Temporal Trends in the Rate of Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty for Prosthetic Joint Infection.

Background: Perioperative practices have been introduced over the last decade to decrease the risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). We sought to determine whether rates of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for PJI decreased during the period 2006-2016. Methods: This observational cohort study used data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System to identify patients undergoing TKA in 2006-2016. Data through 2017 were used to determine if patients underwent revision TKA for PJI (including debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) within 1 year of the primary surgery. A generalized estimating equation model, clustered by hospital, was used to examine the impact of time on likelihood of revision TKA for PJI. Results: In 2006-2016, 233,165 primary TKAs performed were included. Mean age was 66.1 (standard deviation 10.3) years, and 65% were women. Overall, 0.5% of the patients underwent revision TKA for PJI within 1 year of surgery. The generalized estimating equation model showed that for primary TKA performed in 2006-2013, year of surgery did not impact the likelihood of revision TKA for PJI (odds ratio 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.03, P = .9221), but that for primary TKA performed in 2014-2016, the likelihood decreased by year (odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.88, P = .0002). Conclusions: The likelihood of revision TKA for PJI was stable from 2006 to 2013 but declined during the period 2014-2016 across patient and hospital categories. This decline could be due to infection mitigation strategies or other unmeasured factors.

Characterization of neurological morbidity associated with thyroid antibodies: Hashimoto's encephalopathy and beyond.

BACKGROUND: Hashimoto's Encephalopathy (HE) manifests with various neurologic symptoms associated with elevated thyroglobulin (TG) and/or thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies. Some patients with thyroid antibodies exhibit neurological presentations not consistent with HE. This study aims to characterize the spectrum of neurological morbidity in patients with thyroid antibodies. METHODS: We reviewed all patients tested for TG or TPO antibodies from 2010 to 2019. Patients tested for thyroid antibodies as part of a neurological workup for new symptoms were classified into the following categories: patients meeting full criteria for HE, patients with other neuroimmunological disorders, patients with unexplained neurological symptoms not fully meeting HE criteria, and patients with incidental non neuroimmunological disorders. RESULTS: There were 2717 patients with positive thyroid antibodies in the dataset including 227 patients (78% female, age 54 ± 19 years) who met inclusion criteria. Twelve patients (5%) met HE criteria, 30 (13%) had other neuroimmunological disorders, 32 (14%) had unexplained neurological symptoms, and 153 (67.4%) had incidental disorders. In addition to cognitive dysfunction, seizures, movement disorders, motor weakness, and psychosis, HE patients were also more likely to have cerebellar dysfunction, language impairment, and sensory deficits. They were more likely to carry a Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnosis and had higher titers of thyroid antibodies. They all had a robust response to steroids. CONCLUSION: The neurological spectrum of HE may be wider than previously reported, including frequent cerebellar, sensory, and language dysfunction. A subgroup of thyroid antibody positive patients with unexplained neurological symptoms may represent further expansion of thyroid antibody-related neurological disorders.

To Stage or Not to Stage? Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes, Complications, and Discharge Disposition After Staged and Simultaneous Bilateral Posterior Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Patients who have bilateral hip arthritis can be treated with bilateral total hip arthroplasty (bTHA) in either a staged or simultaneous fashion. The goal of this study was to determine whether staged and simultaneous posterior bTHA patients differ in regard to (1) patient-reported outcome measures, (2) 90-day complication rates, and (3) discharge dispositions and cumulative lengths of stay. METHODS: Patients who (1) underwent simultaneous bTHA or staged bTHA (within 12 months) using the posterior approach, and (2) completed preoperative and 1-year postoperative Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement surveys were included in the study. A total of 266 patients (87 simultaneous bTHA and 179 staged bTHA) were included. Chart review was performed to collect patient-level variables, postoperative complications, discharge dispositions, and lengths of stay. RESULTS: Staged bTHA patients had higher Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, Lower Extremity Activity Scale, and Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey physical component scores compared to simultaneous bTHA patients at 6 weeks after surgery (P = .019, .006, and .008, respectively), but these differences did not meet the minimal clinically important difference threshold for any questionnaire. Simultaneous bTHA was associated with higher rate of periprosthetic fractures (P = .034) and discharge to a location other than home (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant, but likely not clinically meaningful differences in patient-reported outcomes for staged and simultaneous bTHA patients at 6 weeks after surgery. Surgeons should be aware of the higher periprosthetic fracture risk and greater likelihood of discharge to a rehabilitation facility associated with simultaneous bTHA. Further research should aim to understand which patients may benefit most from simultaneous bTHA.

Healthcare disparities: patients' perspectives on barriers to joint replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Racial and ethnic disparities in arthroplasty utilization are evident, but the reasons are not known. We aimed to identify concerns that may contribute to barriers to arthroplasty from the patient's perspective. METHODS: We identified patients' concerns about arthroplasty by performing a mixed methods study. Themes identified during semi-structured interviews with Black and Hispanic patients with advanced symptomatic hip or knee arthritis were used to develop a questionnaire to quantify and prioritize their concerns. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between race/ethnicity and the importance of each theme. Models were adjusted for sex, insurance, education, HOOS, JR/KOOS, JR, and discussion of joint replacement with a doctor. RESULTS: Interviews with eight participants reached saturation and provided five themes used to develop a survey answered by 738 (24%) participants; 75.5% White, 10.3% Black, 8.7% Hispanic, 3.9% Asian/Other. Responses were significantly different between groups (p < 0.05). Themes identified were "Trust in the surgeon" "Recovery", "Cost/Insurance", "Surgical outcome", and "Personal suitability/timing". Compared to Whites, Blacks were two-fold, Hispanics four-fold more likely to rate "Trust in the surgeon" as very/extremely important. Blacks were almost three times and Hispanics over six times more likely to rate "Recovery" as very/extremely important. CONCLUSION: We identified factors of importance to patients that may contribute to barriers to arthroplasty, with marked differences between Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites.

Racial Differences in Patient Satisfaction With the Hospital Experience Undergoing Primary Unilateral Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Press Ganey (PG) inpatient survey is widely used to track patient satisfaction with the hospital experience. Our aim was to use the PG survey to determine if there are racial differences in overall hospital experience and perception of nurses and surgeons following hip and knee arthroplasty. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed Black and White patients from hip and knee arthroplasty registries from a single institution between July 2010 and February 2012. The overall assessment score for the hospital experience and perception of the nurse and surgeon questions from the PG inpatient survey were dichotomized as "not completely satisfied" or "completely satisfied". Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to determine the impact of race on the likelihood of being 'completely satisfied' in the hip and knee cohorts. Results: There were 2517 hip and 2114 knee patients who underwent surgery and completed the PG survey, of whom 3.9% were Black and 96.0% were White. Black patients were less likely to be completely satisfied with their hospital experience compared to White patients in the hip (odds ratio 0.62, confidence interval 0.39-1.00, P = .049) and knee (odds ratio 0.52, confidence interval 0.33-0.82, P = .005) cohorts. Black patients were also less likely to be completely satisfied with multiple aspects of care they received from the nurse and surgeon in both cohorts. Conclusions: We found that the PG Survey shows Black patients were less likely to be completely satisfied than White patients with the hospital experience, including their interactions with nurses and surgeons. More work is needed to understand this difference.

Survivorship and Clinical Outcomes of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Performed in Patients 35 Years of Age and Younger.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) for patients aged ≤35 years are rare but necessary for patients who have diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Few studies have examined the 10-year and 20-year survivorship and clinical outcomes of TKAs for young patients. METHODS: A retrospective registry review identified 185 TKAs in 119 patients aged ≤ 35 years performed between 1985 and 2010 at a single institution. The primary outcome was implant survivorship free of revision. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed at 2 time points: 2011 to 2012 and 2018 to 2019. The average age was 26 years (range, 12 to 35). Mean follow-up was 17 years (range, 8 to 33). RESULTS: Survivorship decreased from 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79 to 90) at 5 years to 70% (95% CI: 64 to 77) at 10 years and to 37% (95% CI: 29 to 45) at 20 years. The most common reasons for revision were aseptic loosening (6%) and infection (4%). Risk factors for revision included increasing age at time of surgery (Hazards Ratio [HR] 1.3, P = .01) and use of constrained (HR 1.7, P = .05) or hinged prostheses (HR 4.3, P = .02). There were 86% of patients reporting that their surgery resulted in "a great improvement" or better. CONCLUSION: Survivorship of TKAs in young patients is less favorable than expected. However, for the patients who responded to our surveys, TKA demonstrated substantial pain relief and improvement in function at 17-year follow-up. Revision risk increased with older age and higher levels of constraint.

Hemostatic Agents in Orthopedic Surgery.

Controlling blood loss is a crucial aspect of orthopedic surgery. Hemostatic agents can be used intraoperatively in combination with antifibrinolytics as part of an overall strategy to limit blood loss. Several new hemostatic agents have recently come to the market designed specifically for vascular surgery but have found uses in other surgical fields, including orthopedics. This article reviews the mechanisms of action and best uses of various mechanical hemostats, active hemostats, flowable hemostats, and fibrin sealants for achieving hemostasis in orthopedic surgery. Mechanical and active hemostats have been reported to successfully decrease blood loss from cancellous bone, capillaries, and venules. Flowable hemostats are generally favorable for use in small spaces where the swelling capabilities of mechanical and active hemostats can be detrimental to surrounding structures. Sealants are best used for closing defects in tissues.

Clinical and Histological Features of Prosthetic Joint Infections May Differ in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis and Osteoarthritis.

Background: Patients with inflammatory arthritis are at increased risk of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), but diagnosis in these patients can be challenging because active inflammatory arthritis produces elevated inflammatory markers that may mimic those seen in PJI. Purpose: In this pilot study, we sought to identify the clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic features of culture-positive and culture-negative PJI in patients with inflammatory arthritis who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We also sought to obtain preliminary data to support a definitive study of optimal methods for PJI diagnosis in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of TKA and THA patients treated for PJI from 2009 to 2018 at a single tertiary care orthopedic institution. Data were extracted from a longitudinally maintained hospital infection database. We reviewed hematoxylin and eosin slides of osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis PJI cases matched 3:1, respectively, by age, sex, and culture status. Clinical characteristics were evaluated using the Fisher exact test, χ2 test, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U test where appropriate. Results: A total of 807 PJI cases were identified (36 inflammatory arthritis and 771 osteoarthritis cases). Patients with inflammatory arthritis presented younger, had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, more frequently used glucocorticoids, were more likely women, and had a higher proportion of culture-negative PJI compared with osteoarthritis patients. Of the 88 inflammatory arthritis cases reviewed for histopathology, a higher proportion of culture-positive than culture-negative PJI cases had >10 polymorphonuclear leucocytes per high-power field and met Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria but presented with less chronic inflammation. Conclusions: This retrospective prognostic study suggests that culture-negative PJI may be more frequent in patients with inflammatory arthritis than in those with osteoarthritis. Chronic infections, antibiotic use, or misdiagnosis may be contributing factors to unclear PJI diagnoses among culture-negative cases. This preliminary work supports the need for further studies to assess the differences in clinical features between culture-negative and culture-positive PJI in patients with inflammatory arthritis and the ability of biological diagnostic markers to discriminate between them in this population.

Spine or Hip First? Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Sequential Lumbar Spine or Hip Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar spine pathology frequently coexists in patients who have hip arthrosis. There is controversy on whether lumbar or hip pathology should be first addressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of sequential lumbar spine (LSP) or hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: Using a large national database from 2010 to 2020, we reviewed the records of 241,279 patients who had concurrent hip arthritis and lumbar spine disease defined as spinal stenosis, lumbar radiculopathy, or degenerative disc disease. During the study period, 6,458 (2.7%) patients with concurrent hip/spine disease underwent sequential operative treatment of either the hip joint or lumbar spine within 2 years. The rates of subsequent surgery in either the hip or the spine, opioid requirements, and rates of hip dislocation were determined and analyzed using compared Chi-squared analyses. RESULTS: Patients undergoing THA first had lower risk of subsequent spinal procedure compared to patients who had spinal procedures first (5.7 versus 23.7%, P < .001). This disparity was maintained up to 5 years (P < .001). Opioid requirements at 1 year were highest in patients who underwent spinal procedures only (836 pills/patient) compared to any other group THA only (566 pills/patient), LSP and then THA (564 pills/patient), THA and LSP (586 pills/patient). Also, THA following LSP was associated with significantly higher rates of dislocation compared to patients undergoing THA first (3.2 versus 1.9%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Total hip arthroplasty first in patients who have concurrent spine disease was associated with lower risk of subsequent surgery, opioid requirement, and risk of postoperative instability compared to patients having lumbar procedure first.

Machine learning identification of thresholds to discriminate osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial inflammation.

BACKGROUND: We sought to identify features that distinguish osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained synovial tissue samples. METHODS: We compared fourteen pathologist-scored histology features and computer vision-quantified cell density (147 OA and 60 RA patients) in H&E-stained synovial tissue samples from total knee replacement (TKR) explants. A random forest model was trained using disease state (OA vs RA) as a classifier and histology features and/or computer vision-quantified cell density as inputs. RESULTS: Synovium from OA patients had increased mast cells and fibrosis (p < 0.001), while synovium from RA patients exhibited increased lymphocytic inflammation, lining hyperplasia, neutrophils, detritus, plasma cells, binucleate plasma cells, sub-lining giant cells, fibrin (all p < 0.001), Russell bodies (p = 0.019), and synovial lining giant cells (p = 0.003). Fourteen pathologist-scored features allowed for discrimination between OA and RA, producing a micro-averaged area under the receiver operating curve (micro-AUC) of 0.85±0.06. This discriminatory ability was comparable to that of computer vision cell density alone (micro-AUC = 0.87±0.04). Combining the pathologist scores with the cell density metric improved the discriminatory power of the model (micro-AUC = 0.92±0.06). The optimal cell density threshold to distinguish OA from RA synovium was 3400 cells/mm2, which yielded a sensitivity of 0.82 and specificity of 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: H&E-stained images of TKR explant synovium can be correctly classified as OA or RA in 82% of samples. Cell density greater than 3400 cells/mm2 and the presence of mast cells and fibrosis are the most important features for making this distinction.

Outcomes After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty From a Specific, Now-Recalled Implant System.

BACKGROUND: A specific total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant system was recently recalled for high incidence of early polymeric wear and osteolysis. We analyzed the early outcomes of aseptic revision with these implants. METHODS: We identified 202 aseptic revision TKAs of this implant system performed at a single institution between 2010 and 2020. Revision indications included aseptic loosening (n = 120), instability (n = 55), and polymeric wear/osteolysis (n = 27). Components were revised in 145 cases (72%) and isolated polyethylene insert exchange occurred in 57 cases (28%). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to determine survivorship free from all-cause rerevision and rerevision risk factors. RESULTS: At 2 and 5 years, survivorship free from all-cause rerevision was 89 and 76% in the polyethylene exchange cohort versus 92 and 84% in the component revision cohort (P = .5). At 2 and 5 years, survivorship in revision with components from the same manufacturer was 89 and 80% compared to 95 and 86% in revision with components from a different manufacturer (P = .2). Among re-revisions (n = 30), cones (37%), sleeves (7%), hinge/distal femoral replacement implants were frequently used (13%). Men had increased risk for rerevision (hazard ratio = 2.3, P = .04). CONCLUSION: In this series of aseptic revision TKAs performed on a now-recalled implant system, survivorship free from rerevision was lower than expected when components from the same manufacturer were utilized, but comparable to contemporary reports when both the components were revised with an alternative implant system. Metaphyseal fixation with cones and sleeves as well as highly constrained implants was frequently utilized at time of rerevision TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Mid-term survivorship of primary total knee arthroplasty with a specific implant.

The purpose of this study was to assess mid-term survivorship following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with Optetrak Logic components and identify the most common revision indications at a single institution. We identified a retrospective cohort of 7,941 Optetrak primary TKAs performed from January 2010 to December 2018. We reviewed the intraoperative findings of 369 TKAs that required revision TKA from January 2010 to December 2021 and the details of the revision implants used. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine survivorship. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the impact of patient variables and year of implantation on survival time. The estimated survivorship free of all-cause revision was 98% (95% confidence interval (CI) 97% to 98%), 95% (95% CI 95% to 96%), and 86% (95% CI 83% to 88%) at two, five, and ten years, respectively. In 209/369 revisions there was a consistent constellation of findings with varying severity that included polyethylene wear and associated synovitis, osteolysis, and component loosening. This failure mode, which we refer to as aseptic mechanical failure, was the most common revision indication. The mean time from primary TKA to revision for aseptic mechanical failure was five years (5 months to 11 years). In this series of nearly 8,000 primary TKAs performed with a specific implant, we identified a lower-than-expected mid-term survivorship and a high number of revisions with a unique presentation. This study, along with the recent recall of the implant, confirms the need for frequent monitoring of patients with Optetrak TKAs given the incidence of polyethylene failure, osteolysis, and component loosening.

Effectiveness of oral versus intravenous tranexamic acid in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomised, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces rates of blood transfusion for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Although the use of oral TXA rather than intravenous (i.v.) TXA might improve safety and reduce cost, it is not clear whether oral administration is as effective. METHODS: This noninferiority trial randomly assigned consecutive patients undergoing primary THA or TKA under neuraxial anaesthesia to either one preoperative dose of oral TXA or one preoperative dose of i.v. TXA. The primary outcome was calculated blood loss on postoperative day 1. Secondary outcomes were transfusions and complications within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: Four hundred participants were randomised (200 THA and 200 TKA). The final analysis included 196 THA patients (98 oral, 98 i.v.) and 191 TKA patients (93 oral, 98 i.v.). Oral TXA was non-inferior to i.v. TXA in terms of calculated blood loss for both THA (effect size=-18.2 ml; 95% confidence interval [CI], -113 to 76.3; P<0.001) and TKA (effect size=-79.7 ml; 95% CI, -178.9 to 19.6; P<0.001). One patient in the i.v. TXA group received a postoperative transfusion. Complication rates were similar between the two groups (5/191 [2.6%] oral vs 5/196 [2.6%] i.v.; P=1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Oral TXA can be administered in the preoperative setting before THA or TKA and performs similarly to i.v. TXA with respect to blood loss and transfusion rates. Switching from i.v. to oral TXA in this setting has the potential to improve patient safety and decrease costs.

Tumors Constitute a Majority of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients <21 Years Old: A United States Nationwide Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is rarely performed in patients under 21 years old, but the frequency of utilization of TKA in this population in the United States is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in the use of TKA in patients <21 in the United States. Additionally, we aimed to determine the characteristics of these patients and the hospitals in which this procedure is performed. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the Kids' Inpatient Database, a national weighted sample of all inpatient hospital admissions in the United States in patients <21 years of age. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes to identify patients undergoing TKA from 2000 to 2019 and determine a primary diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were calculated using the appropriate sample weights. RESULTS: The total weighted number of TKAs performed in patients <21 years from 2000 to 2019 was 1,535. There were 70.9% of TKAs performed for a primary diagnosis of tumor, and the use of TKA for malignant tumors has increased. In contrast, the use of TKA for inflammatory arthritis/juvenile idiopathic arthritis decreased significantly over the study period. The majority of TKAs were performed in urban teaching hospitals with a large bed size. CONCLUSION: Approximately 1,535 TKAs have been performed in patients <21 years from 2000 to 2019 in the United States. The majority of these procedures were performed for reconstruction after resection of a malignant tumor. The rate of TKA for inflammatory arthritis/juvenile idiopathic arthritis has decreased over the past two decades.

Clinical Reasoning: A 12-Year-Old Girl With Acute-Onset Diplopia, Dizziness, and Upbeat Nystagmus.

We report a case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with acute-onset diplopia, dizziness, and upbeat nystagmus. On examination, she had right internuclear ophthalmoplegia with right eye hypertropia and exotropia and impaired convergence. In addition, she also had spontaneous primary position symmetric upbeat nystagmus. In this report, we discuss the clinical approach with meticulous neuro-ophthalmologic examination and neuroanatomic localization in pediatric patients with acute-onset diplopia.

2022 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To develop updated guidelines for the perioperative management of disease-modifying medications for patients with rheumatic diseases, specifically those with inflammatory arthritis (IA) and those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) or elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: We convened a panel of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and infectious disease specialists, updated the systematic literature review, and included currently available medications for the clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using a group consensus process. RESULTS: This guideline updates the 2017 recommendations for perioperative use of disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy, including traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biologic agents, targeted synthetic small-molecule drugs, and glucocorticoids used for adults with rheumatic diseases, specifically for the treatment of patients with IA, including rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or those with SLE who are undergoing elective THA or TKA. It updates recommendations regarding when to continue, when to withhold, and when to restart these medications and the optimal perioperative dosing of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: This updated guideline includes recently introduced immunosuppressive medications to help decision-making by clinicians and patients regarding perioperative disease-modifying medication management for patients with IA and SLE at the time of elective THA or TKA.

2022 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To develop updated guidelines for the perioperative management of disease-modifying medications for patients with rheumatic diseases, specifically those with inflammatory arthritis (IA) and those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) or elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: We convened a panel of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and infectious disease specialists, updated the systematic literature review, and included currently available medications for the clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using a group consensus process. RESULTS: This guideline updates the 2017 recommendations for perioperative use of disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy, including traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biologic agents, targeted synthetic small-molecule drugs, and glucocorticoids used for adults with rheumatic diseases, specifically for the treatment of patients with IA, including rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or those with SLE who are undergoing elective THA or TKA. It updates recommendations regarding when to continue, when to withhold, and when to restart these medications and the optimal perioperative dosing of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: This updated guideline includes recently introduced immunosuppressive medications to help decision-making by clinicians and patients regarding perioperative disease-modifying medication management for patients with IA and SLE at the time of elective THA or TKA.

2022 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To develop updated American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons guidelines for the perioperative management of disease-modifying medications for patients with rheumatic diseases, specifically those with inflammatory arthritis (IA) and those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), undergoing elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) or elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: We convened a panel of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and infectious disease specialists, updated the systematic literature review, and included currently available medications for the clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using a group consensus process. RESULTS: This guideline updates the 2017 recommendations for perioperative use of disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy, including traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biologic agents, targeted synthetic small-molecule drugs, and glucocorticoids used for adults with rheumatic diseases, specifically for the treatment of patients with IA, including rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or those with SLE who are undergoing elective THA or TKA. It updates recommendations regarding when to continue, when to withhold, and when to restart these medications and the optimal perioperative dosing of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: This updated guideline includes recently introduced immunosuppressive medications to help decision-making by clinicians and patients regarding perioperative disease-modifying medication management for patients with IA and SLE at the time of elective THA or TKA.

Improving Safety of Bilateral Knee Arthroplasty: Impact of Selection Criteria on Perioperative Outcome.

Background: Bilateral total knee arthroplasty (BTKA) procedures are associated with an increased risk of complications when compared with unilateral approaches. In 2006, in an attempt to reduce this risk, our institution implemented selection criteria that specified younger and healthier patients as candidates for BTKA. Questions/Purpose: We sought to investigate the effect of these selection criteria on perioperative outcomes. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, we used institutional data to identify patients who underwent BTKA between 1998 and 2014. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent surgery before the 2006 introduction of our selection criteria (1998-2006) and those who underwent surgery after (2007-2014). Groups were compared in terms of demographics, comorbidity burden, and incidence of perioperative complications. Regression analysis was performed, calculating incidence rate ratios to evaluate changes in complication rates. Results: Before the selection criteria were implemented in 2006, patients who underwent BTKA were older and had a higher comorbidity burden. The rate of major complications per 1000 hospital days decreased from 31.5 in 1998 to 7.9 in 2014. A reduction in cardiac complications was the most significant contributor to this decrease in major complications. Conclusion: After stringent criteria for BTKA candidates were implemented at our institution, selection of younger patients with lower comorbidity burden was accompanied by a reduction in the incidence of operative complications. This suggests that introducing such criteria can be associated with a reduction in adverse perioperative outcomes.