Validation of dementia care-related scales among informal caregivers of Latinos with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.

Objectives: To test the psychometric properties of several dementia care-related scales among Latinos in the US. Design: We leveraged secondary baseline data from a one-arm mHealth trial on dementia caregiver support. We included 100 responses for caregiver-focused scales and 88 responses for care recipient-focused scales. Scales included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire Severity and Distress scales, six-item Zarit Burden Inventory, Ten-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Geriatric Depression Inventory, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease, and Single-item Satisfaction With Life Scale. We calculated concurrent validity using Pearson and Spearman correlations and expected correlations amongst all variables in line with the Stress Process Framework. We calculated internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha. Results: All concurrent validity correlations followed the expected directionality, with 19/21 inter-scale correlations in the total sample reaching statistical significance (p<0.05), and 17/21 reaching at least a low correlation (0.3). Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.832 to 0.879 in all scales in the total sample. Conclusion: The English and Spanish caregiver-administered scales tested in this manuscript have good psychometric properties. Clinical Implications: The dementia care-related scales are now appropriately available for use among US Latinos in research and clinical contexts.

Differential performance on a motor task according to the preference for task-irrelevant elements that are chosen or assigned: A randomized controlled study.

This study explored the impact of choice and preference for what is chosen or assigned on performance on a motor task. Using an experimental design with a dart-throwing task, 90 novice participants were randomized into four groups: Choice-Like condition, Choice-Dislike condition, Assigned-Like condition, and Assigned-Dislike condition, resulting of the manipulation of choice (vs. assignation) of a task-irrelevant element and preference (irrelevant element: darts color and design). The study found that participants who were given the opportunity to choose their own dart for a throwing task performed better than those who were not given the choice. Participants who threw a dart they preferred also had better scores than those who threw a dart they did not like. However, the interactive effects of choice and preference on performance were inconclusive, and whereas being assigned with a disliked element was the worst condition for performance, and being allowed to choose preferred elements the most facilitatory one, nothing else can be concluded on the impact of both conditions alone or in combination. These results suggest that both choice and preference can positively impact performance in closed motor learning tasks and have practical applications for training and execution in athletic performance. Further investigations are warranted to delve into the interplay of choice and preference in diverse contexts and populations.

Combined effects of a Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training on higher education woodwind musicians: A randomized controlled trial.

A two-factor within subjects and randomized controlled was conducted with three groups (two experimental and one control) to explore the effects of the Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training on ventilatory fatigue, stress, and emotional performance of woodwind musicians. 70 students from the Valencia Conservatory of Music were recruited and randomized into three groups: respiratory training group + nutrition program (RTG; n = 17), control group (CG; n = 35) and nutrition program group (NPG; n = 18). The nutritional program was based on Mediterranean a diet. Body composition, emotional intelligence, physiological stress and ventilatory response were assessed for all groups before and after intervention. Mixed ANOVA showed main effects of diet and training interventions on emotional attention (F = 8.042; p = 0.006), clarity (F = 9.306; p = 0.003), repair (F = 5.527; p = 0.022), Forced-Expiratory-Volume (F = 30.196; p < 0.000) and Forced-Vital-Capacity (F = 21.052; p < 0.000), with both interventions improving emotional intelligence and ventilatory variables. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences of RTG and CG for emotional attention (MD = 4.60; p = 0.023), comprehension (MD = 5.734; p = 0.005), repair (MD = 8.576; p < 0.000), FEV1 (MD = 0.862; p = 0.005), and FCV (MD = 1.608; p < 0.001); with similar results when comparing NTG and CG: emotional attention (MD = 4.156; p = 0.041), comprehension (MD = 4.473; p = 0.033), repair (MD = 6.511; p = 0.001), Forced-Expiratory-Volume (MD = 1.608; p < 0.001), and Forced-Vital-Capacity (MD = 1.183; p < 0.001). No significant effects of experimental groups were observed for physiological stress variables (p > 0.05). This results suggests that respiratory training enhances emotional intelligence and lessens respiratory fatigue in musicians, and a combination of a Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training further boosts emotional intelligence, albeit with limited impact on physiological stress. This study represents a novel investigation into the approach by dietary interventions and respiratory muscle training in wind musicians since there are no studies that analyze it.

Mobbing as a Predictor of Health Risk Behaviours and Seeking Specialist Support in Non-university Teachers / [El acoso psicológico como predictor de conductas de riesgo para la salud y la búsqueda de apoyo especializado en los docentes no universitarios]

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether experiencing mobbing can predict different health risk behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol intake, increased use of medication as a consequence of psychological disorders at work, and the need to seek specialist support in non-university teachers (N = 9,350). The results of the factorial analysis confirmed the one-dimensionality of the scale and its invariance by gender and educational stage. Results for the predictive model showed that the total score on a mobbing scale predicts the increase in both alcohol intake and tobacco use, a greater use of medication as a consequence of psychological or psychosomatic health disorders at work, and the need to seek support from a specialist to overcome some personal crises related to work. Likewise, the consumption of alcohol and tobacco were positively correlated, whereas the search for specialist support was more related to the increase in the use of medication.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar si el acoso psicológico predecía conductas de riesgo no saludables en forma de aumento del consumo de tabaco y alcohol y aumento del consumo de medicamentos por trastornos psicológicos asociados al trabajo, así como la búsqueda de apoyo de profesionales en docentes no universitarios (N = 9,350). Un análisis factorial inicial confirmó la unidimensionalidad de la escala de mobbing y su invarianza por género y etapa educativa. Los resultados del modelo predictivo mostraron que la puntuación en acoso predice el aumento de consumo de alcohol y de tabaco y mayor uso de medicamentos debido a problemas de salud psicológicos o psicosomáticos derivados del trabajo, así como la necesidad de buscar apoyo de especialistas para superar crisis personales relacionadas con el trabajo. El aumento del consumo de alcohol y de tabaco correlacionan positivamente. La búsqueda de apoyo especializado está más relacionada con el aumento del uso de medicamentos.(AU)

Psychometric Properties of and Measurement Invariance in the Questionnaire of Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood in Health Care College Students and Health Professionals of Colombia: Psychometric Study.

BACKGROUND: In health professionals, negative stereotypes toward older adulthood have been associated with the difficulty in recognizing pathological processes and the refusal to care for older patients because of assuming that communication with them will be uncomfortable and frustrating. For these reasons, research on stereotypes in these groups has acquired growing importance. The usual strategy to identify and evaluate agist stereotypes is to use scales and questionnaires. Although multiple scales are currently used, in Latin America, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Negative Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood (Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]), developed in Spain, is widely used but without evidence of construct validity in our context. In addition, although in the original version, a factorial structure of 3 factors was found, in later studies, a unifactorial structure was obtained. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to study the construct validity of the CENVE in a sample of Colombian health personnel to clarify its factorial structure and concurrent validity. Likewise, the measurement invariance according to gender and age was studied. METHODS: A nonprobabilistic sample of 877 Colombian health professionals and intern health students was obtained. The data were collected online using the LimeSurvey tool. To study the factor structure of the CENVE, 2 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were carried out, one to test a single factor and the other to test the 3-related-factor structure. The factor measurement reliability was evaluated with the composite reliability index (CRI) and the average variance extracted (AVE). The measurement invariance was studied according to gender (men and women) and age (emerging adults, 18-29 years old, and adults, 30 years old or older). Using a structural equation model, the relationship between age and the latent CENVE total score was studied to obtain evidence of concurrent validity, since studies indicate that the younger the age, the greater the number of stereotypes. RESULTS: The 1-factor structure was confirmed. The reliability results indicated that both indices show adequate values. Likewise, the existence of a strong invariance in measurement by gender and age group was verified. After contrasting the means of the groups, the results showed that men show more negative stereotypes toward old age than women. Likewise, emerging adults also showed more stereotypes than adults. We also verified that age is inversely related to the latent score of the questionnaire, such that the younger the age, the greater the stereotype. These results are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. CONCLUSIONS: The CENVE shows good construct and concurrent validity, as well as good reliability, and it can be used to assess stereotypes toward older adulthood in Colombian health professionals and health sciences college students. This will allow us to better understand the effect of stereotypes on agism.

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Spanish Burnout Inventory Among Professionals Across 17 Countries and Regions.

Studies on the prevalence of burnout in professionals in service organizations who work in direct contact with the clients or users of the organization have concluded that burnout is a serious health disorder that has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant advantage of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) over other instruments is that it provides a broader conceptualization of burnout by including feelings of guilt as a dimension of burnout to explain its development. However, the measurement invariance of the SBI across countries has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance of the SBI among professionals across 17 countries and regions in Europe, Latin America, and Asia, and in different languages. All the countries showed a good fit to the four-factor model, except the Indian sample, which was excluded from the measurement invariance study. Using the alignment method, it was possible to verify the scalar measurement invariance of the four SBI factors across 15 countries and one Spanish region (16 samples). The comparison of estimated latent means indicates that France is the country with the lowest scores on the Enthusiasm factor and the highest scores on the negative factors (Exhaustion, Indolence, and Guilt). In contrast, the Andean countries, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, show the highest latent means on the Enthusiasm factor and the lowest means on the negative factors. These results support the validity of the SBI in the countries and regions in Europe and Latin America included in this study.

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX) in a Spanish sample.

In these times of pandemic, the acceptance or rejection of vaccines has become increasingly clear, with a considerable rise in the anti-vaccine movement in Spain. It is important to understand the attitudes that lead a person to refuse vaccination in order to develop more effective public health campaigns. The objective of this study has been to study the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) scale in a Spanish sample. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling have been used to study the psychometric properties of the VAX. Likewise, the measurement invariance by gender and educational level has been studied. The structure of four related factors for VAX is confirmed, as well as its predictive value, since the factor "trust in the benefit of the vaccine" clearly predicts the choice to be vaccinated. The strong measurement invariance by gender and educational level is also confirmed. The comparison of latent means between groups indicates that there are no differences by gender in any factor. However, people with a high educational level present higher scores in factors "concern about unforeseen future effects", "concern about commercial effects and speculation" and "preference for natural immunity". The VAX is presented as a reliable and valid tool to assess four different factors related to attitudes towards vaccines in Spain. Future studies of its cross-cultural invariance may help to determine the main factors that lead people not to be vaccinated in order to develop more effective public health campaigns.

Measurement Invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by Sexual Orientation.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) has shown strong evidence of reliability, validity, and gender invariance, and there is some evidence of invariance across age, culture, and educational levels. So far, invariance across sexual orientation has not been studied, despite the number of works that relate well-being to sexual orientation. The SWLS should be invariant across sexual orientation to be able to compare group means. This study aimed to explore the invariance of the SWLS across sexual orientation. A non-probabilistic sample with 553 Spanish adults (208 males, 345 females; 212 heterosexuals, 182 gays, and 138 bisexuals among other sexual orientations) participated in a survey. We tested a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. We tested the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the factorial structure of the SWLS across sexual orientation with heterosexual, lesbian/gay, and bisexual groups. According to our results, the Spanish version of the SWLS shows scalar invariance across sexual orientations, allowing a valid comparison between sexual minority and heterosexual people. Moreover, in our sample, lesbian/gay and bisexual participants obtained lower scores in life satisfaction than heterosexual participants. Bisexual people obtained the lowest score in well-being compared with the other groups. Implications related to the importance of checking instrument invariance before comparing mean differences between groups are discussed.

Measurement Invariance and Construct Validity of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in Community Volunteers in Vietnam.

Worldwide, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) has become the most widely used measure of life satisfaction. Recently, an authorized Vietnamese-language version has been introduced. Using a convenience sample comprising community volunteers from Ho Chi Minh City (N = 1073), confirmatory support was found for the cross-national constancy of the one-dimensional structure underlying the SWLS. Corrected item-total polyserial correlations and Omega coefficient were satisfactory. Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the SWLS factorial structure were tested by gender, age, marital status, income, and educational level. Strong evidence of scalar invariance was found for gender and education, on which relevant subgroups did not differ in terms of latent means. Partial scalar invariance was found for marital status (item 4 and 5) and income (item 4). Being involved in an intimate relationship or having a higher income were associated with higher latent means. Scalar invariance in relation to age was very poor. Accordingly, caution must be exerted when comparing age groups. A high SWLS score was predictive of good self-rated health. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed.

Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance by Gender of the Abbreviated Three-Item Version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in a Colombian Sample.

(1) Background: The need to offer brief scales with items that can be answered with few response options is increasingly important in order to be able to access a broad range of the population. The three-item version of Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale has recently been proposed. The objective of this study is to study the psychometric properties of the three-item version of this Scale with five response options, as well as the measurement invariance by gender, in a Colombian sample; (2) Methods: A confirmatory factor model of the three items of the scale together with the Flourishing Scale has been tested, and the measurement invariance by gender of the model has been studied. The results offer a very satisfactory fit of the model, showing good evidence of construct and criterion validity, good indicators of reliability and measurement invariance by gender; (4) Conclusions: The three-item version of the Life Satisfaction Scale, previously adapted to the Colombian population with five response options, is presented as a valid and reliable measurement tool. In future studies, it would be convenient to study the test-retest reliability, as well as its psychometric properties in different samples and at a cross-cultural level.

Measurement Invariance of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience Across 13 Countries.

The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) is widely used to measure emotional experiences, but not much is known about its cross-cultural utility. The present study evaluated the measurement invariance of the SPANE across adult samples (N = 12,635; age range = 18-85 years; 58.2% female) from 13 countries (China, Colombia, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, and the United States). Configural and partial scalar invariance of the SPANE were supported. Three items capturing specific negative emotions (sad, afraid, and angry) were found to be culturally noninvariant. Our findings suggest that the SPANE's positive emotion terms and general negative emotion terms (e.g., negative and unpleasant) might be more suitable for cross-cultural studies on emotions and well-being, whereas caution is needed when comparing countries using the SPANE's specific negative emotion items.

Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) in the General Colombian Population.

(1) Background: Diener's Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences (SPANE) assesses the presence and intensity of positive and negative affects, since these are considered basic aspects of the study of well-being. This article studies its psychometric properties in the general Colombian population. (2) We conducted a cross-sectional study of a sample of 1255 Colombians and we used structural equation modeling to confirm the bifactor structure. Additionally, we studied invariance by gender, and convergent and concurrent validity. (3) We found acceptable fit indicators for the bifactor model (CFI = 0.889, RMSEA = 0.046, SRMR = 0.059) as well as for the convergent (CFI = 0.909, RMSEA = 0.050, SRMR = 0.063) and concurrent (CFI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.036, SRMR = 0.041) validity models. We did not confirm total invariance across gender, although we found configural and metric invariance, so percentiles by sex were provided. (4) Conclusions: The SPANE is a valid and reliable measure to assess well-being among the Colombian population, although we alert researchers to the risk of comparing affectivity average scores between sexes.

Adaptation and Measurement Invariance by Gender of the Flourishing Scale in a Colombian Sample.

There is increasing interest in the study of flourishing as an indicator of subjective wellbeing. The objective herein was to adapt and study the psychometric properties of Diener's Flourishing Scale (FS) among the Colombian population. Accordingly, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability sample of 1255 Colombian adults. The scale's structure, invariance by gender, and convergent and concurrent validity were studied from a confirmatory perspective using structural equation models. The confirmatory factor analysis showed excellent fit indicators for the one-dimensional structure (CFI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.039, SRMR = 0.020) as well as for the convergent (CFI = 0.909, RMSEA = 0.050, SRMR = 0.063) and concurrent (CFI = 0.966, RMSEA = 0.036, SRMR = 0.041) validity models. The correlations calculated among flourishing with positive and negative effects (PANAS), satisfaction with life (SWL), and optimism and pessimism (LOT) were statistically significant and as expected. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender was confirmed. Percentiles were provided for the total score. The FS scale was a valid and reliable measure to assess high levels of wellbeing among the Colombian population.

Psychometric Properties of the Diener Satisfaction With Life Scale With Five Response Options Applied to the Colombian Population.

Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin in 1985, comprises five items with seven response options in terms of agreement-disagreement. Recently, there has been a suggestion to reduce the response options of the SWLS to optimize its applicability in different cultural contexts. Objective: The study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the SWLS with five response options in the Colombian population. Specifically, we studied the dimensionality, invariance by gender and age (among a group of adolescents and emerging adults under 25 years and a group of adults of intermediate age and established adulthood under 59 years), convergent validity (with optimism), and divergent (with pessimism) and concurrent validity with other measures of well-being (flourishing, positive, and negative affects). Methodology: This project was a cross-sectional study using a non-probabilistic sample of the general population. Participants were included if they identified themselves as Colombian and were at least 18 years of age. The final sample comprised 1,255 participants. The average age was 25.62 years (SD = 8.60) ranging from 18 to 67 years of age, and 35.8% of the participants were men. In addition to SWLS, we used the Flourishing Scale (FS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE). Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.842), composite reliability (0.851), and average variance extracted (0.537) showed very good values. CFA was conducted to test the one-dimensional structure of FS, showing excellent goodness of fit [ χ(5)2 = 15.774, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.992, TLI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.042, 90% RMSEA CI (0.020, 0.066), and SRMR = 0.016]. The correlations calculated among life satisfaction (SWLS) with flourishing (FS), positive and negative affects (SPANE), optimism, and pessimism (LOT-R) were statistically significant and as expected. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender and age were confirmed. Percentiles were provided for the total score and for age. Conclusions: The SWLS with five response options has adequate psychometric properties in the Colombian population, and the use of this version (with 5 response options) is recommended due to its greater applicability.

Validation and Measurement Invariance of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) in a Spanish General Sample.

Well-being has been measured based on different perspectives in positive psychology. However, it is necessary to measure affects and emotions correctly and to explore the independence of positive and negative affect. This cross-sectional study adapts and validates the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) with a non-probabilistic sample of 821 Spanish adults. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two related factors with two correlated errors. The average variance extracted was 0.502 for negative affect (SPANE-N) and 0.588 for positive affect (SPANE-P). The composite reliability was 0.791 for SPANE-N and 0.858 for SPANE-P. Measurement invariance analysis showed evidence of scalar invariance. Item-total corrected polyserial correlations showed values between 0.47 and 0.76. The path analysis used to test temporal stability, and the structural equation models used to test convergent and concurrent validity with other well-being measures, showed good fit. All path coefficients were statistically significant and over 0.480. For the validity models, the magnitude of the correlations was large and in the expected direction. The Spanish version of the SPANE show good psychometric properties. Future studies of emotional well-being in Spain can benefit from the use of this scale, and new studies must test cross-cultural invariance.

Niveles de ansiedad y estilos de afrontamiento en función de las características perceptivo-motoras del deporte / Anxiety levels and coping styles depending on the perceptual-motor skills of the sport / Níveis de ansiedade e estilos de coping, dependendo das habilidades percetivas-motoras do desporto

Afrontar las propias emociones supone una de las demandas más importantes del deporte formativo, existiendo importantes diferencias en función de las características del deporte practicado. Algunas de estas diferencias (e.g., deporte individual o de equipo) han sido extensamente estudiadas en la literatura previa. En cambio, otras características como el tipo de habilidades perceptivo-motoras (i.e., deportes de habilidad abierta o cerrada) han recibido escasa atención. Centrándonos en esta distinción, el objetivo de este estudio fue el de explorar las posibles diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad rasgo competitiva y los estilos de afrontamiento en función de si el deporte practicado requiere de habilidades abiertas o cerradas. Para ello, un total de 804 deportistas (M = 15.59; DE = 1.97) que practicaban deportes de habilidad abierta (n = 593) y cerrada (n = 211) completaron medidas de ansiedad competitiva y afrontamiento. Tras realizarse un análisis de invariancia para comprobar la comparabilidad de los grupos, se efectuaron un total de cinco modelos de regresión para las subescalas de ansiedad competitiva y afrontamiento. Además del tipo de deporte, se incluyeron el género y edad como variables predictoras de los modelos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran mayores niveles de ansiedad somática para el grupo de habilidad cerrada y mayores niveles de ansiedad cognitiva (i.e., preocupación y desconcentración) para el grupo de habilidad abierta. Por su parte, el afrontamiento mostró valores equivalentes entre ambos grupos respecto al uso del estilo de afrontamiento orientado a la tarea, y un mayor uso del estilo de afrontamiento orientado a la resignación en los deportes de habilidad abierta. En conjunto, los resultados observados constituyen respuestas psicológicas coherentes con la mayor inmediatez de rendimiento exigida en los deportes de habilidad cerrada y con la menor previsibilidad de los deportes de habilidad abierta

Coping with emotions represents one of the most important demands of youth sport, yet existing important differences depending on the characteristics of each sport. Some of these characteristics (e.g., individual or team sport) have been comprehensively studied in previous literature. In contrast, other characteristics such as perceptive-motor skills required by each sport (i.e., open versus closed skill sports) have received less attention. Focusing on this specific characteristic, this study aimed to explore the possible differences in trait competitive anxiety levels and coping usage depending on whether practised sport required an opened or closed skill. Within this purpose, 804 athletes (M = 15.59; SD = 1.97) who practised an open (n = 593) and closed (n = 211) skill sports participated in this study. Participants completed competitive anxiety and coping measures. Once invariance analysis showed the equivalence among groups, we made a regression analysis for each competitive anxiety and coping subscale. We also included gender and age as predictive variables of the models. Results showed higher somatic anxiety levels in open skills sports and higher levels of cognitive anxiety (i.e., worry and concentration disruption) in closed skill sports. Regarding coping, results suggested equivalent levels of task-oriented coping usage; and higher disengagement-oriented coping usage in open skills sports. These results are coherent with the performance immediacy requested in closed skill sports, and the low predictability of open skill sports

Enfrentar as emoções representa uma das demandas mais importantes do desporto juvenil, mas existem diferenças, na função das características do deporto praticado. Algumas dessas características (por exemplo, desporto individual ou em equipa) foram amplamente estudadas na literatura anterior. Em contraste, outras características desportivas, como habilidades percetivas-motoras requeridas (i.e., desportos abertos contra fechados) receberam menos atenção. Com foco nessa característica específica, este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as possíveis diferenças nos níveis de ansiedade competitiva e no uso de estratégias de coping, dependendo se o desporto praticado exige habilidades abertas ou fechadas. Nesse sentido, um total de 804 desportistas (M = 15,59; DE = 1,97) praticam desportos de habilidade aberta (n = 593) e fechada (n = 211), participaram deste estudo. Os participantes completaram medidas de ansiedade competitiva e coping. Uma vez que a análise de invariância mostrou a comparabilidade entre os grupos, fizemos um modelo de regressão para competitiva de ansiedade e coping. Além disso, ou desporto, inclua o género e idade como variáveis preditivas dos modelos preditivos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram níveis mais altos de ansiedade somática em desportos de habilidades abertas e níveis mais altos de ansiedade cognitiva (i.e., preocupação e desconcentração) para o grupo de habilidades fechadas. As escalas de coping mostram valores iguais para ambos os grupos, como o estilo de coping orientado a tarefas, e um prefeito usa o coping orientado a resignação nos desportos de habilidade aberta. No conjunto, os resultados observados constituem as questões psicológicas coerentes com o desempenho imediato, exigindo o retorno dos desportos de habilidades fechadas e com a menor previsibilidade dos desportos de habilidades abertas

Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by gender, age, marital status and educational level.

INTRODUCTION: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) has shown strong evidence of acceptability, reliability, validity and invariance for gender, whereas there is mixed evidence of invariance by culture and age and the literature has not explored the roles of marital status and educational level. The SWLS should be invariant by marital status and educational level to be able to compare scores between groups. We aimed to explore the invariance of the SWLS by marital status and educational level. METHOD: A convenience sample of 726 Spanish adults participated in a survey. We tested a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis. We tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the factorial structure of the SWLS by gender, age, marital status and level of education. RESULTS: The results show a scalar invariance by gender and educational level and a partial scalar invariance by marital status. Women and individuals in a relationship show greater subjective well-being while no differences are observed among people with different educational levels. DISCUSSION: The SLWS is valid for comparisons between genders, age, educational levels but not for marital status. It is essential to verify its invariance to interpret mean differences and significance values appropriately.

Estudio de invariancia del autoconcepto social en practicantes de actividad física individual y colectiva / Study of social self-concept invariance in physical activity individual and collective practitioners / Estudo da invariância do autoconceito social em praticantes individuais e coletivos de atividade física Resumo

Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la invariancia configural, métrica y escalar en función del sexo y de la práctica de actividad física colectiva del AUSO de Fernández-Zabala et al. (2016) y comparar las puntuaciones obtenidas por los subgrupos. La muestra fue de 278 estudiantes universitarios (M = 21.16 años; DT = 19.238) divididos de forma equivalente en función del género y de la práctica de actividad física. Tras comprobar la invariancia estricta en ambos supuestos, los resultados demuestran que no existen diferencias significativas en ninguno de los factores en función del sexo, pero sí en función de la práctica de actividad física: aquellos estudiantes que realizan actividad física colectiva obtienen puntuaciones más elevadas en Responsabilidad Social y Competencia Social. Involucrarse en deportes colectivos ofrece oportunidades socializadoras que permiten a los participantes desarrollar competencias de interacción y facilita la comprensión de la estructura social existente por medio de la práctica de actividad física colectiva

This study aims to explore the configural, metric and scalar invariance according to gender and the practice of collective physical activity of the AUSO questionnaire of Fernández-Zabala et al. (2016); also to compare the scores obtained by the subgroups. The sample consisted of 278 university students (M = 21.16 years old, DT = 19,238) divided equally according to gender and physical activity practice. After verifying the strict invariance in both cases, the results show that there are no significant differences in any of the factors according to sex, but rather as a function of physical activity practice: those students who perform collective physical activity obtain higher scores in Social Responsibility and Social Competence. Involving in collective sports offers socializing opportunities that allow participants to develop interaction skills and facilitates understanding of the existing social structure through the practice of collective physical activity

Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar a invariância configural, métrica e escalar segundo gênero e a prática de atividade física coletiva do questionário AUSO de Fernández-Zabala et al. (2016); também comparar os escores obtidos pelos subgrupos. A amostra foi composta por 278 estudantes universitários (M = 21.16 anos, DT = 19.238) divididos igualmente de acordo com gênero e prática de atividade física. Após veri"car a invariância estrita em ambos os casos, os resultados mostram que não há diferenças signi"cativas em nenhum dos fatores segundo o sexo, mas sim em função da prática de atividade física: os estudantes que realizam atividade física coletiva obtêm pontuações mais altas em Responsabilidade Social. e Competência Social. Envolver-se em esportes coletivos oferece oportunidades de socialização que permitem aos participantes desenvolver habilidades de interação e facilita a compreensão da estrutura social existente através da prática de atividade física coletiva