Detection of Potential Arbovirus Infections and Pregnancy Complications in Pregnant Women in Jamaica Using a Smartphone App (ZIKApp): Pilot Evaluation Study.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence of the benefits of mobile health technology, which include symptom tracking apps for research, surveillance, and prevention. No study has yet addressed arbovirus symptom tracking in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the use of a smartphone app (ZIKApp) to self-report arbovirus symptoms and pregnancy complications and to assess compliance with daily symptom diaries during pregnancy in a cohort of women in an arbovirus-endemic, subtropical, middle-income country (Jamaica). METHODS: Pregnant women aged ≥16 years, having a smartphone, and planning on giving birth at the recruiting center were enrolled between February 2020 and July 2020. ZIKApp comprised a daily symptom diary based on algorithms to identify potential episodes of arbovirus infection and pregnancy complications. Sociodemographic, epidemiological, and obstetric information was collected at enrollment, with additional review of medical records, and users' perception was collected through an exit survey. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression analysis of possible factors associated with diary adherence were performed. RESULTS: Of the 173 women enrolled, 157 (90.8%) used ZIKApp for a median duration of 155 (IQR 127-173) days until pregnancy end, 6 (3.5%) used the app for <7 days, and 10 (5.8%) exited the study early. For each successive 30-day period from enrollment up to 150 days after enrollment, of these 157 women, 121 (77.1%) to 129 (82.2%) completed their daily symptom diary; 50 (31.8%) to 56 (35.7%) did so on the same day. Overall, 31.8% (50/157) of the women had good adherence to diary reporting (ie, they completed the task on the same day or 2 to 3 days later for ≥80% of the days enrolled). There were 3-fold higher odds of good adherence for participants aged >34 years versus those aged 25 to 29 years (adjusted odds ratio 3.14, 95% CI 1.10-8.98) and 2-fold higher odds for women with tertiary versus secondary education (adjusted odds ratio 2.26, 95% CI 1.06-4.83). Of the 161 women who ever made a diary entry, 5454 individual symptom reports were made (median 17 per woman; IQR 4-42; range 0-278); 9 (5.6%) women reported symptom combinations triggering a potential arbovirus episode (none had an adverse pregnancy outcome) and 55 (34.2%) reported painful uterine contractions or vaginal bleeding, mainly in the month before delivery. Overall, 51.8% (71/137) of the women rated the app as an excellent experience and were less likely to be poor diary adherers (P=.04) and 99.3% (138/139) reported that the app was easy to understand and use. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot found a high adherence to ZIKApp. It demonstrated the feasibility and usability of the app in an arbovirus-endemic region, supporting its future development to contribute to surveillance and diagnosis of arbovirus infections in pregnancy and to optimize maternal care.

Antenatal Seroprevalence of Zika and Chikungunya Viruses, Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2017-2019.

To determine the extent of exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Jamaica, we collected serum from 584 pregnant women during 2017-2019. We found that 15.6% had antibodies against ZIKV and 83.6% against CHIKV. These results indicate potential recirculation of ZIKV but not CHIKV in the near future.

Infectious disease morbidity and growth among young HIV-exposed uninfected children in Jamaica / Morbilidad por enfermedades infecciosas y crecimiento en niños pequeños no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en Jamaica

Objective. There is a growing body of data that demonstrates increased infectious disease outcomes for HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) infants as compared to their HIV-unexposed (HU) counterparts. We hypothesized that these HIV-EU infants are at greater risk for infectious morbidity and mortality when compared to the general childhood population. We therefore aimed to characterize infections and growth outcomes among HIV-EU infants in Jamaica during their first two years of life. By identifying these outcomes, specific interventions could be implemented to mitigate this risk of morbidity and mortality. Methods. HIV-EU infants born between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2006 in Kingston, Jamaica, were enrolled and followed in multicenter health facilities, using standardized protocols. HIV status was determined by RNA/DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmatory HIV enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Data were collected on demographic and anthropometric characteristics, infectious morbidity and mortality, and hospitalizations. Outcomes (incidence of infections and hospitalizations; growth (z scores for weight)) were determined, using univariate analyses. Results. Of 195 HIV-EU infants followed for 25.9 months (standard deviation, 10.9 months), 102 (52%) were male, 185 (95%) were non-breast-fed, 161 (83%) experienced at least one infection, and 58 (30%) were hospitalized at least once. Infectious disease incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included upper respiratory tract infection of 7.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.92–8.90), otitis media of 4.12 (3.21–5.20), and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of 1.92 (1.35–2.65). Hospitalization incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) of 0.89 (0.53– 1.40), sepsis of 0.48 (0.23–0.89), and AGE of 0.43 (0.20–0.81). These infection incidence rates among the HIV-EU infants were higher than those for published community controls. Among the HIV-EU infants, the low-birthweight ones and those born via cesarean section had significantly higher hospitalization rates from LRTI and sepsis than did published community controls. The mean z score for weight during the infants’ first 6 months ranged from -0.06 to 0.78 in this predominantly non-breast-fed population. That score trended upwards to 24 months of age. Conclusions. Infectious disease morbidity was higher but growth was normal in this cohort of HIV-EU non-breast-fed infants, in comparison to published community controls. Specific interventions should be implemented to mitigate the risk in this setting.

Objetivo. Existe un volumen cada vez mayor de datos que muestran un aumento de casos de enfermedades infecciosas en lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en comparación con lactantes no expuestos al virus. Formulamos la hipótesis de que los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos presentan mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas comparados con la población general de niños. Por consiguiente, nos propusimos caracterizar las infecciones y los resultados de crecimiento en lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en Jamaica durante sus dos primeros años de vida. Al determinarse estos resultados, podrían ejecutarse intervenciones específicas para mitigar este riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad. Métodos. Se inscribieron lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al HIV nacidos entre el 1 de enero del 2004 y el 31 de diciembre del 2006 en Kingston (Jamaica), y se les hizo seguimiento en establecimientos multicéntricos de salud, con protocolos estandarizados. El estado con respecto a la infección por el VIH se determinó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para ARN/ADN y prueba confirmatoria de inmunoadsorción enzimática (ELISA). Se recopilaron datos sobre características demográficas y antropométricas, morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones y hospitalizaciones. Los resultados (incidencia de infecciones y hospitalizaciones; crecimiento [puntuaciones z para el peso]) se determinaron usando un análisis de una sola variable. Resultados. De 195 lactantes no infectados pero expuestos a los que se les dio seguimiento durante 25,9 meses (desviación estándar, 10,9 meses), 102 (52%) eran de sexo masculino, 185 (95%) no fueron amamantados, 161 (83%) presentaron al menos una infección y 58 (30%) fueron hospitalizados por lo menos una vez. La incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas por 1 000 niño-semanas incluyó infecciones de las vías respiratorias superiores de 7,25 (intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95%: 5,92–8,90), otitis media de 4,12 (3,21–5,20) y gastroenteritis aguda (AGE) de 1,92 (1,35–2,65). La incidencia de hospitalización por 1 000 niño-semanas incluyó infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores de 0,89 (0,53–1,40), septicemia de 0,48 (0,23–0,89) y gastroenteritis aguda de 0,43 (0,20–0,81). Estas tasas de incidencia de infecciones en los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos fueron más altas que las de los controles comunitarios publicados. En los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos, aquellos con peso bajo al nacer y aquellos nacidos por cesárea registraron tasas de hospitalización significativamente más altas por infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores y septicemia que los controles comunitarios publicados. La media de la puntuación z para el peso durante los 6 primeros meses de los lactantes se ubicó entre -0,06 y 0,78 en esta población que en su mayoría no fue amamantada. Esa puntuación mostró una tendencia ascendente a los 24 meses de edad. Conclusiones. La morbilidad por enfermedades infecciosas fue mayor, pero el crecimiento fue normal en esta cohorte de lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH y no amamantados, en comparación con los controles comunitarios publicados. Deben realizarse intervenciones específicas para mitigar el riesgo en este entorno.

Infectious disease morbidity and growth among young HIV-exposed uninfected children in Jamaica / Morbilidad por enfermedades infecciosas y crecimiento en niños pequeños no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective There is a growing body of data that demonstrates increased infectious disease outcomes for HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) infants as compared to their HIV-unexposed (HU) counterparts. We hypothesized that these HIV-EU infants are at greater risk for infectious morbidity and mortality when compared to the general childhood population. We therefore aimed to characterize infections and growth outcomes among HIV-EU infants in Jamaica during their first two years of life. By identifying these outcomes, specific interventions could be implemented to mitigate this risk of morbidity and mortality. Methods HIV-EU infants born between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2006 in Kingston, Jamaica, were enrolled and followed in multicenter health facilities, using standardized protocols. HIV status was determined by RNA/DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmatory HIV enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Data were collected on demographic and anthropometric characteristics, infectious morbidity and mortality, and hospitalizations. Outcomes (incidence of infections and hospitalizations; growth (z scores for weight)) were determined, using univariate analyses. Results Of 195 HIV-EU infants followed for 25.9 months (standard deviation, 10.9 months), 102 (52%) were male, 185 (95%) were non-breast-fed, 161 (83%) experienced at least one infection, and 58 (30%) were hospitalized at least once. Infectious disease incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included upper respiratory tract infection of 7.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.92–8.90), otitis media of 4.12 (3.21–5.20), and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of 1.92 (1.35–2.65). Hospitalization incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) of 0.89 (0.53–1.40), sepsis of 0.48 (0.23–0.89), and AGE of 0.43 (0.20–0.81). These infection incidence rates among the HIV-EU infants were higher than those for published community controls. Among the HIV-EU infants, the low-birthweight ones and those born via cesarean section had significantly higher hospitalization rates from LRTI and sepsis than did published community controls. The mean z score for weight during the infants’ first 6 months ranged from -0.06 to 0.78 in this predominantly non-breast-fed population. That score trended upwards to 24 months of age. Conclusions Infectious disease morbidity was higher but growth was normal in this cohort of HIV-EU non-breast-fed infants, in comparison to published community controls. Specific interventions should be implemented to mitigate the risk in this setting.

RESUMEN Objetivo Existe un volumen cada vez mayor de datos que muestran un aumento de casos de enfermedades infecciosas en lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en comparación con lactantes no expuestos al virus. Formulamos la hipótesis de que los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos presentan mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas comparados con la población general de niños. Por consiguiente, nos propusimos caracterizar las infecciones y los resultados de crecimiento en lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH en Jamaica durante sus dos primeros años de vida. Al determinarse estos resultados, podrían ejecutarse intervenciones específicas para mitigar este riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad. Métodos Se inscribieron lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al HIV nacidos entre el 1 de enero del 2004 y el 31 de diciembre del 2006 en Kingston (Jamaica), y se les hizo seguimiento en establecimientos multicéntricos de salud, con protocolos estandarizados. El estado con respecto a la infección por el VIH se determinó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para ARN/ADN y prueba confirmatoria de inmunoadsorción enzimática (ELISA). Se recopilaron datos sobre características demográficas y antropométricas, morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones y hospitalizaciones. Los resultados (incidencia de infecciones y hospitalizaciones; crecimiento [puntuaciones z para el peso]) se determinaron usando un análisis de una sola variable. Resultados De 195 lactantes no infectados pero expuestos a los que se les dio seguimiento durante 25,9 meses (desviación estándar, 10,9 meses), 102 (52%) eran de sexo masculino, 185 (95%) no fueron amamantados, 161 (83%) presentaron al menos una infección y 58 (30%) fueron hospitalizados por lo menos una vez. La incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas por 1 000 niño-semanas incluyó infecciones de las vías respiratorias superiores de 7,25 (intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95%: 5,92–8,90), otitis media de 4,12 (3,21–5,20) y gastroenteritis aguda (AGE) de 1,92 (1,35–2,65). La incidencia de hospitalización por 1 000 niño-semanas incluyó infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores de 0,89 (0,53–1,40), septicemia de 0,48 (0,23–0,89) y gastroenteritis aguda de 0,43 (0,20–0,81). Estas tasas de incidencia de infecciones en los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos fueron más altas que las de los controles comunitarios publicados. En los lactantes no infectados pero expuestos, aquellos con peso bajo al nacer y aquellos nacidos por cesárea registraron tasas de hospitalización significativamente más altas por infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores y septicemia que los controles comunitarios publicados. La media de la puntuación z para el peso durante los 6 primeros meses de los lactantes se ubicó entre -0,06 y 0,78 en esta población que en su mayoría no fue amamantada. Esa puntuación mostró una tendencia ascendente a los 24 meses de edad. Conclusiones La morbilidad por enfermedades infecciosas fue mayor, pero el crecimiento fue normal en esta cohorte de lactantes no infectados pero expuestos al VIH y no amamantados, en comparación con los controles comunitarios publicados. Deben realizarse intervenciones específicas para mitigar el riesgo en este entorno.

Infectious disease morbidity and growth among young HIV-exposed uninfected children in Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing body of data that demonstrates increased infectious disease outcomes for HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) infants as compared to their HIV-unexposed (HU) counterparts. We hypothesized that these HIV-EU infants are at greater risk for infectious morbidity and mortality when compared to the general childhood population. We therefore aimed to characterize infections and growth outcomes among HIV-EU infants in Jamaica during their first two years of life. By identifying these outcomes, specific interventions could be implemented to mitigate this risk of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: HIV-EU infants born between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2006 in Kingston, Jamaica, were enrolled and followed in multicenter health facilities, using standardized protocols. HIV status was determined by RNA/DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmatory HIV enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Data were collected on demographic and anthropometric characteristics, infectious morbidity and mortality, and hospitalizations. Outcomes (incidence of infections and hospitalizations; growth (z scores for weight)) were determined, using univariate analyses. RESULTS: Of 195 HIV-EU infants followed for 25.9 months (standard deviation, 10.9 months), 102 (52%) were male, 185 (95%) were non-breast-fed, 161 (83%) experienced at least one infection, and 58 (30%) were hospitalized at least once. Infectious disease incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included upper respiratory tract infection of 7.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.92-8.90), otitis media of 4.12 (3.21-5.20), and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) of 1.92 (1.35-2.65). Hospitalization incidence per 1 000 child-weeks included lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) of 0.89 (0.53-1.40), sepsis of 0.48 (0.23-0.89), and AGE of 0.43 (0.20-0.81). These infection incidence rates among the HIV-EU infants were higher than those for published community controls. Among the HIV-EU infants, the low-birthweight ones and those born via cesarean section had significantly higher hospitalization rates from LRTI and sepsis than did published community controls. The mean z score for weight during the infants' first 6 months ranged from -0.06 to 0.78 in this predominantly non-breast-fed population. That score trended upwards to 24 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious disease morbidity was higher but growth was normal in this cohort of HIV-EU non-breast-fed infants, in comparison to published community controls. Specific interventions should be implemented to mitigate the risk in this setting.

A cohort study of health effects of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in Jamaican children.

OBJECTIVE: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in childhood is believed to play an important role in risk for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Although HTLV-I is known to be associated with infective dermatitis in childhood, other HTLV-I-associated morbidity in children has not been well studied. We sought to determine the HTLV-I-associated health effects in Jamaican children. METHODS: We compared incidence rates of several health outcomes in 28 HTLV-I-infected and 280 uninfected children clinically followed from age 6 weeks to a maximum of 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze these prospectively collected data, adjusting for confounding effects of other variables as necessary. RESULTS: HTLV-I-infected children had significantly higher incidence rates of seborrheic dermatitis (rate ratio [RR] = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-12.5), eczema (RR = 3.1, CI = 1.2-7.9) and persistent hyperreflexia (RR = 3.7, CI = 1.6-8.2). Additionally, HTLV-I infected children had increased rates of severe anemia (RR = 2.5, CI = 0.8-7.9) and abnormal lymphocytes (RR = 2.4, CI = 0.8-7.6) that were of borderline statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that HTLV-I-associated skin diseases of childhood may include seborrheic dermatitis and eczema. Additionally, these data suggest that persistent hyperreflexia of the lower limbs may be an early sign of HTLV-I-associated neurologic involvement in children. Expansion and continued clinical observation of this cohort would be valuable.

Virus markers associated with vertical transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in Jamaica.

In a prospective study involving 150 mothers and their offspring in Jamaica, we examined maternal viral factors associated with the risk of transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Overall, the incidence of HTLV-1 infection among children was 8.3 occurrences per 1000 person-months. A higher maternal provirus level (odds ratio [OR], 1.9 per quartile) and a higher HTLV-1 antibody titer (OR, 2.2 per quartile) were independently associated with transmission to children, whereas the presence of anti-Tax antibody was not. Higher maternal antibody titers also were associated with older age at infection among children who were breast-fed for

Postpartum depression in Jamaican women: an analysis done at six-weeks postpartum at the University Hospital of the West Indies

This study aimed at determining the incidence of postpartum depression and to see if there are any differences in the risk factors between this Jamaican population and other countries. Data was gathered over a six week period, 14.2.96 to 25.3.96, in the postnatal clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies. The Edinburgh Postnatal Scale was used to detect postpartum depression in the women. A Likert Scale was used to assess their attitudes toward their babies. Demographic, obstetric and psychosocial data were gathered from these women. The results showed a 26 percent incidence of pospartum depression in a population of 189 women. The factors that found significance were : attitude scores (P value <0.001, T value >1.96), having a worse than expected experience in having their babies (T value >1.96) and having being less frightened due to the information they received on the ward and the clinic (T value >1.96). The women detected with postpartum depression did not necessarily look or feel depressed. This study population had only one risk factor in common with studies from other countries, i.e. having a worse than expected experience in having their babies. This factor was significant in the first week of the puerperium while in this study it was significant at six weeks postpartum. (AU)