Medium composition optimization and characterization of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma boninense along with antioxidant activity.

Ganoderma is a well-known medicinal macrofungal genus, of which several species have been thoroughly studied from the medicinal perspective, but most species are rarely involved in. In this study, we focus on the polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma boninense and their antioxidant activity. Ganoderma boninense is a serious pathogen of oil palms that are cultivated commercially in Southeast Asia. Response surface methodology was conducted to optimize the liquid medium composition, and the mycelia biomass reached 7.063 g/L, that is, 1.4-fold compared with the seed medium. The crude and purified polysaccharides extracted from the fermentation broth showed well 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging abilities, and the scavenging abilities of purified polysaccharides reached 94.47 % and 99.88 %, respectively. Six fractions of polysaccharides were extracted and purified from fruiting bodies, mycelia and fermentation broth separately with the elution buffers of distilled water and 0.1 M NaCl solution. Generally, the polysaccharides from fruiting bodies showed stronger protective effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cell oxidative damage than other fractions. A total of five to seven monosaccharides were identified in the six fractions of polysaccharides. The correlation analysis revealed that the content of fucose was significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides, while xylose showed negative correlation results. In summary, the polysaccharides from G. boninense have a potential to be used as natural antioxidants.

Alloexidiopsis gen. nov., A Revision of Generic Delimitation in Auriculariales (Basidiomycota).

Auriculariales is a fungal order with highly diverse morphological traits of basidiomes, which partially leads to a poor understanding of its taxonomic system at the generic level. To identify our recently collected specimens of Auriculariales to a species level, we perform a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the generic relationships in Auriculariales. In association with morphological characteristics, a new genus Alloexidiopsis belonging to Auriculariaceae is erected with two new species, namely, A. australiensis and A. schistacea. Moreover, Exidiopsis calcea separated from the generic type E. effusa and Heteroradulum niveum and H. yunnanense recently inaccurately described as members of Heteroradulum are recovered in the clade of Alloexidiopsis. These three species are thus transferred to this new genus. One collection of Exidiopsis grisea also falls in the clade of Alloexidiopsis, whereas another collection of this species is separated far from Alloexidiopsis and E. effusa. Since we have no collection to confirm the species identity of E. grisea, its generic position is uncertain. The main taxonomic morphological differences among Alloexidiopsis and related corticioid genera in Auriculariales are summarized. A key to all the five accepted species of Alloexidiopsis is provided. As two unnamed lineages exist in Alloexidiopsis besides the abovementioned five species, it is assumed that more new species will be revealed from this genus under its current circumscription.

Redelimitation of Heteroradulum (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) with H.australiense sp. nov.

Auriculariales accommodates species with diverse basidiomes and hymenophores. From morphological and phylogenetic perspectives, we perform a taxonomic study on Heteroradulum, a recently validated genus within the Auriculariales. The genus Grammatus is merged into Heteroradulum, and thus its generic type G.labyrinthinus is combined with Heteroradulum and G.semis is reaccepted as a member of Heteroradulum. Heteroradulumaustraliense is newly described on the basis of three Australian specimens. Heteroradulumyunnanense is excluded from this genus and its taxonomic position at the generic level is considered uncertain. Accordingly, the circumscription of Heteroradulum is re-delimited and the concept of this genus is adjusted by including irpicoid to poroid hymenophores and a hyphal system with clamp connections or simple septa. A key to all nine accepted species of Heteroradulum is presented.

Recovery Processes of Organic Acids from Fermentation Broths in the Biomass-Based Industry.

The new movement towards green chemistry and renewable feedstocks makes microbial production of chemicals more competitive. Among the numerous chemicals, organic acids are more attractive targets for process development efforts in the renewable-based biorefinery industry. However, most of the production costs in microbial processes are higher than that in chemical processes, among which over 60% are generated by separation processes. Therefore, the research of separation and purification processes is important for a promising biorefinery industry. This review highlights the progress of recovery processes in the separation and purification of organic acids, including their advantages and disadvantages, current situation, and future prospects in terms of recovery yields and industrial application.

Bis(pyridine-3-carboxylic acid-κN)silver(I) perchlorate.

In the title compound, [Ag(C(6)H(5)NO(2))(2)]ClO(4), the Ag(I) atom shows an almost linear coordination geometry, defined by two N atoms from two pyridine-3-carboxylic acid ligands. The complex cations are linked by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups into a chain. The chains are further connected through C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a weak Ag⋯O inter-action [2.757 (8) Å] into a layer. Another Ag⋯O inter-action [2.899 (2) Å] and a C-H⋯O hydrogen bond connect the layers into a three-dimensional network.

Poly[[di-µ(3)-nicotinato-hemi-µ(4)-oxalato-hemi-µ(2)-oxalato-neodymium(III)silver(I)] dihydrate].

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {[AgNd(C(6)H(4)NO(2))(2)(C(2)O(4))]·2H(2)O}(n), contains one Nd(III) atom, one Ag(I) atom, one oxalate ligand, two nicotinate ligands and two uncoordinated water mol-ecules. The Nd(III) atom is eight-coordinated in a distorted square-anti-prismatic coordination geometry by four O atoms from two oxalate ligands and four O atoms from four nicotinate ligands. The Ag(I) atom has a T-shaped configuration, defined by two N atoms from two nicotinate ligands and one O atom from one oxalate ligand. The nicotinate and oxalate ligands link the Nd and Ag atoms into a three-dimensional coordination framework. O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds donated by water mol-ecules are observed in the crystal.

Bis(3-hydroxy-phenyl-acetato-κO,O')bis-(1H-imidazole-κN)nickel(II).

In the title mononuclear complex, [Ni(C(8)H(7)O(3))(2)(C(3)H(4)N(2))(2)], the Ni(II) atom, lying on a twofold rotation axis, is coordinated by four carboxyl-ate O atoms from two bidentate 3-hydroxy-phenylacetato ligands and two N atoms from two imidazole mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. A three-dimensional network is formed via inter-molecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions between the imidazole and benzene rings of neighboring mol-ecules [centroid-centroid distance = 3.856 (2) Å].

(E)-3-Allyl-sulfanyl-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl-idene)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phen-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine.

The title compound, C(22)H(24)N(4)O(4)S, adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. A weak intra-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed between the N atom of the C=N double bond and its neighboring phenyl H atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

N-[(E)-2-Chloro-benzyl-idene]-3-(4-methyl-benzyl-sulfan-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phen-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine.

In the title compound, C(26)H(25)ClN(4)O(3)S, the acyclic imine group exhibits an E configuration. The triazole ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 53.84 (2), 70.77 (1) and 32.59 (3)° with respect to the benzene rings of the 2-chloro-benzyl-idene, 4-methyl-benzyl-sulfanyl and 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl groups, respectively. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯N, C-H⋯S and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

(Z)-Methyl 4-(1,3-benzothia-zol-2-yl-sulfan-yl)-2-(methoxy-imino)-3-oxo-butanoate.

In the mol-ecular structure of the title compound, C(13)H(12)N(2)O(4)S(2), there is a dihedral angle of 0.41 (13)° between the benzene and thia-zole rings. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by two C-H⋯O inter-actions together with π-π stacking between the parallel benzene rings of adjacent mol-ecules [centroid-centroid distance = 3.673 (2) Å].

Synthesis and antifungal activities of 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-sulfonyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-sulfonyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives.

Starting from the key intermediate 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (4) or the oxadiazole analogue (5), the title compounds 9 and 10 are synthesized by a two-step process. Thioetherification reaction of 4 or 5 with an organic halide catalyzed by indium or indium tribromide first affords appropriate sulfide 7 or 8, which is then converted into title compounds 9 or 10 by hydrogen peroxide oxidation catalyzed by ammonium molybdate in ionic liquid [bmim]PF6. The structures are unequivocally confirmed by spectroscopic (IR, 1H and 13C NMR) data and elemental analyses. The structures of 8d and 10q are further established by X-ray crystallographic diffraction analysis. The compounds have been shown to be fungicidally active. Title compounds 10i and 10j can inhibit mycelia growth by approximately 50% (EC50) at 2.9-93.3 microg/mL in vitro against 10 kinds of fungi.