Medical Management of Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia: Oncological and Reproductive Outcomes at a Tertiary Center in Singapore.

Background Medical management of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) includes oral or intrauterine progestins. This study aims to evaluate the oncological and reproductive outcomes of these patients and the predictive factors for disease regression, as well as to compare the treatment efficacy of different forms of progestins. Methodology This retrospective study was conducted at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. Women diagnosed with AEH on endometrial biopsy between January 2015 to October 2017 and treated with at least eight weeks of the same progestin were included for analysis. Results Of the 42 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 37 were treated with oral progestins and five with the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUS). In total, 28 (66.6%) patients achieved complete regression (CR), but eight recurred with AEH or endometrial carcinoma. Four (9.5%) progressed to grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Patients under 39 years old were 9.75 times more likely (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12-85.16, p = 0.04) to achieve CR compared to those who were 40 years old and above. In multivariate analysis, older age and higher mean body mass index had a significantly lower chance of CR. The probability of CR plateaued at nine months at 0.63 (95% CI = 0.47-0.79). There was no significant difference in time to regression, chance of regression, and risk of recurrence between oral progestin and LNG-IUS. Nine patients were trying to conceive. The clinical pregnancy rate was 44.4% (n = 4), and the live birth rate was 22.2% (n = 2). Conclusions Younger patients, especially those below 39 years old, are more likely to achieve CR. The value of medical treatment beyond nine months needs to be re-evaluated. There was no difference in treatment outcomes between oral progestins and LNG-IUS.

Glycolic acid-based deep eutectic solvents boosting co-production of xylo-oligomers and fermentable sugars from corncob and the related kinetic mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Xylo-oligomers are a kind of high value-added products in biomass fractionation. Although there are several chemical methods to obtain xylo-oligomers from biomass, the reports about the deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-mediated co-production of xylo-oligomers and fermentable sugars and the related kinetic mechanism are limited. RESULTS: In this work, glycolic acid-based DESs were used to obtain xylo-oligomers from corncob. The highest xylo-oligomers yield of 65.9% was achieved at 120 °C for 20 min, of which the functional xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs, DP 2-5) accounted for up to 31.8%. Meanwhile, the enzymatic digestion of cellulose and xylan in residues reached 81.0% and 95.5%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of metal inorganic salts significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of xylan and even the degradation of xylo-oligomers in DES, thus resulting in higher selectivity of xylan removal. AlCl3 showed the strongest synergistic effect with DES on accelerating the processes, while FeCl2 is best one for xylo-oligomers accumulation, affording the highest xylo-oligomers yield of 66.1% for only 10 min. Furthermore, the kinetic study indicates that the 'potential hydrolysis degree' model could well describe the xylan hydrolysis processes and glycolic acid/lactic acid (3:1) is a promising solvent for xylo-oligomers production, in particular, it worked well with FeCl2 for the excellent accumulation of xylo-oligomers. CONCLUSIONS: Glycolic acid-based deep eutectic solvents can be successfully applied in corncob fractionation with excellent xylo-oligomers and fermentable sugars yields on mild conditions, and the large amount of xylo-oligosaccharides accumulation could be achieved by specific process controlling. The strategies established here can be useful for developing high-valued products from biomass.

Impact of leukoaraiosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombectomy: a post hoc analysis of the DIRECT-MT trial.

BACKGROUND: The influence of leukoaraiosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) given intra-arterial treatment (IAT) with or without preceding intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of IAT in patients with or without leukoaraiosis. METHODS: Patients of the direct mechanical thrombectomy trial (DIRECT-MT) whose leukoaraiosis grade could be assessed were included. DIRECT-MT was a randomized clinical trial performed in China to assess the effect of direct IAT compared with intravenous thrombolysis plus IAT. We employed the Age-Related White Matter Changes Scale for grading leukoaraiosis (ARWMC, 0 indicates no leukoaraiosis, 1-2 indicates mild-to-moderate leukoaraiosis, and 3 indicates severe leukoaraiosis) based on brain CT. The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) assessed at 90 days. RESULTS: There were 656 patients in the trial, 649 patients who were included, with 432 patients without leukoaraiosis, and 217 (33.4%) patients with leukoaraiosis divided into mild-to-moderate (n=139) and severe groups (n=78). Leukoaraiosis was a predictor of a worse mRS score (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.8)) and higher mortality (aOR=1.4 (1.1 to 1.9)), but it was not associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) (aOR=0.9 (0.5 to 1.5)). IVT preceding IAT did not increase sICH risk for patients with no (aOR=1.4 (0.6 to 3.4)), mild-to-moderate (aOR=1.5 (0.3 to 7.8)), or severe (aOR=1.5 (0.1 to 21.3)) leukoaraiosis. CONCLUSION: Patients with leukoaraiosis with AIS due to large vessel occlusion are at increased risk of a poor functional outcome after IAT but demonstrate similar sICH rates, and IVT preceding IAT does not increase the risk of sICH in Chinese patients with leukoaraiosis.

Predictors of futile recanalization in basilar artery occlusion patients undergoing endovascular treatment: a post hoc analysis of the ATTENTION trial.

Background: Few studies have focused on factors associated with futile recanalization in patients with an acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) that was treated with modern endovascular therapy (EVT). The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with futile recanalization in patients with an acute BAO presented within 12 h. Methods: This is a post-hoc analysis of the ATTENTION trial (The Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar-Artery Occlusion, ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04751708). Demographics, clinical characteristics, acute stroke workflow interval times, and imaging characteristics were compared between the futile recanalization and favorable recanalization groups. The favorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-3 at 90 days, successful reperfusion was defined as thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b and 3 on the final angiogram, and futile recanalization was defined as failure to achieve a favorable outcome despite successful reperfusion. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the predictors of futile recanalization. Results: In total, 185 patients were included in the final analysis: 89 (48.1%) patients had futile recanalization and 96 (51.9%) patients had favorable recanalization. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08, p = 0.01) and diabetes mellitus (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.40 to 8.01, p = 0.007) were independent predictors of futile recanalization. Conclusion: Futile recanalization occurred in nearly half of patients with acute BAO following endovascular treatment. Old age and diabetes mellitus were identified as independent predictors of futile recanalization after endovascular therapy for acute BAO.

Application of Balloon AngioplaSty with the dIstal protection of Stent Retriever (BASIS) technique for acute intracranial artery atherosclerosis-related occlusion.

Background: Endovascular therapy (EVT) is complex in the context of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS)-related large vessel occlusion (LVO) and the re-occlusion rates are high due to residual stenosis, the procedure time is long and the optimal EVT technique is unclear. The Balloon AngioplaSty with the dIstal protection of Stent Retriever (BASIS) technique is a novel thrombectomy technique that allows emergent balloon angioplasty to be performed via the wire of the retrieval stent. Our study presents our initial experience with the BASIS technique in ICAS-related LVO and assesses its feasibility. Method: In patients with ICAS-related LVO treated with BASIS, clinical and angiographic data were retrospectively analyzed. Angiographic data included first-pass reperfusion (PFR), the rate of residual stenosis, distal emboli, and re-occlusion post-procedure. The Extended Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) scale was used to assess reperfusion extent, and an eTICI score ≥2b was defined as successful perfusion. Clinical outcome was evaluated at 3 months (modified Rankin score [mRS]), and an mRS ≤ 2 was defined as a good clinical outcome. Results: A total of seven patients with ICAS-related LVO were included, and the median age of the patients was 76 years. All patients achieved eTICI 3 reperfusion and FPR. The residual stenosis rate ranged from 5 to 10%. None of the patients had re-occlusion post-procedure. The median puncture-to-reperfusion time was 51 min. None of the patients had a symptomatic cerebral hemorrhage, re-occlusion, distal embolism, and dissection. Good clinical outcomes were observed in four patients (4/7, 57.1%), and 1 patient (1/7, 14.3%) died. Conclusion: The BASIS technique is feasible and safe for treating acute ICAS-related LVO.

Association of baseline core volume and early midline shift in acute stroke patients with a large ischaemic core.

Background: Midline shift (MLS) is troublesome problem that may occur in patients with a large infarct core (LIC) and may be related to the baseline infarct core volume. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between baseline infarct core volume and early MLS presence. Materials and methods: Patients with acute intracranial large artery occlusion and a pretreatment relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <30% volume ≥50 ml on CT perfusion (CTP) were included, clinical outcomes following endovascular treatment (EVT) were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was MLS within 48 h (early MLS presence). The association between baseline ICV and early MLS presence was evaluated with multivariable regression. Results: Ultimately, 95 patients were included, and 29.5% (28/95) of the patients had early MLS. The number of patients with a baseline rCBF < 15% volume (median [interquartile range], 46 [32-60] vs. 29 [19-40]; P < 0.001) was significantly larger in the early severe MLS presence group. A baseline rCBF < 15% volume showed significantly better predictive accuracy for early MLS presence than an rCBF < 30% volume (area under the curve, 0.74 vs. 0.64, P = 0.0023). In addition, an rCBF < 15% volume ≥40 ml (odds ratio, 4.34 [95% CI, 1.571-11.996]) was associated with early MLS presence after adjustment for sex, age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, onset-to-recanalization time. Conclusion: In patients with an acute LIC following EVT, a pretreatment infarct core volume > 40 ml based on an rCBF < 15% showed good predictive value for early MLS occurrence.

Fabrication of polyethyleneimine modified magnetic microporous organic network nanosphere for efficient enrichment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from wastewater samples prior to HPLC-UV analysis.

Development of novel functionalized adsorbents for efficient magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is essential for promoting their versatile applications in sample pretreatment. Herein, we report the fabrication of a new polyethyleneimine-600 decorated magnetic microporous organic network nanosphere (Fe3O4@MON-PEI600) for effective MSPE of trace non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from different water samples. The core-shelled Fe3O4@MON-PEI600 integrates the synergistic effects of Fe3O4, MON and PEI600, providing facile and effective extraction to NSAIDs via multiple hydrogen bonding, π-π and hydrophobic interactions. The inner MON shell employs π-π and hydrophobic interaction sites and the outer PEI-600 coat acts as the hydrogen bonding doner/receptor, which affords good extraction performance for NSAIDs. Under optimal conditions, the Fe3O4@MON-PEI600-MSPE-HPLC-UV method gives wide linear range (0.14-400 µg L-1), low limits of detection (0.042-0.149 µg L-1), good precisions (intra-day and inter-day RSDs < 4.5%, n = 6), and large enrichment factors (97.0-98.2). Extraction mechanisms and selectivity of Fe3O4@MON-PEI600 are evaluated in detail. Moreover, Fe3O4@MON-PEI600 is successfully applied to enrich the trace NSAIDs in different water samples with the concentrations of 0.7 and 0.8 µg L-1 for 1-naphthylacetic acid, 0.5 and 0.1 µg L-1 for naproxen as well as 0.7 µg L-1 for ibuprofen, respectively. The developed method not only affords a novel and efficient magnetic adsorbent for NSAIDs in aqueous media at trace level, but also provides a new strategy for the rational design and synthesis of multiple functionalized MON composites in sample pretreatment.

Dendrobium mixture attenuates renal damage in rats with diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Dendrobium mixture (DMix) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine widely used for preventing and treating diabetic nephropathy (DN). Autophagy contributes to DN development and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the protective effects of DMix on the kidneys of rats with DN and to determine whether this involves autophagy. Herein, a high­sugar and high­fat diet, combined with the intra­abdominal injection of low­dose streptozocin, was used to induce DN in 40 Sprague­Dawley male rats. In total, 10 additional rats were used as controls. The rats with DN were then randomly divided into three groups and treated with DMix, gliquidone or saline via gastric administration for 8 weeks. Body weight, kidney weight, kidney index, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, as well as the 24­h urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were measured. H&E, Periodic Acid­Schiff and Masson staining were used to examine the renal pathology. The mRNA and protein expression levels of LC3 and Beclin­1 in renal tissues were measured using reverse transcription­quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Western blotting was conducted to measure the protein expression levels of PI3K, phosphorylated (p)­PI3K, Akt, p­Akt, mTOR, p­mTOR, LC3 and Beclin­1 in renal tissues. It was found that DMix significantly reduced the FBG, blood lipids, HbA1c and insulin levels, kidney weight, kidney index and UAER in rats with DN, as well as improved renal function. Rats with DN showed notable glomerular hypertrophy, an increase in mesangial matrix content and renal interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, DMix notably reduced kidney damage. The results demonstrated that DMix inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR in the kidney tissues of rats with DN, and increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of LC3 and Beclin­1. Therefore, it was suggested that DMix has protective effects on the kidney of rats with DN, which may be associated with the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and activation of renal autophagy by this traditional medicine.

Initial Clinical Experience of Repeat Thrombectomy with a Retrieval Stent (RTRS) with Continuous Proximal Flow Arrest by Balloon Guide Catheter for Acute Intracranial Carotid Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Balloon guide catheters (BGCs) have good performance in terms of radiological outcomes in acute ischemic thrombectomy. It is not uncommon for BGCs to be blocked by thrombi, especially in cases with acute intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Our initial experience using repeat thrombectomy with a retrieval stent (RTRS) with continuous proximal flow arrest by BGC for acute intracranial ICA occlusion is presented. METHODS: In patients with acute intracranial ICA occlusion treated with RTRS, clinical data, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days, and procedural data, including the Extended treatment in Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) score, procedural time, and complications, were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-two consecutive patients (12 men (37.5%); mean age: 73 years) were treated with RTRS using a BGC. The median NIHSS score was 19. The median puncture-to-reperfusion time was 46 minutes (range: 22-142 minutes). All patients were successfully revascularized; eTICI 2c or better recanalization was achieved in 30 (93.8%) patients. No procedure-related complications or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred. Two cases (6.3%) had distal emboli, but none had emboli to the anterior cerebral artery. Fourteen patients (43.8%) achieved a good outcome with an mRS score of 0-2 at 90 days, and 8 patients (25.0%) died. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with intracranial ICA occlusion, RTRS with proximal flow arrest by BGC is effective and safe, achieving good clinical and angiographic outcomes. This method may reduce the incidence of distal emboli in thrombectomy with stent retrievers.

Quantification of Cross-Contamination of Campylobacter jejuni during Food Preparation in a Model Kitchen in China.

ABSTRACT: Numerous outbreak investigations and case-control studies of campylobacteriosis have provided evidence that handling Campylobacter-contaminated chicken products is a high risk factor for infection and illness. In this study, the cross-contamination and transfer rates of Campylobacter jejuni from chicken to ready-to-eat food were determined in various food handling scenarios. Skinless raw chicken breasts were artificially contaminated with C. jejuni and diced on cutting boards of three different materials. Whether cold water, cold water with detergent, or hot water was used, statistically significant differences were found between the transfer rates of C. jejuni to unwashed and washed cutting boards or hands, respectively. When both kitchen knife and cutting board were reused after dicing the artificially contaminated chicken, the transfer rates of C. jejuni to cucumber cut on bamboo, wooden, and plastic cutting boards were 16.28, 12.82, and 5.32%, respectively. The transfer rates from chicken to bread, a large lift-up water faucet handle, and a small twist faucet handle via unwashed hands were 0.49, 4.64, and 3.14%, respectively. This research provides scientific evidence that various types of contaminated kitchenware and cook's hands are vital potential vehicles for the cross-contamination of Campylobacter from raw chicken to ready-to-eat food and emphasizes the importance of timely and proper cleaning to prevent cross-contamination during food handling; therefore, high-quality consumer education to reduce the risk of foodborne infection is urgent and necessary.

Non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia: risk factors for occult endometrial atypia and malignancy in patients managed with hysterectomy

Objective@#To determine the risk factors for occult endometrial atypia and malignancy in patients diagnosed with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia (NEH) on endometrial biopsy. @*Methods@#All new cases of NEH diagnosed between April 2015 and March 2016 at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, who underwent hysterectomy as first-line treatment, were included in the study. Patients with a history of endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy were excluded from the study. Patient demographics (e.g., age, parity, body mass index [BMI]), medical history, and clinical presentation were obtained for analysis. @*Results@#In total, 262 patients were diagnosed with NEH, of which 18.3% (n=48) underwent hysterectomy as first-line management. The average time to surgery was 77.0±35.7 days. All cases were diagnosed by dilation and curettage, and hysteroscopy. The mean age was 51 years, and the mean BMI was 26.9±5.8 kg/m2. Histology from the hysterectomy specimen showed 9 (18.8%) patients with atypical hyperplasia and 2 (4.2%) with grade 1, stage 1A endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Patients with higher grade final pathology had significantly lower median parity (1 vs. 2, P=0.039), higher mean BMI (30.1±6.5 vs. 25.9±5.3 kg/m2, P=0.033), and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (54.5% vs. 13.5%, P=0.008, odds ratio 7.68), compared to patients whose final histology showed NEH or no residual hyperplasia. @*Conclusion@#Occult endometrial atypia and malignancy were found in 18.8% and 4.2% of patients with an initial diagnosis of NEH, respectively. High BMI and low parity were identified as significant risk factors for high-grade endometrial lesions in patients with NEH.

Non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia: risk factors for occult endometrial atypia and malignancy in patients managed with hysterectomy

Objective@#To determine the risk factors for occult endometrial atypia and malignancy in patients diagnosed with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia (NEH) on endometrial biopsy. @*Methods@#All new cases of NEH diagnosed between April 2015 and March 2016 at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, who underwent hysterectomy as first-line treatment, were included in the study. Patients with a history of endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy were excluded from the study. Patient demographics (e.g., age, parity, body mass index [BMI]), medical history, and clinical presentation were obtained for analysis. @*Results@#In total, 262 patients were diagnosed with NEH, of which 18.3% (n=48) underwent hysterectomy as first-line management. The average time to surgery was 77.0±35.7 days. All cases were diagnosed by dilation and curettage, and hysteroscopy. The mean age was 51 years, and the mean BMI was 26.9±5.8 kg/m2. Histology from the hysterectomy specimen showed 9 (18.8%) patients with atypical hyperplasia and 2 (4.2%) with grade 1, stage 1A endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Patients with higher grade final pathology had significantly lower median parity (1 vs. 2, P=0.039), higher mean BMI (30.1±6.5 vs. 25.9±5.3 kg/m2, P=0.033), and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (54.5% vs. 13.5%, P=0.008, odds ratio 7.68), compared to patients whose final histology showed NEH or no residual hyperplasia. @*Conclusion@#Occult endometrial atypia and malignancy were found in 18.8% and 4.2% of patients with an initial diagnosis of NEH, respectively. High BMI and low parity were identified as significant risk factors for high-grade endometrial lesions in patients with NEH.

Geochemically Distinct Oil Families in the Gudong Oilfield, Zhanhua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China.

Twenty crude oil samples were obtained from the Gudong Oilfield and their organic geochemical characteristics were analyzed. The oil samples were classified into three families by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis based on 13 source-related and depositional environment-related biomarker parameters. Oils in family I have low ratios of C19/C23 tricyclic terpanes and C24 tetracyclic terpane/C26 tricyclic terpanes, and relatively high ratios of steranes/hopanes and C30 4-methylsteranes/ααα20R C29 sterane, thus indicating that microalgae were the dominant organic matter input for the source rocks of family I. The gammacerane/C30 hopane ratios are higher than that of family II and family III, whereas the C35/C34 homohopane ratios are lower, thus indicating a suboxic, brackish water environment for the source rocks. The inferred source rock is the first member of the Shahejie Formation in the Huanghekou Sag. Family II is characterized by high ratios of C19/C23 tricyclic terpanes and C24 tetracyclic terpane/C26 tricyclic terpanes but relatively low ratios of steranes/hopanes and C27/C29 αααR steranes. These findings suggest that the original organic matter of the source rocks had a greater contribution from terrigenous higher plants than from microalgal. The relatively low ratios of gammacerane/C30 hopane and C35/C34 homohopane suggest that the source rocks were deposited in an oxic environment with a low salinity, thus corresponding to the Dongying Formation in the Huanghekou Sag. Family III oils have high C27/C29 ααααR steranes ratios and low C30 4-methylsteranes/ααα20R C29 ratios, which indicate the contribution of microalgae (especially zooplankton algae) to the source rocks. The relatively high abundance of C35 homohopane and low gammacerane/C30 hopane ratios suggest a weakly reducing condition with low salinity, which is in accordance with the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Gunan Sag. The C31S/(S + R) homohopane ratios imply that oil samples in this study are in the mature stage, although the ratios of C2920S/(20S + 20R) and C29ßß/(αα + ßß) steranes suggest that the maturity of family II is higher than that of family I and family III.

Stent-unsheathed effect predicts acute distal middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic disease-related occlusion.

BACKGROUND: The differentiation of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) and embolism is important. OBJECTIVE: In cases of ICAS, we observe a phenomenon that we call the "post-stent-deployment effect"; that is, all major branches are clearly visible beyond the occlusion segment when the stent is deployed at the site of occlusion. Our objective is to evaluates whether this post-stent-deployment effect can be used to differentiate ICAS from embolism in the distal M1 segment occlusion. METHODS: We conduct a retrospective study which reviewed consecutive patients with acute distal M1 segment and in whom recanalization was achieved by endovascular treatment. The post-stent-deployment effect was assessed in these patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), and accuracy of the post-stent-deployment effect for prediction of ICAS were assessed. RESULTS: From January 2015 to July 2018, a total of 80 patients were evaluated. The post-stent-deployment effect was more frequently observed in patients with ICAS than in those with embolism (100% vs 15.0%, P < .001). For identifying ICAS in distal M1 segment, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and accuracy of the post-stent-deployment effect were 100%, 85.0%, 69.0%, and 88.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study finds that the sensitivity and accuracy of the post-stent-deployment effect in predicting distal M1 segment ICAS occlusion in patients with acute symptoms was high, and it may be useful in identifying ICAS lesion.

Clinical significance of common-stem lenticulostriate arteries in patients with internal watershed infarction.

BACKGROUND: A common-stem origin of lenticulostriate arteries (CS-LSAs) is an anatomical variation that supplies a moderate to large section of the basal ganglia. We hypothesized that CS-LSAs with a patent orifice are located at distal positions of the acute-occluded middle cerebral artery (MCA) and that the blood flow of CS-LSAs is supplied by pail arterial anastomoses and results in hypoperfusion of CS-LSAs, similar to a deep watershed (DWS) infarction. OBJECTIVE: Our study evaluated the possibility of CS-LSAs in patients with DWS infarction and MCA occlusion and also assessed the safety of endovascular therapy (ET) in these patients. METHODS: A cohort of consecutive patients with DWS infarction and MCA occlusion and in whom full recanalization via ET was achieved were identified. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of CS-LSAs observed during ET. In addition, radiological and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were included, and CS-LSAs were observed in 48.5% (16/33) of patients. The possibility (72.2%, 13/18) of CS-LSAs was high in patients with DWS infarction companied with basal ganglia infarction. A good clinical outcome was similar in patients with CS-LSAs and basal ganglia infarction and in patients without CS-LSAs and basal ganglia infarction (69.2% vs. 81.8%, P = 0.649). CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of CS-LSAs was 48.5% in patients with DWS infarction and MCA occlusion, and the revascularization procedure was safe and feasible in these patients despite the moderate-to-large basal ganglia infarction.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe for lysosomal hypochlorous acid based on through-bond energy transfer strategy.

In this paper, we synthesized a ratiometric fluorescence probe (IRh-Ly) for lysosomal hypochlorous acid (HOCl) by adopting a through-bond energy transfer (TBET) strategy on rhodamine-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine platform. IRh-Ly showed brilliant selectivity, rapid response for HOCl. The probe also exhibited high sensitivity with the detection limit calculated to be 10.2 nM. Moreover, we demonstrated its successful application of detecting lysosomal HOCl in living RAW264.7 cells. Notably, the morpholine was integrated into the fluorescent probe IRh-Ly and the results revealed that IRh-Ly could target lysosome and detect the lysosomal HOCl. All the unique features made IRh-Ly particularly suitable for ratiometric HOCl detection and bio-imaging applications.

A rhodamine B-based probe for the detection of HOCl in lysosomes.

A rhodamine B-based derivative (RL1) was developed as a specific fluorescent probe for HOCl. Meanwhile, morpholine moiety was introduced into the probe. It was found that the probe could display highly selective, sensitive and naked-eye detection upon the addition of HOCl. And the detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be as low as 2.8 nM. Furthermore, cellular confocal microscopic studies revealed that the introduction of morpholine moiety realized the lysosome-targeting capability. Moreover, RL1 was successfully applied for the imaging of endogenous HOCl with low cytotoxicity. Therefore, all the desirable features made probe RL1 particularly suitable for HOCl detection in aqueous buffer solution samples as well as the bio-imaging applications.

Safety of Endovascular Therapy in Progressive Ischemic Stroke and Anterior Circulation Large Artery Occlusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prognosis of progressive ischemic stroke (PIS) caused by large proximal artery occlusion with hemodynamic was poor. Our study aimed to investigate the safety of endovascular therapy (ET) for patients with PIS who were selected based on ischemic penumbra detected on brain imaging. METHODS: A cohort of consecutive patients with PIS, who were treated with ET, were identified. Patients were selected for ET based on the presence of ischemic penumbra using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical outcome includes 90-day modified Rankin scale, mortality, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rate. Multivariate analysis was performed to compare treatment time of ≤6 hours (early) with >6 hours (late) after stroke. RESULTS: One hundred forty-eight patients were treated (100 early and 48 late). Compared with the early group, more successful recanalization rate in the late group (100% vs. 89%, P = 0.017), lower mortality (2.1% vs. 12%, P = 0.046), better clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale score ≤2, 81.3% vs. 65%, P = 0.046), and sICH rate was similar between the 2 groups (7.0% vs. 9.5%, P = 1.00). Only pretreatment National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio [OR] = 0.836, P = 0.025), successful recanalization (OR = 7.077, P = 0.038), collateral status (OR = 3.121, P = 0.016), and sICH (OR = 0.053, P = 0.013) were predictors of a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In appropriately selected patients with PIS, ET can be performed safely. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials are needed to assess its effectiveness.

Endovascular Therapy Strategy for Acute Embolic Tandem Occlusion: The Pass-Thrombectomy-Protective Thrombectomy (Double PT) Technique.

OBJECTIVE: Embolic occlusions of the common carotid artery (CCA)/internal carotid artery (ICA) and intracranial artery occlusions in acute ischemic stroke are associated with high morbidity and can benefit from endovascular therapy. However, the optimal endovascular strategy for these conditions is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the pass-thrombectomy-protective thrombectomy (double PT) technique and the clinical outcome of treated patients. METHODS: We collected data on embolic occlusion of the CCA/ICA and intracranial artery occlusion in our prospective stroke registry database between January 2015 and February 2017. Clinical and angiographic data were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical outcome was evaluated at 3 months (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score), and an mRS score of 2 or lower was defined as a good clinical outcome. RESULTS: A total of 7 patients with tandem occlusion were included, with a mean age of 66 years. The median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 20, and 6 of 7 patients (85.7%) underwent successful recanalization. The median reperfusion time of the affected intracranial artery was 61 minutes. The rate of good clinical outcome was 42.9% (3/7), the mortality rate was 14.3% (1/7), and the embolic event rate was 14.3% (1/7) when the proximal clot was retrieved. CONCLUSIONS: The double PT technique is feasible and safe in treating initial embolic tandem occlusion of the CCA/ICA.

Adjuvant intra-arterial rt-PA injection at the initially deployed solitaire stent enhances the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Both intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and stent retrieval are effective for treating acute ischemic stroke. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of stent retrieval combined with intra-arterial rt-PA administration via micro-catheter (called the complex technique) in acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 93 consecutive patients treated between 2015 and 2017 for occlusions of the intracranial large artery using the complex technique (n=37) or stent retrieval alone (n=56) in our stroke center. Data on procedure duration, number of passes, and angiographic findings were collected. Successful recanalization was defined as the accomplishment of grade 3 or 2b modified Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia recanalization in 1 or 2 passes. RESULTS: Compared to the stent retrieval group, complex technique group had a higher successful revascularization rate with 1 or 2 passes with the stent retriever (81.1% versus 51.8%, P=0.004), a shorter procedure time (59±34min versus 94±56min, P<0.001), fewer passes of the stent retriever (1.8±1.1 versus 2.5±1.4, P=0.012), a better prognosis (70.3% versus 48.2%, P=0.035), a lower embolic complication rate (18.9% versus 39.3%, P=0.038), similar mortality (13.5% versus 21.4%, P=0.334) and similar intracranial hemorrhage symptoms (2.7% versus 12.5%, P=0.204). Intra-arterial rt-PA administration was an independent negative predictor of procedure time (OR=-0.292, P=0.003). CONCLUSION: Mechanical thrombectomy utilizing stent retrieval combined with intra-arterial rt-PA administration in the anterior circulation of acute ischemic stroke patients improved the angiographic results and shortened the procedure duration without increasing adverse events.