El ejemplo, la única manera de enseñar / Examples, the only way to teach

Introducción La Universidad de La Sabana conserva una colección de recetas médicas empleadas durante el siglo XVIII en la Nueva Granada; una de estas integra agentes fitoterapéuticos para aliviar síntomas generados por infecciones de la glándula mamaria. Objetivo Exponer una receta utilizada para el tratamiento del absceso mamario y definir si los componentes de esta tenían efectos beneficiosos en la enfermedad. Material y métodos Se realizó una búsqueda en El Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada en la Universidad de La Sabana, donde se encuentra la receta «apostema en los pechos de mujeres», y posteriormente se hizo una recopilación de datos y revisión de la literatura sobre este método en las bases de datos de PubMed, Google Académico y SciELO. Resultados Se encontró que plantas como Luffa cylindrica y Lonicera japonica tienen propiedades galactogogas, analgésicas y antiinflamatorias, pudiendo prevenir el desarrollo del absceso mamario. Por otro lado, la hoja de col tiene un rol importante en el alivio del dolor una vez se tiene el absceso dadas sus propiedades analgésicas. Conclusión A través de la revisión de textos originales de la época se encuentra una receta médica colonial; se revisaron efectos fitoterapéuticos de sus componentes y se destacan beneficios galactogogos, analgésicos y antiinflamatorios. Permitiendo contrastar desde la evidencia médica actual algunos de los métodos de origen natural empleados para los abscesos mamarios en la Nueva Granada durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. (AU)

Introduction The University of La Sabana preserves a collection of medical prescriptions used in the eighteenth century in New Granada; one of these contains phytotherapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms caused by mammary gland infections. Objective To present a formula used to treat breast abscesses and to determine whether the components are effective in resolving this entity. Materials and methods We conducted a search in the Historical Archive of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library of the University of La Sabana, where we found the formula “abscess in women's breasts”. We also collected data and performed a literature search on this method in the PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO databases. Results The use of plants such as Luffa cylindrica and Lonicera japonica could prevent the development of breast abscesses due to their galactagogue, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Cabbage leaf also plays an important role in relieving pain in persons with abscesses, due to its analgesic properties. Conclusion Through the review of eighteenth century texts, we found a colonial medical prescription and reviewed the phytotherapeutic effects of its components, highlighting its galactagogue benefits. This allows a comparison between current medical evidence and some of the natural methods used for breast abscesses in New Granada during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (AU)

[The exploration of Hujia Pasture wooden slip medicine prescription].

Some features in the medical prescriptions of western Han dynasty on the wooden slips unearthed in Hujia Pasture were interpreted, and the words were annotated and translated. The study found that this recipe with male magpie excrement treatment epileptic disease is the first moxibustion combined with drugs to treat epilepsy. This is the earliest recorded treatment. The drug is still administered to lactate children by applying it to the mother's nipple and making the child to suck, and it is the earliest recorded of its kind.

De curandis hominum morbis: An 18th century medical prescription for measles and smallpox in the Nuevo Reino de Granada / De curandis hominum morbis: una receta médica del siglo XVIII para el sarampión y las viruelas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada

A collection of more than one hundred medical recipes from the late 18th century was donated by Presbyter Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, institutional eponym of the collection at the Historical Archive "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" of the library of the Universidad de La Sabana in Colombia. These texts represent an important historical and medical legacy and they constitute an important basis for understanding the colonial and traditional therapeutics related to various diseases. In this article, we describe one of these recipes for the treatment of smallpox and measles as a contribution to the history of medicine in Colombia.

En el Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" de la Universidad de La Sabana, se encuentra una colección de más de un centenar de recetas médicas de finales del siglo XVIII donadas por el presbítero Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, epónimo institucional del archivo. Estos textos son un legado histórico médico y un fundamento para comprender la terapéutica colonial y tradicional de diversas enfermedades. En este artículo, se describen algunas recetas para el tratamiento de la viruela y el sarampión, como aporte a la historia de la medicina en Colombia.

"Physician's prescriptions accurately prepared" - The Mid-Nineteenth-Century Prescription Books of Four Gloucester Chemists.

Britain's mid-nineteenth-century healthcare economy has often been described as a "medical marketplace" in which struggling doctors faced intense competition from a range of unqualified rivals. Chemists and druggists, who proliferated in industrial cities and supposedly prospered by exploiting the poor and the gullible, are widely regarded as having presented a serious threat to medical livelihoods. However, the activities of four Gloucester chemists show how the dispensing of medical prescriptions brought individual chemists and doctors closer together. Competition between chemists and druggists for this trade was intense and it was instrumental in establishing them as trusted community pharmacists and giving impetus to the process of professionalization. Prescription books, an under-represented source in the literature, also show that customers for prescription medicines were surprisingly socially diverse and that most prescriptions were collected by women, with significant variation in dispensing activity through the week. This, and the volume of prescriptions being dispensed, suggest prescription medicines were regularly being used to treat chronic and less serious ailments, where collection could await normal shopping days. Significantly, prescriptions were the property of the patients and could be re-presented whenever they thought fit. For some patients, it thus effectively became an instrument of self-medication.

Alchemy and Chemical Medicines in Early Colonial Lima, Peru.

The article explores the use of minerals and the nature of chemical methods employed in Lima in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It does so through examining the availability of mineral resources, including pre-European knowledge of their use, through surveying the books and equipment used by physicians and apothecaries, and finally by examining prescriptions for medicines that were used to treat patients. It concludes that minerals were probably more commonly employed in medicines in Lima than in Spain but suggests that their preparation and use at this time drew on Spain's alchemical tradition rather than on writings by Paracelsus and his followers. It argues that this did not reflect the effectiveness of censorship by the Inquisition.

[Textual research on the engraved prescriptions of Taishan-Stone quoted by ancient medical books].

It is recorded that in Daizong (honorific title of Taishan) in the Song feng shuo yi (Songfeng's Talking of Epidemic Diseases) written by Liu Kui of the Qing Dynasty, some of its prescriptions were derived from the stone wall inscriptions. Some medical historians claim that Liu used the "weird" theory to deify his prescriptions. However, several records of prescriptions engraved in the Taishan stone carving can be retrieved from ancient medical books, proving that what Liu said was true, but not rumors. The Bureau of People's Welfare Pharmacy in the Song Dynasty engraved these prescriptions in the stone at the side of the Yunü Pool on the peak of Taishan. Presently, there are cliff inscriptions at the old site of the Yunü Pool, with its lower part covered in the soil, which might contain these prescriptions.

Knowledge Transmission of Medical Prescription and the Role of the Literati Officials from the Song Dynasty: Focusing on Huadupainongneibusan.

This paper attempts to examine the spread of medical prescription knowledge during the Song dynasty and the role played by the literati officials through a reconstruction of the transmission of Painongneibusan, a prescription to treat abscesses. An examination of the origins of Painongneibusan shows that after being confirmed in the Qianjinyaofang, it was passed down through Waitaimiyao, Taipingshenghuifang, Shengjizonglu, and Taipinghuiminhejijufang. In particular, in the records from Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was revised and enlarged during the Shaoxing period (1131-1162) unlike transmissions that were almost identical to those from previous periods, we can find a clear increase in the knowledge regarding medicinal effects, medicinal ingredients, administration methods, precautions and so on. However, if we examine the same prescription record included in Hongshijiyanfang published by Hong Jun in 1170, we can see that the contents are almost exactly the same as those in Taipinghuiminhejijufang and that Hongshijiyanfang had even more content. Through this study, we can deduce that the prescription recorded in these two books were from the same original text. In addition, we can conclude that the original text is likely to be sourced from the knowledge of folk medicine. According to the records, Hu Quan received this prescription from an "outsider," and Hu Quan gave this to Hong Kuo, who wrote an introduction and published it as a stone carving in Huizhou. After this, knowledge about this prescription became known far and wide. While Chen Yan criticized the abuse of this prescription, Hong Jun still included it in Hongshijiyanfang, and Hong Mai included it in Yijianzhi, leading to it becoming even more widespread. Due to this spread of the prescription, the transmission of the description that is connected from "Outsider - Ho Quan - Three Hong Brothers" continued to appear in many medical anthologies by literati officials. Whenever this prescription was mentioned, they referred to Three Hong Brothers, and it went as far as to cause the practice to sometimes be called "Hongshineibusan." Chen Ziming continued the criticism of Chen Yan in Waikejingyao; while the prescription made famous by Hong Kuo had the same contents as prescription in Taipinghuiminhejijufang, the fact that criticism was only directed at Hong Kuo is a proof of his influence in the spread of related knowledge. In conclusion, this happened during an active time of accumulation, exchange, and competition in the knowledge of prescription, as can be observed in various sources from the Song Period. There were various communications and exchanges between officials, locals, and literati officials, and tensions could also sometimes be found. We can say that the role of the literati officials was to collect, record, publish, and spread the knowledge of medicine taken from various sources. In addition, in relation to the spread of the knowledge of medicine, the influence of the literati officials exceeded Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was the official text at that time.

[Shen cha zheng ji yan fang (Inspection of the Collection of TCM Proved Prescriptions) , the first official collection of proved prescriptions in Modern China].

Yan Xishan, the local ruler of Shanxi Province in modern period, claiming that the folk TCM prescriptions should be collected, inspected and maintained because of its definite effect. The government of Shanxi Province provided a lot of resources in collecting TCM proved prescriptions since 1929. The TCM Improving Society of Shanxi made more effort on the inspecting process, with a reasonable incentive system and standardized methods established. As a result, the Shen cha zheng ji yan fang (Inspection of the Collection of TCM Proved Prescriptions) was published, characterized by the principles of "cheap, convenient and effective" . It was the beginning of official collection and collation of TCM proved prescriptions in modern China.

[The decipher, annotation and textual research of 3 prescriptions for gynecopathy in the Tangut medical documents unearthed in Khara-Khoto].

The second part of Tangut medical documents (И(HB).No.6476) unearthed in Khara-Khoto is the "Prescriptions for gynecopathy" , which includes 15 prescriptions, all without title. Three of them could be named as "prescription for treating vulvae bleeding" , "prescription for treating blood conglomeration inside woman body" and "prescription for treating ceaseless hemorrhage" . One to five ingredients were used in the prescriptions, most of them are local medicines. The compounding of the prescriptions also reflects the characteristics of northwestern region, showing that the author were the local folk doctor of the Western Xia reign.

Magical-medical prescriptions against fever: an edition of BM 42272.

Containing twenty prescriptions, the Neo- or Late-Babylonian tablet edited here is one of the most comprehensive sources for the phylacteries against fever. Although a duplicate of the whole text is yet unknown to me, several parallels or text variants of the single prescriptions can be identified in the published and unpuplished medical tablets from A9sur and Ninive. In the present paper I transliterate and translate the tablet, with special attention to the fever prescriptions and their parallels?

[Identification and re-collection of Bianque's medical works].

Whenever "Biarique's medical works" is mentioned, it means the work collection of an individual school. Through the identification and rearrangement of the fragments of Bianque's medical works from the extant literature, the three clues of the extant works have been sorted out, including Huangdi Bianque Mai Shu (Yellow Emperor and Bianque's Pulse Books) inherited by Canggong. It recreates the outline of the lost Bianque' medical works, and even displays the details of such outline to a certain extent. The main content of Bian que mai shu (Bianque's Pulse Book) collected by Canggong had been recorded in Wang Shuhe's Mai jing (The Pulse Classic), which were inherited in different forms in the extant Nei jing (Internal Classic) and a part of the content in the late editions were collected in Nan jing (Classic of Difficult Issues). Wu se mai (five-color pulse) was inherited from Mai jing (The Pulse Classic), the "Xianggong Wen Bianque" (Xianggong Catechism on Bianque) recorded in Shan fan fang (The Refined and Extracted Prescriptions) written by Xie Shitai in the Six Dynasties, the "Huangdi Wen Bianque" (Questions and Answers between Yellow Emperor and Bianque) in Qian jin yi fang (A supplement to the Essential Prescriptions worth a Thousand Gold), as well as from Ling shu: Wu se (Miraculous Pivot: Five Colors). In this paper, the notable and hot cases in the present academic field are analyzed, aiming to arouse people's attention to the methods and insights of literature research, as well as the reconsideration on the importance of the deep and solid research on the extant literatures.

[Textual research on the engraved editions of Nei wai yan fang mi chuan (Secret Teaching of Proved Prescriptions for Internal and External Diseases)].

Zhao Lian's book Nei wai yan fang mi chuan (Secret Teaching of Proved Prescriptions for Internal and External Diseases) was firstly engraved in the 21st year of Guangxu reign of the Qing dynasty. There are altogether four different engraved editions separately collected in the Library of Academy of Medical Sciences, Library of Zhenjiang City, Library of Changchun University of TCM, and Library of Shanghai University of TCM, printed in different times with different sizes of its contents. It is better to call all these editions the engraved versions of Guangxu reign. All of them are engraved and printed after the mother edition with some blocks hollowed-out and supplemented. Hence, the title "engraved edition of Yiyou or the 11th year of Guangxu reign (1885) of the Qing dynasty" carried in The General Catalogue of Ancient Books of TCM is wrong.

Collyrium names attested on stone tablets: the example of the Helvetian corpus.

Collyrium-stamps are usually parallelepipedic stones that might have been used in the Roman world, between the second part of the first century and the fourth century A.D., to stamp eye medicine. On their four narrow sides, those seals contain instructions engraved in retrograde characters, of varying drawing quality, sometimes in Greek, mostly in Latin and in an abbreviated form. These markings represent some sort of medical prescriptions since they contain one or more of the following information: a personal name in the genitive case, a collyrium name, therapeutic instructions, and a method of administration. Like personal names and therapeutic instructions, collyrium names suggest that Roman eye medicine was inscribed in the Greek medical tradition. A comparison between the collyrium names engraved on the seals unearthed in Switzerland and the collyrium names known through our reading the Greek medical texts allows for an estimation of the influence of Greek ophthalmology on Roman eye medicine.

[Dietary prescriptions for the elites of the kingdom of Navarre in the 16th century: the cases of Juan Rena and Juan de Alarcón]. / Prescripciones dietéticas para las elites rectoras del reino de Navarra durante la primera mitad del siglo XVI: los casos de Juan Rena y Juan de Alarcón.

The aim of this article is to present and analyse four dietary prescriptions from the 16th century prepared for Juan Rena, a cleric of Venetian origin, and his servant Juan de Alarcón, which are kept at the Archivo General de Navarra. These documents demonstrate the interest of the patients and physicians in dietetics, understood as a group of health and hygienic measures based on the Galenic res naturales and res non naturales. These four prescriptions are closely related to the ad personam or consilia health regimens, which represent a genre of medical literature whose significance in Renaissance Spain has received little attention. The cases studied reveal the high esteem in which the elites held the possession of therapeutic resources adapted to their individual needs, which were compiled and copied for personal use.

Prescripciones dietéticas para las élites rectoras del reino de Navarra durante la primera mitad del siglo XVI: los casos de Juan Rena y Juan de Alarcón / Dietary prescriptions for the elites of the kingdom of Navarre in the 16th century: the cases of Juan Rena and Juan de Alarcón

Se analizan y transcriben cuatro prescripciones dietéticas para el clérigo de origen veneciano Juan Rena y su servidor Juan de Alarcón, fechadas en la primera mitad del siglo XVI y conservadas en el Archivo General de Navarra. Muestran el interés de médicos y pacientes por la dietética, entendida como el conjunto de medidas higiénico-sanitarias basadas en las res naturales y res non naturales galénicas. Estas cuatro prescripciones están estrechamente relacionadas con un género de literatura médica (regímenes de salud ad personam o consilia) hasta ahora poco estudiado para la España renacentista. Los casos que aquí se exponen evidencian el aprecio entre las clases altas por la posesión de recursos terapéuticos adaptados a las necesidades individuales, que se copiaban y recopilaban para un uso personal (AU)

The aim of this article is to present and analyse four dietary prescriptions from the 16th century prepared for Juan Rena, a cleric of Venetian origin, and his servant Juan de Alarcón, which are kept at the Archivo General de Navarra. These documents demonstrate the interest of the patients and physicians in dietetics, understood as a group of health and hygienic measures based on the Galenic res naturales and res non naturales. These four prescriptions are closely related to the ad personam or consilia health regimens, which represent a genre of medical literature whose significance in Renaissance Spain has received little attention. The cases studied reveal the high esteem in which the elites held the possession of therapeutic resources adapted to their individual needs, which were compiled and copied for personal use (AU)

The legal landscape for advanced therapies: material and institutional implementation of European Union rules in France and the United Kingdom.

In 2007, the European Union adopted a lex specialis, Regulation (EC) No. 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), a new legal category of medical product in regenerative medicine. The regulation applies to ATMPs prepared industrially or manufactured by a method involving an industrial process. It also provides a hospital exemption, which means that medicinal products not regulated by EU law do not benefit from a harmonized regime across the European Union but have to respect national laws. This article describes the recent EU laws, and contrasts two national regimes, asking how France and the United Kingdom regulate ATMPs which do and do not fall under the scope of Regulation (EC) No. 1394/2007. What are the different legal categories and their enforceable regimes, and how does the evolution of these highly complex regimes interact with the material world of regenerative medicine and the regulatory bodies and socioeconomic actors participating in it?

Comparison friction: experimental evidence from medicare drug plans.

Consumers need information to compare alternatives for markets to function efficiently. Recognizing this, public policies often pair competition with easy access to comparative information. The implicit assumption is that comparison friction­the wedge between the availability of comparative information and consumers' use of it­is inconsequential because when information is readily available, consumers will access this information and make effective choices. We examine the extent of comparison friction in the market for Medicare Part D prescription drug plans in the United States. In a randomized field experiment, an intervention group received a letter with personalized cost information. That information was readily available for free and widely advertised. However, this additional step­providing the information rather than having consumers actively access it­had an impact. Plan switching was 28% in the intervention group, versus 17% in the comparison group, and the intervention caused an average decline in predicted consumer cost of about $100 a year among letter recipients­roughly 5% of the cost in the comparison group. Our results suggest that comparison friction can be large even when the cost of acquiring information is small and may be relevant for a wide range of public policies that incorporate consumer choice.