement parameters. Using higher EPI factors and the presented image reconstruction, artifact-free images with a significant SAR-reduction can be achieved. CONCLUSION: Radial GRASE enables SAR-reduced acquisitions of high-resolution brain images with different contrasts from one measurement and is a promising sequence for high-field neuroimaging.

Controlling the object phase for g-factor reduction in phase-Constrained parallel MRI using spatially selective RF pulses.

PURPOSE: Parallel imaging generally entails a reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio of the final image. Phase-constrained methods aim to improve reconstruction quality by using symmetry properties of k-space. Noise amplification in phase-constrained reconstruction depends heavily on the object background phase. The purpose of this work is to present a new approach of using tailored radiofrequency pulses to optimize the object phase distribution in order to maximize the benefit of phase-constrained reconstruction, and to minimize the noise amplification. METHODS: Intrinsic object phase and coil sensitivity profiles are measured in a prescan. Optimal phase distribution is computed to maximize signal-to-noise ratio in the given setup. Tailored radiofrequency pulses are designed to introduce the optimal phase map in the following accelerated acquisitions, subsequently reconstructed by phase-constrained methods. The potential of the method is demonstrated in vivo with in-plane accelerated (8x) and simultaneous multislice (3x) acquisitions. RESULTS: Mean g-factors are reduced by up to a factor of 2 compared with conventional techniques when an appropriate phase-constrained reconstruction is applied to phase-optimized acquisitions, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the final images and the visibility of small details. CONCLUSIONS: Combining phase-constrained reconstruction and phase optimization by tailored radiofrequency pulses can provide notable improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio and reconstruction quality of accelerated MRI. Magn Reson Med 79:2113-2125, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Desynchronization of Cartesian k-space sampling and periodic motion for improved retrospectively self-gated 3D lung MRI using quasi-random numbers.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that desynchronization between Cartesian k-space sampling and periodic motion in free-breathing lung MRI improves the robustness and efficiency of retrospective respiratory self-gating. METHODS: Desynchronization was accomplished by reordering the phase (ky ) and partition (kz ) encoding of a three-dimensional FLASH sequence according to two-dimensional, quasi-random (QR) numbers. For retrospective respiratory self-gating, the k-space center signal (DC signal) was acquired separately after each encoded k-space line. QR sampling results in a uniform distribution of k-space lines after gating. Missing lines resulting from the gating process were reconstructed using iterative GRAPPA. Volunteer measurements were performed to compare quasi-random with conventional sampling. Patient measurements were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of QR sampling in a clinical setting. RESULTS: The uniformly sampled k-space after retrospective gating allows for a more stable iterative GRAPPA reconstruction and improved ghost artifact reduction compared with conventional sampling. It is shown that this stability can either be used to reduce the total scan time or to reconstruct artifact-free data sets in different respiratory phases, both resulting in an improved efficiency of retrospective respiratory self-gating. CONCLUSION: QR sampling leads to desynchronization between repeated data acquisition and periodic respiratory motion. This results in an improved motion artifact reduction in shorter scan time. Magn Reson Med 77:787-793, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Acoustic noise reduction in T 1- and proton-density-weighted turbo spin-echo imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To reduce acoustic noise levels in T 1-weighted and proton-density-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequences, which typically reach acoustic noise levels up to 100 dB(A) in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five acoustic noise reduction strategies were combined: (1) gradient ramps and shapes were changed from trapezoidal to triangular, (2) variable-encoding-time imaging was implemented to relax the phase-encoding gradient timing, (3) RF pulses were adapted to avoid the need for reversing the polarity of the slice-rewinding gradient, (4) readout bandwidth was increased to provide more time for gradient activity on other axes, (5) the number of slices per TR was reduced to limit the total gradient activity per unit time. We evaluated the influence of each measure on the acoustic noise level, and conducted in vivo measurements on a healthy volunteer. Sound recordings were taken for comparison. RESULTS: An overall acoustic noise reduction of up to 16.8 dB(A) was obtained by the proposed strategies (1-4) and the acquisition of half the number of slices per TR only. Image quality in terms of SNR and CNR was found to be preserved. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed measures in this study allowed a threefold reduction in the acoustic perception of T 1-weighted and proton-density-weighted TSE sequences compared to a standard TSE-acquisition. This could be achieved without visible degradation of image quality, showing the potential to improve patient comfort and scan acceptability.

Comparison of phase-constrained parallel MRI approaches: Analogies and differences.

PURPOSE: Phase-constrained parallel MRI approaches have the potential for significantly improving the image quality of accelerated MRI scans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of two different phase-constrained parallel MRI formulations, namely the standard phase-constrained approach and the virtual conjugate coil (VCC) concept utilizing conjugate k-space symmetry. METHODS: Both formulations were combined with image-domain algorithms (SENSE) and a mathematical analysis was performed. Furthermore, the VCC concept was combined with k-space algorithms (GRAPPA and ESPIRiT) for image reconstruction. In vivo experiments were conducted to illustrate analogies and differences between the individual methods. Furthermore, a simple method of improving the signal-to-noise ratio by modifying the sampling scheme was implemented. RESULTS: For SENSE, the VCC concept was mathematically equivalent to the standard phase-constrained formulation and therefore yielded identical results. In conjunction with k-space algorithms, the VCC concept provided more robust results when only a limited amount of calibration data were available. Additionally, VCC-GRAPPA reconstructed images provided spatial phase information with full resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Although both phase-constrained parallel MRI formulations are very similar conceptually, there exist important differences between image-domain and k-space domain reconstructions regarding the calibration robustness and the availability of high-resolution phase information.

Self-calibrated trajectory estimation and signal correction method for robust radial imaging using GRAPPA operator gridding.

PURPOSE: In radial imaging, projections may become "miscentered" due to gradient errors such as delays and eddy currents. These errors may result in image artifacts and can disrupt the reliability of direct current (DC) navigation. The proposed parallel imaging-based technique retrospectively estimates trajectory error from miscentered radial data without extra acquisitions, hardware, or sequence modification. THEORY AND METHODS: After phase correction, self-calibrated GRAPPA operator gridding (GROG) weights are iteratively applied to shift-miscentered projections toward the center of k-space. A search algorithm identifies the shift that aligns the peak k-space signals by maximizing the sum-of-squares DC signal estimate of each projection. The algorithm returns a trajectory estimate and a corrected radial k-space signal. RESULTS: Data from a spherical phantom, the head, and the heart demonstrate that image reconstruction with the estimated trajectory restores image quality and reduces artifacts such as streaks and signal voids. The DC signal level is increased and variability is reduced. CONCLUSION: Retrospective phase correction and iterative application of GROG can be used to successfully estimate the trajectory error in two-dimensional radial acquisitions for improved image reconstruction without requiring extra data acquisition or sequence modification.

Fast isotropic banding-free bSSFP imaging using 3D dynamically phase-cycled radial bSSFP (3D DYPR-SSFP).

AIMS: Dynamically phase-cycled radial balanced steady-state free precession (DYPR-SSFP) is a method for efficient banding artifact removal in bSSFP imaging. Based on a varying radiofrequency (RF) phase-increment in combination with a radial trajectory, DYPR-SSFP allows obtaining a banding-free image out of a single acquired k-space. The purpose of this work is to present an extension of this technique, enabling fast three-dimensional isotropic banding-free bSSFP imaging. METHODS: While banding artifact removal with DYPR-SSFP relies on the applied dynamic phase-cycle, this aspect can lead to artifacts, at least when the number of acquired projections lies below a certain limit. However, by using a 3D radial trajectory with quasi-random view ordering for image acquisition, this problem is intrinsically solved, enabling 3D DYPR-SSFP imaging at or even below the Nyquist criterion. The approach is validated for brain and knee imaging at 3 Tesla. RESULTS: Volumetric, banding-free images were obtained in clinically acceptable scan times with an isotropic resolution up to 0.56mm. CONCLUSION: The combination of DYPR-SSFP with a 3D radial trajectory allows banding-free isotropic volumetric bSSFP imaging with no expense of scan time. Therefore, this is a promising candidate for clinical applications such as imaging of cranial nerves or articular cartilage.

Acoustic-noise-optimized diffusion-weighted imaging.

OBJECTIVE: This work was aimed at reducing acoustic noise in diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) that might reach acoustic noise levels of over 100 dB(A) in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diffusion-weighted readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence was optimized for acoustic noise by utilizing small readout segment widths to obtain low gradient slew rates and amplitudes instead of faster k-space coverage. In addition, all other gradients were optimized for low slew rates. Volunteer and patient imaging experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Acoustic noise measurements were performed and analyzed for four different DWI measurement protocols at 1.5T and 3T. RESULTS: An acoustic noise reduction of up to 20 dB(A) was achieved, which corresponds to a fourfold reduction in acoustic perception. The image quality was preserved at the level of a standard single-shot (ss)-EPI sequence, with a 27-54% increase in scan time. CONCLUSIONS: The diffusion-weighted imaging technique proposed in this study allowed a substantial reduction in the level of acoustic noise compared to standard single-shot diffusion-weighted EPI. This is expected to afford considerably more patient comfort, but a larger study would be necessary to fully characterize the subjective changes in patient experience.

Free breathing 1H MRI of the human lung with an improved radial turbo spin-echo.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize a radial turbo spin-echo sequence for motion-robust morphological lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in free respiration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A versatile multi-shot radial turbo spin-echo (rTSE) sequence is presented, using a modified golden ratio-based reordering designed to prevent coherent streaking due to data inconsistencies from physiological motion and the decaying signal. The point spread function for a moving object was simulated using a model for joint respiratory and cardiac motion with a concomitant T2 signal decay and with rTSE acquisition using four different reordering techniques. The reordering strategies were compared in vivo using healthy volunteers and the sequence was tested for feasibility in two patients with lung cancer and pneumonia. RESULTS: Simulations and in vivo measurements showed very weak artifacts, aside from motion blur, using the proposed reordering. Due to the opportunity for longer scan times in free respiration, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was achieved, facilitating identification of the disease as compared to standard half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) scans. Additionally, post-processing allowed modifying the T2 contrast retrospectively, further improving the diagnostic fidelity. CONCLUSION: The proposed radial TSE sequence allowed for high-resolution imaging with limited obscuring artifacts. The radial k-space traversal allowed for versatile post-processing that may help to improve the diagnosis of subtle diseases.

Dynamically phase-cycled radial balanced SSFP imaging for efficient banding removal.

PURPOSE: Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging suffers from banding artifacts due to its inherent sensitivity to inhomogeneities in the main magnetic field. These artifacts can be removed by the acquisition of multiple images at different frequency offsets. However, conventional phase-cycling is hindered by a long scan time. The purpose of this work is to present a novel approach for efficient banding removal in bSSFP imaging. THEORY AND METHODS: To this end, the phase-cycle during a single-shot radial acquisition of an image was dynamically changed. Thus, each projection is acquired with a different frequency offset. Using conventional radial gridding, an artifact-free image can be reconstructed out of this dataset. RESULTS: The approach is validated at clinical field strength [3.0 Tesla (T)] as well as at ultrahigh field (9.4T). Robust elimination of banding artifacts was obtained for different imaging regions, including brain imaging at ultrahigh field with an in-plane resolution of 0.25 × 0.25 mm(2). Besides banding artifact-free imaging, the applicability of the proposed technique for fat-water separation is demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Dynamically phase-cycled radial bSSFP has the potential for banding-free bSSFP imaging in a short scan time, in the presence of severe field inhomogeneities and at high resolution.

Generating multiple contrasts using single-shot radial T1 sensitive and insensitive steady-state imaging.

PURPOSE: Recently, the (Resolution Enhanced-) T1 insensitive steady-state imaging (TOSSI) approach has been proposed for the fast acquisition of T2 -weighted images. This has been achieved by balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging between unequally spaced inversion pulses. The purpose of this work is to present an extension of this technique, considerably increasing both the efficiency and possibilities of TOSSI. THEORY AND METHODS: A radial trajectory in combination with an appropriate view-sharing reconstruction is used. Because each projection traverses the contrast defining k-space center, several different contrasts can be extracted from a single-shot measurement. These contrasts include various T2 -weightings and T2 /T1 -weighting if an even number of inversion pulses is used, while an odd number allow the generation of several images with predefined tissue types cancelled. RESULTS: The approach is validated for brain and abdominal imaging at 3.0 Tesla. Results are compared with RE-TOSSI, bSSFP, and turbo spin-echo images and are shown to provide similar contrasts in a fraction of scan time. Furthermore, the potential utility of the approach is illustrated by images obtained from a brain tumor patient. CONCLUSION: Radial T1 sensitive and insensitive steady-state imaging is able to generate multiple contrasts out of one single-shot measurement in a short scan time.

Combined acquisition technique (CAT) for neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis at low specific absorption rates (SAR).

PURPOSE: To compare a novel combined acquisition technique (CAT) of turbo-spin-echo (TSE) and echo-planar-imaging (EPI) with conventional TSE. CAT reduces the electromagnetic energy load transmitted for spin excitation. This radiofrequency (RF) burden is limited by the specific absorption rate (SAR) for patient safety. SAR limits restrict high-field MRI applications, in particular. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. T2- and PD-weighted brain images of n = 40 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients were acquired by CAT and TSE at 3 Tesla. Lesions were recorded by two blinded, board-certificated neuroradiologists. Diagnostic equivalence of CAT and TSE to detect MS lesions was evaluated along with their SAR, sound pressure level (SPL) and sensations of acoustic noise, heating, vibration and peripheral nerve stimulation. RESULTS: Every MS lesion revealed on TSE was detected by CAT according to both raters (Cohen's kappa of within-rater/across-CAT/TSE lesion detection κCAT = 1.00, at an inter-rater lesion detection agreement of κLES = 0.82). CAT reduced the SAR burden significantly compared to TSE (p<0.001). Mean SAR differences between TSE and CAT were 29.0 (± 5.7) % for the T2-contrast and 32.7 (± 21.9) % for the PD-contrast (expressed as percentages of the effective SAR limit of 3.2 W/kg for head examinations). Average SPL of CAT was no louder than during TSE. Sensations of CAT- vs. TSE-induced heating, noise and scanning vibrations did not differ. CONCLUSION: T2-/PD-CAT is diagnostically equivalent to TSE for MS lesion detection yet substantially reduces the RF exposure. Such SAR reduction facilitates high-field MRI applications at 3 Tesla or above and corresponding protocol standardizations but CAT can also be used to scan faster, at higher resolution or with more slices. According to our data, CAT is no more uncomfortable than TSE scanning.

Simple recipe for accurate T(2) quantification with multi spin-echo acquisitions.

OBJECTIVE: The quantification of magnetic resonance relaxation parameters T 1 and T 2 have the potential for improved disease detection and classification over standard clinical weighted imaging. Performing a mono-exponential fit on multi spin-echo (MSE) data provides quantitative T 2 values in a clinically acceptable scan-time. However, due to technical imperfections of refocusing pulses, stimulated echo contributions to the signals lead to significant deviations in the resulting T 2 values. In this work, a simple auto-calibrating correction procedure is presented, allowing the accurate estimation of T 2 from MSE acquisitions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Correction factors for T 2 values obtained from MSE acquisitions with a mono-exponential fit are derived from simulations following the extended phase graph formulation. A closed formula is given for the calculation of the required correction factors directly from the measured data itself. RESULTS: Simulations and phantom experiments show high accuracy of corrected T 2 values for a wide range of clinically relevant T 2 values and for different nominal refocusing flip angles. In addition, corrected T 2 maps of the human brain are presented. CONCLUSION: A simple recipe is provided to correct T 2 values obtained from MSE acquisitions via a mono-exponential fit for the influence of stimulated echoes. Since all required parameters are extracted from the data themselves, no additional acquisitions are required.

Reducing contrast contamination in radial turbo-spin-echo acquisitions by combining a narrow-band KWIC filter with parallel imaging.

PURPOSE: Cartesian turbo spin-echo (TSE) and radial TSE images are usually reconstructed by assembling data containing different contrast information into a single k-space. This approach results in mixed contrast contributions in the images, which may reduce their diagnostic value. The goal of this work is to improve the image contrast from radial TSE acquisitions by reducing the contribution of signals with undesired contrast information. METHODS: Radial TSE acquisitions allow the reconstruction of multiple images with different T2 contrasts using the k-space weighted image contrast (KWIC) filter. In this work, the image contrast is improved by reducing the band-width of the KWIC filter. Data for the reconstruction of a single image are selected from within a small temporal range around the desired echo time. The resulting dataset is undersampled and, therefore, an iterative parallel imaging algorithm is applied to remove aliasing artifacts. RESULTS: Radial TSE images of the human brain reconstructed with the proposed method show an improved contrast when compared with Cartesian TSE images or radial TSE images with conventional KWIC reconstructions. CONCLUSION: The proposed method provides multi-contrast images from radial TSE data with contrasts similar to multi spin-echo images. Contaminations from unwanted contrast weightings are strongly reduced.