The ABO blood group antigens in patients with oral lichenoid reaction.

Evaluating the association of ABO blood group with different delayed hypersensitivity reactions, such as oral lichenoid reaction (OLR), can provide a new perspective for clinical practice. Therefore, this study designed to investigate ABO blood group antigens in OLR patients. In this case-control study, the ABO blood group of 112 OLR patients and 117 individuals without oral lesions were included. Gender, age, characteristics of the lesions, medications and restorative materials recorded. Chi-square test used to compare the frequency of ABO blood groups in OLR patients with controls. The O blood group was significantly higher in OLR patients and all its subtypes. Also, there were significant relation between O blood group, and severity of lesions. The frequency of dysplasia was non-statistically significant higher in OLR patients with O blood group than other blood group. Based on the results of the present study, O blood group was significantly more in patients with lichenoid reaction than control group, and AB blood group was the lowest. Also, O blood group showed a positive association with the more severe form of OLR lesions and frequency of dysplasia.

Oral Lichen Planus Successfully Treated With Upadacitinib.

With the rise of Janus kinase (JAK) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) inhibitor use in dermatologic conditions, there has been increasing hope in treating extensive and difficult-to-treat inflammatory cutaneous conditions. Today we report a case of oral lichen planus successfully treated with an oral JAK1 inhibitor, upadacitinib. This case had been unresponsive by several standard methods but responded with 70% improvement within 1 month when treated with upadacitinib.  J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(4):7859.     doi:10.36849/JDD.7859e  .

Pigmentary Changes in a Woman With Oral Lichen Planus.

A woman in her 60s presented with oral lichen planus on hands and cheeks since childhood and also present in her parent and sibling. What is your diagnosis?

Development of an immune-related diagnostic predictive model for oral lichen planus.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) was a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with a 1.4% chance of progressing to malignancy. However, it has been suggested in several studies that immune system disorders played a dominant role in the onset and progression of OLP. Therefore, this experiment aimed to develop a diagnostic prediction model for OLP based on immunopathogenesis to achieve early diagnosis and treatment and prevent cancer. In this study, 2 publicly available OLP datasets from the gene expression omnibus database were filtered. In the experimental group (GSE52130), the level of immune cell infiltration was assessed using MCPcounter and ssGSEA algorithms. Subsequently, differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were performed between the OLP and control groups. The resulting differentially expressed genes were intersected with immunologically relevant genes provided on the immunology database and analysis portal database (ImmPort) website to obtain differentially expressed immunologically relevant genes (DEIRGs). Furthermore, the gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses were carried out. Finally, protein-protein interaction network and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses constructed a model for OLP. Receiver operating characteristic curves for the experimental and validation datasets (GSE38616) were plotted separately to validate the model's credibility. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR experiment was performed to verify the expression level of the diagnostic genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a more significant degree of inflammatory infiltration in the OLP group compared to the control group. In addition, the gene set enrichment analysis results were mainly associated with keratinization, antibacterial and immune responses, etc. A total of 774 differentially expressed genes was obtained according to the screening criteria, of which 65 were differentially expressed immunologically relevant genes. Ultimately, an immune-related diagnostic prediction model for OLP, which was composed of 5 hub genes (BST2, RNASEL, PI3, DEFB4A, CX3CL1), was identified. The verification results showed that the model has good diagnostic ability. There was a significant correlation between the 5 hub diagnostic biomarkers and immune infiltrating cells. The development of this model gave a novel insight into the early diagnosis of OLP.

Downregulation of salivary miR-3928 as a potential biomarker in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies highlighted the role of miR expressed in saliva as reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools in the long-term monitoring of cancer processes such as oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC). Based on a few previous studies, it seems the miR-3928 can be considered a master regulator in carcinogenesis, and it can be therapeutically exploited. This is the first study that compared oral potentially malignant disorder (OLP) and malignant (OSCC) lesions for miR-3928 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, saliva samples from 30 healthy control individuals, 30 patients with erosive/atrophic oral lichen planus, and 31 patients with OSCC were collected. The evaluation of miR-3928 expression by q-PCR and its correlation with clinicopathological indices were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's χ2 , and Mann-Whitney tests. The p-value less than .05 indicated statistically significant results. RESULTS: Based on nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test results, there was a statistically significant difference between the ages of three study groups (p < .05). This test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the average of miR-3928 expression in three study groups (p < .05). The result of the χ2  test showed a statistically significant difference in miR-3928 expression between patients with OLP (p = .01) and also patients with OSCC (p < .0001) in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The salivary miR-3928 can play a tumor suppressive role in the pathobiology of OSCC, and it is significantly downregulated in patients. According to the potential tumor suppressive role of miR-3928 in the OSCC process, we can consider this microRNA as a biomarker for future early diagnosis, screening, and potential target therapy.

Oral lichen planus in children: A systematic review / Liquen plano oral en niños: una revisión sistemática

Background: Oral Lichen Planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. The prevalencein adults ranges between 0.5% and 2%, while in children is reported to be about 0,03%. Clinical features of OralLichen Planus could be variable in both adults and children, ranging from painless white hyperkeratotic lesions topainful erythematous atrophic ones.Actually, there are no systematic reviews in the literature on OLP in children, whereby this paper aims to sum-marize all the pathophysiological aspects and identify all cases described in the literature of Oral Lichen Planusin children, reporting their clinical characteristics.Material and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed in online databases including PubMed,Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE. In addition, in order to identify reports not otherwise identifi-able, an analysis of the gray literature was performed on google scholar and in Open Gray.Results: By literature analysis, it emerged that most cases were reported from India. The mean age at time of diag-nosis of the disease was 11 years, ranging from 3 to 17 years. The most frequent pattern was the reticular patternfollowed by plaque-like, erosive, atrophic, sclerosus, and bullous. The buccal mucosa was the most involved oralsite, followed by the tongue, lips and gingiva.Conclusions: Although Oral Lichen Planus in children is rare, it may cause oral discomfort and need to be dif-ferentiated from other oral white lesions and/or chronic ulcers.(AU)

Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions - challenges and pitfalls for the general dental practitioner.

Lichen planus is a chronic, mucocutaneous inflammatory condition which, due to its prevalence, will be familiar to the dental profession. However, diverse forms of presentation, important differential diagnosis, potential malignant change and monitoring requirements often result in challenges for those in primary care. This paper looks to examine these challenges and provide information to support those who are involved in recognition and management of patients with lichen planus.

Unveiling the Potential of Serum MiR-483-5p: A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in OLP and OSCC Patients by In silico Analysis of Differential Gene Expression.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral lichen planus (OLP) are two separate conditions affecting the mouth and result in varying clinical outcomes and levels of malignancy. Achieving early diagnosis and effective therapy planning requires the identification of reliable diagnostic biomarkers for these disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently received attention as powerful biomarkers for various illnesses, including cancer. In particular, miR-483-5p is a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of serum miR-483-5p in the diagnosis and prognosis of OLP and OSCC patients by in silico analysis of differential gene expression. METHODS: GSE23558 and GSE52130 data sets were selected, and differential gene expression analysis was performed using microarray data from GSE52130 and GSE23558. The analysis focused on comparing OLP and OSCC samples with normal samples. The genes intersected through the differential gene expression analysis were then extracted to determine the overlapping genes among the upregulated or downregulated DEGs. The downregulated genes among the DEGs were subsequently imported into the miRWalk database to search for potential target genes of miRNA 483-5p that lacked validation. To gain insight into the biological pathways associated with the DEGs, we conducted pathway analysis utilizing tools, such as Enrichr. Additionally, the cellular components associated with these DEGs were investigated by analyzing the String database. On the other hand, blood serum samples were collected from 35 OSCC patients, 34 OLP patients, and 34 healthy volunteers. The expression level of miR-483-5p was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to investigate the considerable correlation. Moreover, this study explored the prognostic value of miR-483-5p through its association with clinicopathological parameters in OSCC patients. RESULTS: The results showed that serum expression of miR-483-5p was considerably higher in OSCC patients compared to OLP patients and healthy controls (p 0.0001) and that this difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, elevated miR-483-5p expression was associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and stage of tumor nodal metastasis in OSCC patients (p 0.001, p 0.038, and p 0.0001, respectively). In silico analysis found 71 upregulated genes at the intersection of upregulated DEGs and 44 downregulated genes at the intersection of downregulated DEGs, offering insight into the potential underlying mechanisms of miR-483-5p's engagement in OSCC and OLP. The majority of these DEGs were found to be involved in autophagy pathways, but DEGs involved in the histidine metabolism pathway showed significant results. Most of these DEGs were located in the extracellular region. After screening for downregulated genes that were invalidated, miRNA 483-5p had 7 target genes. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential of serum miR-483-5p as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OSCC and OLP patients. Its upregulation in OSCC patients and its association with advanced tumor stage and potential metastasis suggest the involvement of miR-483-5p in critical signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation, making it a reliable indicator of disease progression. Nevertheless, additional experimental studies are essential to validate these findings and establish a foundation for the advancement of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches.

Clinical value and potential circulating of miR-99a as tumor suppressor biomarker in serum of oral squamous cell carcinoma and erosive atrophic lichen planus.

OBJECTIVES: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral neoplasms that consist of more over 90% of oral cancers. It was demonstrated that erosive atrophic oral lichen planus (OLP) has potential of malignancy transformation into OSCC. The microRNAs are non-coding regulator sequences involved in cancer process. The miR-99a involve in growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, we evaluated miR-99a expression in serum of OSCC and erosive atrophic OLP patients in comparison to healthy control individuals to more investigate about level of miR-99a expression in potential premalignant disorder (erosive atrophic OLP) in comparison to malignant transformation form (OSCC). Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses were performed to better understand the importance of miR-99a in OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, total 90 serum samples from OSCC patients (n = 30), erosive atrophic OLP (n = 30) and healthy control individuals (n = 30) were collected, and then evaluated for miR-99a expression by qPCR. Pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction were done using STRING (v: 12.0), and (GO) terms and related genes were extracted from the GO online search tool. The statistical analysis was evaluated by Kruskal Wallis, Chi-Square, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman and Mann-Whitney tests. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: miR-99a expression down regulated in OSCC in comparison to erosive atrophic OLP and control groups (p < 0.05). The miR-99a up regulated in grade I more than grades II and III (p < 0.05). We showed upregulation of miR-99a in early stage more than advanced stage (p < 0.05). Expression of miR-99a reduced accordance to the increasing of tumor size and lymph involvement levels (p < 0.05). The 165 determined targets were classified into three domains. The most significant enrichment in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions was in the cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process, cytosolic ribosome, and protein binding, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We highlighted tumor suppressive role of miR-99a in OSCC patients. It seems that miR-99a can be considered a valuable biomarker for the early diagnosis of erosive atrophic OLP before transformation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results may help to better understand the prognostic factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma to evaluate survival and subsequent tumor development. And it may also help to understand the pathogenesis of OSCC.

Oral lichen planus in children: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND:  Oral Lichen Planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. The prevalence in adults ranges between 0.5% and 2%, while in children is reported to be about 0,03%. Clinical features of Oral Lichen Planus could be variable in both adults and children, ranging from painless white hyperkeratotic lesions to painful erythematous atrophic ones. Actually, there are no systematic reviews in the literature on OLP in children, whereby this paper aims to summarize all the pathophysiological aspects and identify all cases described in the literature of Oral Lichen Planus in children, reporting their clinical characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS:  A systematic review of the literature was performed in online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE. In addition, in order to identify reports not otherwise identifiable, an analysis of the gray literature was performed on google scholar and in Open Gray. RESULTS:  By literature analysis, it emerged that most cases were reported from India. The mean age at time of diagnosis of the disease was 11 years, ranging from 3 to 17 years. The most frequent pattern was the reticular pattern followed by plaque-like, erosive, atrophic, sclerosus, and bullous. The buccal mucosa was the most involved oral site, followed by the tongue, lips and gingiva. CONCLUSIONS: Although Oral Lichen Planus in children is rare, it may cause oral discomfort and need to be differentiated from other oral white lesions and/or chronic ulcers.

Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Diagnosis and Management.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis involves a T-cell mediated, epithelium-directed inflammation in response to unknown antigen(s). The disease evolves by intermittent flares and displays polymorphous clinical features (reticular, erosive, atrophic, plaque, papular, bullous, etc.). When present, symptoms vary depending on the clinical form and range from discomfort to severe pain. Topical superpotent corticosteroids constitute the first-line treatment of symptomatic flares, whereas a wide range of second/third-line treatments are available among topical calcineurin inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, systemic retinoids, topical/systemic immunomodulators, etc. Follow-up of patients is necessary to detect transformation into squamous cell carcinoma, occurring in approximately 1% of patients.

"Salivary LINC00657 and miRNA-106a as diagnostic biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma, an observational diagnostic study".

BACKGROUND: Early detection and diagnosis of malignant tumors is critical for improving the survival rate and treatment outcomes of oral cancer. Thus, the current prospective investigation was designed to verify the role, sensitivity, and specificity of salivary LINC00657 and miRNA-106a as diagnostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients as compared to oral lichen planus (as an example of oral potentially malignant disorders) and normal individuals, and to show LINC00657 relation to miR-106a. METHODS: A total of 36 participants were included, subdivided into 3 groups: Group I: 12 patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Group II: 12 patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus (OLP). Group III: 12 systemically free individuals with no oral mucosal lesions. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all participants to evaluate level of LINC00657 and miR-106a in different groups using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: OSCC showed the highest LINC00657 and lowest miR-106a fold change among included groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the two biomarkers for detecting OSCC revealed that LINC00657 had higher diagnostic accuracy (DA) (83.3%) compared to miR-106a (80.4%). As for detecting OLP, ROC analysis showed that miR-106a had higher (DA) (61%) compared to LINC00657 (52.5%). To discriminate OSCC from OLP, the diagnostic accuracy of both markers is the same (75%). Moreover, differentiating OSCC grades II and III, ROC analysis showed that miR-106a had lower (DA) (60%) compared to LINC00657 (DA) (83.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary LINC00657 and miR-106a could be promising diagnostic markers for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary LINC00657 may differentiate oral squamous cell carcinoma from oral potentially malignant disorders with considerable diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, low levels of salivary miR-106a could have the potential to indicate malignancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered on clinicaltrial.gov with NCT05821179 (first trial registration in 26/3/2023), date of registration: 19/4/2023.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in patients with a diagnosis of Oral Lichen Planus: Pain perception and psychological profile analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of COVID-19 in patients affected by OLP, in terms of level of pain, stress, depression and anxiety and their impact on the clinical manifestation of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal design was employed. Psychometric evaluations of anxiety, stress, and depression were conducted using the DASS21 scale, while pain levels were measured using the VAS scale. Clinical diagnosis and phenotype evaluation were performed. RESULTS: The study included 24 patients with an average age of 62.9 years, with 70.8% presenting erosive OLP. Results revealed a significant worsening of anxiety, stress, and depression scores during the pandemic. Pain level (1.5 ± 1.2 pre-pandemic VS 3.8 ± 1.1 during the pandemic, p < 0.0001) was also negatively affected. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the potential interplay between psychological stress and oral health conditions, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of OLP's complex etiology and its response to external stressors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Multidisciplinary care strategies to address both physical and psychological aspects of OLP patients is recommended following the present findings. Further research is warranted to confirm these observations in larger multicenter studies and to guide tailored guidance approaches for OLP patients during challenging times.

Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Targets for Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Narrative Review.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the infiltration of T cells into the oral mucosa, causing the apoptosis of basal keratinocytes. OLP is a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology and is not solely caused by the malfunction of a single key gene but rather by various intracellular and extracellular factors. Non-coding RNAs play a critical role in immunological homeostasis and inflammatory response and are found in all cell types and bodily fluids, and their expression is closely regulated to preserve normal physiologies. The dysregulation of non-coding RNAs may be highly implicated in the onset and progression of diverse inflammatory disorders, including OLP. This narrative review summarizes the role of non-coding RNAs in molecular and cellular changes in the oral epithelium during OLP pathogenesis.

[Research progress in the diagnosis and management of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia].

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is one of the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) with the highest malignant potential. PVL tends to be easily misdiagnosed owing to the resemblance in clinical manifestations between PVL and other diseases such as oral leukoplakia or oral lichen planus. PVL is considered as a special type of oral leukoplakia by some scholars, which is characterized by its tendency of recurrence and metastasis, along with its high risk of malignant transformation. So far, the accurate clinic diagnosis and management of PVL are still intractable due to the lack of definite histopathological definition, unified diagnostic criteria and effective treatment modalities. This review aims to provide the clinical practitioners with a series of advices on the clinical diagnosis and management of PVL by systematically reviewing the diagnostic logistics, therapeutic strategies, malignant transformation detection based on tremendous relevant data and evidence-based medicine.

Successful Treatment of Lichen Planus With Oral Upadacitinib.

Lichen planus is an auto-inflammatory skin disorder marked by intensely pruritic, violaceous papules that commonly affect the extremities of middle-aged adults.1 There are several treatment options available, but alternative therapies to target disease refractory to standard interventions remain necessary. Though they have not been FDA-approved for lichen planus, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have demonstrated significant potential as a therapeutic intervention across an array of dermatoses. Herein, we present a case of refractory, biopsy-proven lichen planus successfully treated with the oral JAK1 inhibitor, upadacitinib. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(10):1058-1060     doi:10.36849/JDD.7272.

Bridging the gaps: management of lichen planus subtypes in a joint dermatology-oral surgery clinic.

Lichen planus (LP) presents with a range of clinical subtypes. It can affect the outer skin, involve the nails and present with alopecia and mucosal symptoms to varying degrees. LP of the outer skin mostly shows a self-limiting course; however, this is not the case for lichen planopilaris and the mucosa-affecting subtypes. The pathogenesis of LP is still incompletely understood. As a result, an effective, targeted therapy is currently lacking and different immunomodulatory approaches are being used in clinical practice. The management of patients with severe oral LP mucosae can be particularly challenging. Although the true risk remains controversial, oral LP is considered a risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma and there is a need for regular screening. The quality of life in patients with LP is significantly impaired because of frequent clinical visits, pain, soreness, inability to eat certain foods, side effects to medication, frustrating therapy attempts and worry regarding cancer risk. We highlight here the advantages of an interdisciplinary dermatology and oral surgery clinic, which can address the domains of tooth status, nutrition, pain and malignant transformation and optimized patient management.