Effect of aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruit against polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol thermo-oxidation in model systems containing sardine oil (Sardinella brasiliensis).

This study evaluated the protective effect of ground aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruit addition against fatty acids and cholesterol oxidation in model systems containing sardine oil (Sardinella brasiliensis) during heating (150 and 180 °C). High temperatures reduced the amount of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and caused the formation of oxidized products. Total cholesterol oxides content increased from 58.9 ± 0.26 to 577.5 ± 2.14 µg/g oil, after heating at 180 °C. However, aroeira significantly protected lipids from oxidation. Although the synthetic antioxidant applied as standard (butylated hydroxytoluene) showed greater results, it was used in the maximum concentration permitted by Brazilian legislation (0.01%), suggesting that aroeira fruit could be used as a natural antioxidant for the food industry. The protective effect of aroeira may be correlated to its antioxidant capacity and the presence of bioactive compounds which were identified by UHPLC-ESI-MS in the aroeira extract.

Concentration of EPA and DHA from Refined Salmon Oil by Optimizing the Urea⁻Fatty Acid Adduction Reaction Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology.

This research focused on obtaining eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) (EPA+DHA) concentrates from refined commercial salmon oil (RCSO). Independent variables of the complexation process were optimized by means of the application of response surface methodology (RSM) in order to obtain the maximum content of such fatty acids (FAs). As a result of employing the optimized conditions for all the variables (6.0, urea:FA content ratio; -18.0 °C, crystallization temperature; 14.80 h, crystallization time; 500 rpm, stirring speed), high contents of EPA and DHA could be obtained from RCSO, achieving increases of 4.1 and 7.9 times in the concentrate, with values of 31.20 and 49.31 g/100 g total FA, respectively. Furthermore, a 5.8-time increase was observed for the EPA + DHA content, which increased from 13.78 to 80.51 g/100 g total FA. It is concluded that RCSO can be transformed into a profitable source of EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA), thus leading to a product with higher commercial value.

Fish Waste Oil in Laying Hens* Diets

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in laying hens diets on performance, egg quality, and sensory features of the eggs. 192 Hisex White laying hens with 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p 0.05) were observed in feed intake and egg mass. Feed intake increased until 2.50% of fish waste oil in the diets. Differences were not observed (p>0.05) in all variables analyzed. Differences were observed (p 0.05) in flavor. Eggs from birds fed diets up to 2.00% present better acceptance by the tasters. Above this level, there was a considerable drop in acceptance. From these results, the present study indicates that the use of fish waste oilin laying hens diets did not affect the egg quality. However, its high inclusion negatively affected the feed intake, egg mass, and egg flavor.(AU)

Fish Waste Oil in Laying Hens* Diets

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in laying hens diets on performance, egg quality, and sensory features of the eggs. 192 Hisex White laying hens with 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p 0.05) were observed in feed intake and egg mass. Feed intake increased until 2.50% of fish waste oil in the diets. Differences were not observed (p>0.05) in all variables analyzed. Differences were observed (p 0.05) in flavor. Eggs from birds fed diets up to 2.00% present better acceptance by the tasters. Above this level, there was a considerable drop in acceptance. From these results, the present study indicates that the use of fish waste oilin laying hens diets did not affect the egg quality. However, its high inclusion negatively affected the feed intake, egg mass, and egg flavor.

The addition of the salmon oil in the freezing of equine semen / A adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino

The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of salmon oil addition on cryopreservation of equine semen. The experiment consisted of two treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) (control diluent), BotuCrio® was used without addition of salmon oil and treatment 2 (T2) (experimental diluent) BotuCrio® plus (with) 2% salmon oil. Three ejaculates of four stallions were used, totalizing 12 collections (n=12). Overall motility and progressive motility were evaluated by the Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR) Ceros 10.8 program, as well as the plasma membrane functionality through the hyposmotic test. Both treatments did not present statistical differences in relation to motility (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) and progressive motility (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). With respect to the hyposmotic test, the treatment 2 plus 2% of Salmon oil, presented better protection of sperm membrane functionality in relation to the control treatment (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). It can be concluded that salmon oil, although not altering the total and progressive motility, confers a better efficiency of sperm membrane functionality after thawing in equine semen.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino. O experimento constituiu de dois tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) (diluente controle), utilizou-se o BotuCrio® sem a adição de óleo de salmão e o tratamento 2 (T2) (diluente experimental) BotuCrio® adicionado de 2% de óleo de salmão. Foram utilizados três ejaculados de quatro garanhões, totalizando doze coletas (n=12). Avaliou-se a motilidade total e motilidade progressiva pelo programa Ceros 10.8 da Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR), além da funcionalidade de membrana plasmática através do teste hiposmótico. Ambos os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação a motilidade total (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) e motilidade progressiva (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). Com relação ao teste hiposmótico, o tratamento 2 acrescido de 2 % de óleo de Salmão, apresentou melhor proteção da funcionalidade de membrana espermática em relação ao tratamento controle (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). Pode-se concluir que o óleo de salmão, apesar de não alterar a motilidade total e progressiva, confere uma melhor eficiencia da funcionalidade de membrana espermática pós descongelamento em sêmen de equinos.

The addition of the salmon oil in the freezing of equine semen / A adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino

The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of salmon oil addition on cryopreservation of equine semen. The experiment consisted of two treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) (control diluent), BotuCrio® was used without addition of salmon oil and treatment 2 (T2) (experimental diluent) BotuCrio® plus (with) 2% salmon oil. Three ejaculates of four stallions were used, totalizing 12 collections (n=12). Overall motility and progressive motility were evaluated by the Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR) Ceros 10.8 program, as well as the plasma membrane functionality through the hyposmotic test. Both treatments did not present statistical differences in relation to motility (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) and progressive motility (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). With respect to the hyposmotic test, the treatment 2 plus 2% of Salmon oil, presented better protection of sperm membrane functionality in relation to the control treatment (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). It can be concluded that salmon oil, although not altering the total and progressive motility, confers a better efficiency of sperm membrane functionality after thawing in equine semen.(AU)

O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de salmão no congelamento do sêmen equino. O experimento constituiu de dois tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) (diluente controle), utilizou-se o BotuCrio® sem a adição de óleo de salmão e o tratamento 2 (T2) (diluente experimental) BotuCrio® adicionado de 2% de óleo de salmão. Foram utilizados três ejaculados de quatro garanhões, totalizando doze coletas (n=12). Avaliou-se a motilidade total e motilidade progressiva pelo programa Ceros 10.8 da Hamilton Thorn Research (HTR), além da funcionalidade de membrana plasmática através do teste hiposmótico. Ambos os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação a motilidade total (T1 25,2±1,7 a, T2 29,7±1,9 a) e motilidade progressiva (T1 11,0±1,1 a, T2 14,1±1,3 a). Com relação ao teste hiposmótico, o tratamento 2 acrescido de 2 % de óleo de Salmão, apresentou melhor proteção da funcionalidade de membrana espermática em relação ao tratamento controle (T2 77,3±1,0 a, T1 68,0±1,0 b). Pode-se concluir que o óleo de salmão, apesar de não alterar a motilidade total e progressiva, confere uma melhor eficiencia da funcionalidade de membrana espermática pós descongelamento em sêmen de equinos.(AU)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in commercialized food products from Colombia.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are commonly known as dioxins and are the most toxic members of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because present a variety of health effects especially as promoting agent of growing and transformation of cancer cells. They are bio-accumulate in humans primarily via the diet, specifically by ingestion of foods that have high lipid content which are generally associated with foods of animal origin such as oils and fats and with fishery and dairy products. In Colombia the Ministry of Health and Social Protection which is the entity responsible for surveillance food conditions, has established maximum levels for dioxins and dl-PCBs in oils from animal and vegetable origins. Oils of vegetable and animal origin represent an appreciable intake in the country thus the presence of dioxins and dl-PCBs in these materials is a matter of concern because they can bioaccumulate in fat. In this contribution the levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in olive, soybean, fish oil, butter and shrimp consumed in Colombia were determined using HRGC-HRMS and were compared with the maximum levels permitted in oil samples according to both the Colombian and European regulations. WHO-TEQ concentrations for PCDD/Fs and dioxin like PCBs ranged from 0.24 to 1.710pgWHO-TEQ PCDD/Fg(-1) of fat and from 0.050 to 3.000pgWHO-TEQ PCBg(-1) of fat, respectively. As expected, fish oils and shrimp present the highest WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs values followed by butter and soybean oil sample, while the olive oil shows the lowest levels. In general, the vegetable oils show levels below the limits established by both the Colombian and European regulations. The levels from soybean oil found in this study were slightly higher than the threshold established both by the Commission Regulation European Union (EU) and the Colombian legislation, while fish oils showed concentrations above the European regulations. Furthermore, shrimp exhibited values below the maximum concentration levels established by the EU and Colombian regulation.

Blood lipid components and SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chickens fed different dietary lipid sources

Background: Liver plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Intense liver diseases are accompanied with lower concentrations of n-3 and n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been found that n-3 PUFA play importantly protective roles in the liver. There was limited information about the effects of lipid sources on serum lipid components and liver sterol regulatory element binding-1 (SREBP-1) gene expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of fish oil, corn oil, olive oil and tallow, respectively, as dietary sources of n-3, n-6, n-9 and saturated fatty acid on serum lipid compound and liver SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chicks.Materials, Methods & Results: In a completely randomized design, 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Dietary treatments included of: control (diet without lipid supplementation) and diet supplemented with fish oil as a n-3 fatty acid source, corn oil as a n-6 fatty acid source, olive oil as a n-9 fatty acid source and tallow as a saturated fatty acid which were added to diets at 1.5, 3 and 4% in the starter, grower and finisher, respectively. At days 28 and 42 of age, liver tissue was dissected out and samples were placed in liquid nitrogen, also blood samples were collected. The SREBP-1 mRNA expression in liver [...]

Blood lipid components and SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chickens fed different dietary lipid sources

Background: Liver plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Intense liver diseases are accompanied with lower concentrations of n-3 and n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been found that n-3 PUFA play importantly protective roles in the liver. There was limited information about the effects of lipid sources on serum lipid components and liver sterol regulatory element binding-1 (SREBP-1) gene expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of fish oil, corn oil, olive oil and tallow, respectively, as dietary sources of n-3, n-6, n-9 and saturated fatty acid on serum lipid compound and liver SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chicks.Materials, Methods & Results: In a completely randomized design, 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Dietary treatments included of: control (diet without lipid supplementation) and diet supplemented with fish oil as a n-3 fatty acid source, corn oil as a n-6 fatty acid source, olive oil as a n-9 fatty acid source and tallow as a saturated fatty acid which were added to diets at 1.5, 3 and 4% in the starter, grower and finisher, respectively. At days 28 and 42 of age, liver tissue was dissected out and samples were placed in liquid nitrogen, also blood samples were collected. The SREBP-1 mRNA expression in liver [...](AU)

[Fatty acid profile of mero (Epinephelus morio) raw and processed oil captured in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico]. / Perfil de ácidos grasos de mero (Epinephelus morio) crudo y procesado en aceite capturado en la Península de Yucatán, México.

Unsaturated fatty acids are of current interest for their potential to reduce cardiovascular disease, the first cause of death worldwide. By its content of essential fatty acids, fish is one of the food products most in demand among the population. One of the most popular processes for fish consumption in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico is frying. However, studies show that frying food causes changes in the composition generating trans fatty acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile of Mero (Epinephelus morio) crude and processed with different types of commercial oil. The results showed a fat content in raw E. morio of 1.68%. The percentage of oil extracted and absorbed by the product to be fried with corn oil, sunflower/canola, soybean and safflower was found in a range of 2.3-3.93 and 26.95-57.25%, respectively. The lipid profile obtained by GC-MS suggested the formation of trans fatty acids by isomerization and effect of temperature frying. However essential fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acids were absorbed by E. morio being fried in sunflower oil and safflower/ canola, respectively.

Los ácidos grasos insaturados son de interés en la actualidad por su potencial para reducir enfermedades cardiovasculares, primera causa de muerte en el mundo. Por su contenido de ácidos grasos esenciales, el pescado es uno de los productos alimenticios de mayor demanda entre la población. Uno de los procesos más populares para el consumo de pescado en la Península de Yucatán, México es la fritura. Sin embargo, estudios demuestran que la fritura de alimentos genera cambios en la composición de lípidos generando ácidos grasos trans. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el perfil de ácidos grasos del Mero (Epinephelus morio) crudo y procesado con diferentes tipos de aceite comercial. Los resultados mostraron un contenido graso en E. morio crudo de 1.68%. El porcentaje de aceite extraído y absorbido por el producto al ser frito con aceite de maíz, girasol/canola, soya y cártamo se encontró en un rango de 2.3-3.93 y 26.95- 57.25%, respectivamente. El perfil lipídico obtenido por CG-MS sugirió la formación de ácidos grasos trans por isomerización y efecto de la temperatura de freído. Sin embargo ácidos grasos esenciales como el oleico y linoleico fueron absorbidos por E. morio al ser frito con aceite de cártamo y girasol/canola, respectivamente.

Low-fat meat sausages with fish oil: optimization of milk proteins and carrageenan contents using response surface methodology.

Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of milk proteins and 2:1 κ:ι-carrageenans on cooking loss (CL), weight lost by centrifugation (WLC) and texture attributes of low-fat meat sausages with pre-emulsified fish oil. A central-composite design was used to develop models for the objective responses. Changes in carrageenans affected more the responses than milk proteins levels. Convenience functions were calculated for CL, WLC, hardness, and springiness of the product. Responses were optimized simultaneously minimizing CL and WLC; ranges for hardness and springiness corresponded to commercial products (20 g of pork fat/100 g). The optimum corresponded to 0.593 g of carrageenans/100 g and 0.320 g of milk proteins and its total lipid content was 6.3 g/100 g. This formulation was prepared and evaluated showing a good agreement between predicted and experimental responses. These additives could produce low-fat meat sausages with pre-emulsified fish oil with good nutritional quality and similar characteristics than traditional ones.

[Fatty acid variation in yellowfin tuna, spotted weakfish and Florida pompano when submitted to six cooking techniques]. / Variación del contenido de lípidos y perfil de acidos grasos en atún, trucha marina y pámpano sometidos a seis técnicas de cocción.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of six cooking techniques (steamed, foiled, foiled with banana leaf, baked, microwave-cooked and light frying) in the fatty acid content of Thunnus albacore (yellowfin tuna), Cynoscionnebulosus (spotted weakfish) and Trachinotuscarolinus (Florida pompano). After cooking the fish fillets, fatty acid analyses were performed using gas chromatography. Total lipids increased in all cooking techniques in tunaand spotted weakfish. Saturated fatty acids of tuna and spotted weakfish increased in three cooking techniques, while in Florida pompano only gas oven raised their content. Lightly frying generated the highest content of n-3 in tuna and spotted weakfish, and the lowest in Florida pompano, specie that presented less variation. In tuna fish, the most recommended cooking techniques are foiled with aluminum and microwave oven; for spotted weakfish, foiled with banana leaf; while Florida pompano can be prepared using all cooking methods except gas oven. This information is useful to enrich data from chemical composition tables, in which concentrations are usually presented in raw food.

Variación del contenido de lípidos y perfil de ácidos grasos en atún, trucha marina y pámpano sometidos a seis técnicas de cocción / Fatty acid variation in yellowfin tuna, spotted weakfish and Florida pompano when submitted to six cooking techniques.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de seis técnicas de cocción (al vapor, empapelado en aluminio, empapelado en hoja de plátano, horno de gas, horno de microondas y sofrito) en el contenido de ácidos grasos de Thunnusalbacare (atún aleta amarilla), Cynoscionnebulosus (trucha marina) y Trachinotuscarolinus (pámpano). Después de someter los filetes de pescado a las técnicas de cocción se determinó el perfil de ácidos grasos por cromatografía de gases. Los lípidos totales se concentraron en todas las técnicas de cocción en atún y trucha. Los ácidos grasos saturados de atún y truchaaumentaron en tres técnicas, mientras que en pámpano sólo aumentaron en horno de gas. Sofrito fue la técnica que mayor contenido de n-3 presentó en atún y trucha, en tanto que el pámpano mostró el contenido más bajo; esta especie mostró menor variación con respecto a las restantes. Las técnicas de cocción recomendadas son, para el atún: empapelado con aluminio y horno de microondas; para la trucha: empapelado con hoja de plátano; y para el pámpano todas las técnicas descritas excepto horno de gas. Esta información puede enriquecer los datos de las tablas de composiciónnutricional de los alimentos, los cuales normalmente indican las concentraciones de nutrientes en crudo.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of six cooking techniques (steamed, foiled, foiled with banana leaf, baked, microwavecooked and light frying) in the fatty acid content of Thunnus albacore (yellowfin tuna), Cynoscionnebulosus (spotted weakfish) and Trachinotuscarolinus (Florida pompano). After cooking the fish fillets, fatty acid analyses were performed using gas chromatography. Total lipids increased in all cooking techniques in tunaand spotted weakfish. Saturated fatty acids of tunaand spotted weakfish increased in three cooking techniques, while in Florida pompano only gas oven raised their content. Lightly frying generated the highest content of n-3 in tunaand spotted weakfish, and the lowest in Florida pompano, specie that presented less variation. In tuna fish, the most recommended cooking techniques are foiled with aluminum and microwave oven; for spotted weakfish, foiled with banana leaf; while Florida pompano can be prepared using all cooking methods except gas oven. This information is useful to enrich data from chemical composition tables, in which concentrations are usually presented in raw food. Key words: Fatty acids, cooking techniques, fish, yellowfin tuna, spotted weakfish, Florida pompano.

The effect of cocoa, soy, oats and fish oil on metabolic syndrome in rats.

BACKGROUND: The effect of functional foods alone or in combination (cocoa + soy + oats + fish oil) on hepatic damage in rats affected with metabolic syndrome was investigated. RESULTS: Rats that were given cocoa showed a decrease in the levels of triglycerides (TGs) and glucose (63 and 32% respectively) as well as a decrease in blood pressure (15%). Animals fed with soy showed a reduction of 21% in total cholesterol, 15% in blood pressure and 44% in TGs, while feeding oats reduced the concentration of TGs by 53% (P < 0.5). Fish oil caused a reduction in TGs (56%) and glucose (26%). The effect on blood pressure was statistically significant for the groups supplemented with cocoa, soy, cocoa + oats and the total mix. The main finding was a reduction in liver steatosis in animals supplemented with cocoa + oats (from 30 to 4.7% steatosis). Cocoa or fish oil alone did not protect the liver from damage, while cocoa + fish oil did. CONCLUSION: The most relevant effects were that the cocoa + oats mix decreased steatosis by a very large percentage, as did the cocoa + fish oil mix and the mix of all four functional foods.

Gas chromatographic determination of high molecular weight alcohols from policosanol in omega-3 fish oil by acylation with acetyl chloride.

A new validated gas chromatographic (GC) method using acetyl chloride as a derivatizing agent for determining policosanol's high molecular weight alcohols (policosanol's fatty alcohols; PFAs) in fish oil (FO) is described. Before derivatizing the alcohols, FO was subjected to a methylation reaction, and then the PFAs were isolated in a chloroform fraction by silica gel by column liquid chromatography. GC analysis was performed using a BPX-5 wide-bore column and 1-eicosanol as an internal standard. Validation assays applied to the method proved noninterference by a very complex mixture of the FO with PFAs, even for samples subjected to stress conditions. Good linearity [correlation coefficient >0.999, relative standard deviation (RSD) of the slope <1.3%, and RSD of the response factors <1.9% with no bias] and accuracy (average recovery from 100.6 to 102.2%) over a range of 28-142% of the nominal concentration were obtained. Within-day and intermediate precisions at the nominal dose (100%) were 1.7 and 2.9%, respectively. The method was successfully used to identify and quantitate the PFAs in FO.

Composição em ácidos graxos de cápsulas comerciais de óleo de peixe / Fatty acid composition of commercial fish oil capsules

Os óleos de peixe são as principais fontes dos ácidos graxos eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e docoxahexaenóico (DHA), aos quais são atribuídos efeitos benéficos na prevenção e tratamento de certas doenças cardiovasculares e inflamatórias. A crescente oferta comercial de cápsulas de óleo de peixe levou os autores a verificar sua qualidade. Foi analisada a composição em ácidos graxos de 10 amostras comerciais de suplementos alimentares à base de óleos de peixe, por meio de cromatografia em fase gasosa. Os resultados mostraram que três amostras de óleo de peixe apresentaram o conteúdo de EPA + DHA de acordo com a declaração do fabricante, e uma das amostras estava completamente em desacordo com os valores declarados no rótulo.

Pigmentation of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with oil-extrated astaxanthin from the langostilla (Pleuroncodes planipes) / Astaxantina de la langostilla, pleuroncodes planipes, extraída con aceite y su uso en la pigmentación de la trucha arcoiris oncorhynchus mykiss

The effect of oil-extracted astaxanthin from the red crab or langostilla (Pleuroncodes planipes) on the growth and pigmentation of forty five rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated by feeding a test diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg of astanthin during six weeks and compared with a control diet. The oil-extraction process of the pigment is described. Weight, flesh astaxanthin concentration, and color (A*a*,b*) of the flesh were measured at 0,3, and 6 weeks. No apparent effect of astaxanthin supplementation was observed on fish development. In spite of the low free astaxanthin amount in the diet (8 por ciento), an acceptable carotenoid concentration in the flesh (3,60 ñ 0,78 mg/kg, w/w), and a red hue (Hº ab = 44,13 ñ 2,36) were obtained at the end of the study. The red hue was strongly correlated with thecarotenoid concentration (r=0,98)

[Essential fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series supplied to human diet by edible fish from the Paraná river]. / Aporte de ácidos grasos esenciales de las series n-6 y n-3 a la dieta humana por pescados comestibles del rio Paraná.

The fatty acid composition of muscle lipids from eadible fish from Paraná river such as Dorado (Salminus maxillosus), Boga (Leporinus affinis), Patí (Luciopimelodus pati) and Surubí (Pseudoplatistoma coruscans) was studied in order to determine their food value in relation to essential fatty acid n-3 and n-6 supply. Flesh from these fishes is relatively lean and its lipids only contain 35% to 38% saturated fatty acids. Significant amounts of n-6 polyethylenic acids, mainly linoleic, arachidonic and the n-3 acids, docosahexaenoic, docosapentaenoic, eicosapentaenoic and alpha-linolenic are found in these fishes. Patí flesh is the most abundant in n-6 acids with a value of 306 mg/100 g muscle, followed by Boga, Dorado and Surubí. A large proportion of n-3 acids is supplied by muscles of Dorado, 183 mg/100g muscle, followed by Patí, Boga and Surubí. More than 90% of the lipids that supply these acids are present in triacylglycerols in Dorado, Boga and Patí. In Surubí, triacylglycerols constitute 60% and the remaining lipids are phospholipids. Cholesterol content in flesh of fresh water fish was analyzed, and it did not exceed 4.7 micrograms/g muscle for Patí, being lower for the other species studied. Fish considered in this work represent a good dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids either n-6 or n-3 series for the mediterranean population in our country.

Aporte de acidos grasos esenciales de las series n-6 y n-3 a la dieta humana por pescados comestibles del rio Parana / Essential fatty acids on n-6 and n-3 series supplied to human diet by edible fish from the Paraná river

Se estudió la composición de los ácidos grasos de los lípidos musculares de los pescados comestibles del río Paraná: Dorado (Salminus maxillosus), Boga (Leporinus Affinis), Patí (Luciopimelodus pati) y Surubí (Pseudoplatistoma coruscans) con el fin de conocer su valor alimenticio en cuanto al aporte de ácidos grasos esenciales de las series n-6 y n-3. Las carnes de estos pescados son relativamente magras y sus lípidos contienen sólo entre 35 por ciento y 38 por ciento de ácidos grasos saturados. Todos los pescados estudiados tienen cantidades substanciales de ácidos polietilénicos n-6, principalmente linoleico y araquidónico y de ácidos n-3, principalmente los ácidos docosahexenoico, docosapentenoico, eicosapentenoico y alpha-linolénico. La carne de Patí es la que más ácidos n-6 aporta a la dieta con un valor índice de 306 mg por 100 g de músculo y le siguen Boga, Dorado y Surubí. La mayor proporción de ácidos n-3 es aportada por los músculos de Dorado con 183 mg por 100 g de músculo y le siguen Patí, Boga y Surubí. Más del 90 por ciento de los lípidos que aportan estos ácidos son triacilgliceroles para el Dorado, Boga y Patí. En el caso del Surubí, del orden del 60 por ciento son triacilgliceroles y el resto fosfolípidos. El contenido de colesterol de la carne de los pescados de agua dulce analizados no pasa de 4,7 mug por gramo de músculo para el Patí y es menor para los otros ejemplares estudiados. Los pescados considerados resultan ser una buena fuente de ácidos grasos polinosaturados tanto n-6 como n-3 para la dieta de la población mediterránea del país.

Aporte de acidos grasos esenciales de las series n-6 y n-3 a la dieta humana por pescados comestibles del rio Parana / Essential fatty acids on n-6 and n-3 series supplied to human diet by edible fish from the Paraná river

Se estudió la composición de los ácidos grasos de los lípidos musculares de los pescados comestibles del río Paraná: Dorado (Salminus maxillosus), Boga (Leporinus Affinis), Patí (Luciopimelodus pati) y Surubí (Pseudoplatistoma coruscans) con el fin de conocer su valor alimenticio en cuanto al aporte de ácidos grasos esenciales de las series n-6 y n-3. Las carnes de estos pescados son relativamente magras y sus lípidos contienen sólo entre 35 por ciento y 38 por ciento de ácidos grasos saturados. Todos los pescados estudiados tienen cantidades substanciales de ácidos polietilénicos n-6, principalmente linoleico y araquidónico y de ácidos n-3, principalmente los ácidos docosahexenoico, docosapentenoico, eicosapentenoico y alpha-linolénico. La carne de Patí es la que más ácidos n-6 aporta a la dieta con un valor índice de 306 mg por 100 g de músculo y le siguen Boga, Dorado y Surubí. La mayor proporción de ácidos n-3 es aportada por los músculos de Dorado con 183 mg por 100 g de músculo y le siguen Patí, Boga y Surubí. Más del 90 por ciento de los lípidos que aportan estos ácidos son triacilgliceroles para el Dorado, Boga y Patí. En el caso del Surubí, del orden del 60 por ciento son triacilgliceroles y el resto fosfolípidos. El contenido de colesterol de la carne de los pescados de agua dulce analizados no pasa de 4,7 mug por gramo de músculo para el Patí y es menor para los otros ejemplares estudiados. Los pescados considerados resultan ser una buena fuente de ácidos grasos polinosaturados tanto n-6 como n-3 para la dieta de la población mediterránea del país. (AU)