Effects of Crawling before Walking: Network Interactions and Longitudinal Associations in 7-Year-Old Children.

BACKGROUND: To study the impact of crawling before walking (CBW) on network interactions among body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence and physical fitness, at age 7, and to assess the longitudinal association between CBW and body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity parameters, at age 7. METHOD: CBW, body composition, cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity were assessed in seventy-seven healthy Caucasian children. RESULTS: Network analyses revealed that the crawling group had a greater number of links among all the studied variables compared with the non-crawling group. In the longitudinal study, using multiple regression analyses, crawling was independently associated with fat mass (%), fat-to-muscle ratio and systolic blood pressure, with models explaining up to 56.3%, 56.7% and 29.9% of their variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CBW during child's development is a possible modulator in the network interactions between body systems and it could influence future metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Airway Clearance and Mucoactive Therapies.

The respiratory system is constantly exposed to external pathogens but has different and effective defense systems. The pathophysiology of bronchiectasis affects the defense system considerably in that alterations occur in the airway that reduce its effectiveness in mucociliary clearance and the greater presence of mucins leads to the accumulation of more adherent and viscous mucus. One of the pillars of treatment of this disease should be improvement of mucociliary clearance and a decrease in the adherence and viscosity of the mucus. To this end, the mobilization of secretions must be increased through effective respiratory physiotherapy techniques, which can be manual and/or instrumental. The properties of mucus can be modified to improve its mobilization through the use of a mucoactive agent. Despite the increase in the number and quality of studies, the evidence for these treatments remains scarce, although their application is recommended in all guidelines.

Current developments and future directions in respiratory physiotherapy.

Respiratory physiotherapists have a key role within the integrated care continuum of patients with respiratory diseases. The current narrative review highlights the profession's diversity, summarises the current evidence and practice, and addresses future research directions in respiratory physiotherapy. Herein, we describe an overview of the areas that respiratory physiotherapists can act in the integrated care of patients with respiratory diseases based on the Harmonised Education in Respiratory Medicine for European Specialists syllabus. In addition, we highlight areas in which further evidence needs to be gathered to confirm the effectiveness of respiratory therapy techniques. Where appropriate, we made recommendations for clinical practice based on current international guidelines.

[The future of inhaled antibiotic therapy. New products]. / El futuro de la antibioterapia inhalada. Nuevos productos.

Inhaled antibiotics have been used for more than 30 years to treat bronchial colonization or infection, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas. However, major progress in this field has only been made in the last 10 years: the beneficial effects in this indication have been confirmed by scientific evidence, the number of clinical trials has considerably increased, inhaled antibiotic formulations have appeared, administration systems have improved and their use has been broadened to include other infections. The speed of research indicates that major advances will be made in the indications and arsenal of inhaled antibiotics, as well as in the effectiveness of administration systems in the next 10 years. A desirable aim in the immediate future would be to demonstrate the efficacy of inhaled antibiotics in the treatment of any chronic bronchial infection, irrespective of the causative microorganism or the underlying disease and even in the absence of bronchiectasis. The antibiotic effect is related to the concentration achieved in the site of infection. Antibiotic administration through the inhaled route is subject to many variables: the dose administered, the dose that reaches the site of infection, the type of nebulizer used and the patient's characteristics. Many features of the pharmacokinetics of this route remain unknown and, because of its complexity, it should be prescribed and monitored by specialist physicians to avoid underdosing, which could lead to bacterial resistance.

El futuro de la antibioterapia inhalada. Nuevos productos / The future of inhaled antibiotic therapy. New products

Los antibióticos inhalados están siendo utilizados desde hace más de 30 años para tratar la colonización o lainfección bronquial, especialmente en pacientes con fibrosis quística e infección bronquial crónica porPseudomonas. No ha sido hasta los últimos 10 años cuando más se ha avanzado en este campo: se han confirmadolos efectos beneficiosos en esta indicación con la evidencia científica, los ensayos clínicos se han incrementadode forma considerable, han aparecido formulaciones de antibióticos para vía inhalada, han mejoradolos sistemas de administración y se ha extendido su uso en otras infecciones. La velocidad de la investigaciónnos hace suponer que en los próximos 10 años habrá importantes avances en las indicaciones, en el arsenal deantibióticos disponibles por esta vía y en la eficacia de los sistemas de administración.El futuro inmediato de la investigación en este campo sería deseable que fuese dirigido a demostrar la eficaciade los antibióticos inhalados en el tratamiento de cualquier infección bronquial crónica, sea cual sea el microorganismocausante y la patología de base, incluso sin la presencia todavía de bronquiectasias. El efecto delantibiótico está en relación con la concentración que se alcanza en la zona de la infección. La administraciónde antibióticos por vía inhalada está sujeta a muchas variables: dosis administrada, dosis que llega a la zonade la infección, tipo de nebulizador usado y las características del paciente. Todavía desconocemos muchosaspectos de su farmacocinética, y su complejidad hace aconsejable que sea indicada y controlada por facultativosespecializados para evitar infradosificaciones que induzcan resistencias bacterianas(AU)

Inhaled antibiotics have been used for more than 30 years to treat bronchial colonization or infection,especially in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas. However, majorprogress in this field has only been made in the last 10 years: the beneficial effects in this indication havebeen confirmed by scientific evidence, the number of clinical trials has considerably increased, inhaledantibiotic formulations have appeared, administration systems have improved and their use has beenbroadened to include other infections. The speed of research indicates that major advances will be made inthe indications and arsenal of inhaled antibiotics, as well as in the effectiveness of administration systems inthe next 10 years. A desirable aim in the immediate future would be to demonstrate the efficacy of inhaledantibiotics in the treatment of any chronic bronchial infection, irrespective of the causative microorganism orthe underlying disease and even in the absence of bronchiectasis. The antibiotic effect is related to theconcentration achieved in the site of infection. Antibiotic administration through the inhaled route is subjectto many variables: the dose administered, the dose that reaches the site of infection, the type of nebulizerused and the patient’s characteristics. Many features of the pharmacokinetics of this route remain unknownand, because of its complexity, it should be prescribed and monitored by specialist physicians to avoidunderdosing, which could lead to bacterial resistance(AU)