[Determination of fatty acid composition after saponification of common oil pharmaceutical excipients by supercritical fluid-evaporative light scattering method and its application in oil identification].

Oils and fats are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as solvents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and dispersants, and are an important category of pharmaceutical excipients. Fatty acids with unique compositions are important components of oil pharmaceutical excipients. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia provides clear descriptions of the fatty acid types and limits suitable for individual oil pharmaceutical excipient. An unqualified fatty acid composition or content may indicate adulteration or deterioration. The fatty acid composition, as a key indicator for the identification and adulteration evaluation of oil pharmaceutical excipients, can directly affect the quality and safety of oil pharmaceutical excipients and preparations. Gas chromatography is the most widely used technique for fatty acid analysis, but it generally requires derivatization, which affects quantitative accuracy. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), an environmentally friendly technique with excellent separation capability, offers an efficient method for detecting fatty acids without derivatization. Unlike other chromatographic methods, SFC does not use nonvolatile solvents (e. g., water) as the mobile phase, rendering it compatible with an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients exist in the free and bound forms, and the low content of free fatty acids in these oil pharmaceutical excipients not only poses challenges for their detection but also complicates the determination of characteristic fatty acid compositions and contents. Moreover, the compositions and ratios of fatty acids are influenced by environmental factors, leading to interconversion between their two forms. In this context, saponification provides a simpler and faster alternative to derivatization. Saponification degrades oils and fats by utilizing the reaction between esters and an alkaline solution, ultimately releasing the corresponding fatty acids. Because this method is more cost effective than derivatization, it is a suitable pretreatment method for the detection of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients using the SFC-ELSD approach. In this study, we employed SFC-ELSD to simultaneously determine six fatty acids, namely, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, docosanoic acid, and lignoceric acid, in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Saponification of the oil pharmaceutical excipients using sodium hydroxide methanol solution effectively avoided the bias in the determination of fatty acid species and contents caused by the interconversion of fatty acids and esters. The separation of the six fatty acids was achieved within 12 min, with good linearity within their respective mass concentration ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were 5-10 mg/L and 10-25 mg/L, respectively, and the spiked recoveries were 80.93%-111.66%. The method proved to be sensitive, reproducible, and stable, adequately meeting requirements for the analysis of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Finally, the analytical method was successfully applied to the determination of six fatty acids in five types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, namely, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and peanut oil. It can be combined with principal component analysis to accurately differentiate different types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, providing technical support for the rapid identification and quality control of oil pharmaceutical excipients. Thus, the proposed method may potentially be applied to the analysis of complex systems adulterated with oil pharmaceutical excipients.

Comparing different methods for olefin quantification in pygas and plastic pyrolysis oils: Gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet detection versus comprehensive gas chromatography versus bromine number titration.

In steam cracking, upstream pyrolysis oil hydroprocessing, and in many downstream processes, olefinic content is key to assess process performance and process safety risk associated with highly exothermic reactions. When looking to plastic pyrolysis oils as a potential feedstock, as well as downstream products such as pyrolysis gasoline (pygas), these materials contain unsaturated hydrocarbons which are not present in fossil feedstocks. Pygas is a product of pyrolysis and exhibits a large number of chemical structural similarities with plastic pyrolysis oils, especially in terms of olefins structure. Quantification of the unsaturation content (olefins and di-olefins) is extremely important in industry, hence the focus of this manuscript. Detailed hydrocarbon analysis with flame ionization detection is inadequate to fully characterize the hydrocarbon composition of such samples, especially when peaks are closely eluting, or even co-eluting. In this study, the gas chromatography coupled to vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) detection method previously described for the analysis of liquid hydrocarbon streams1 and plastic pyrolysis oils2 has been compared with comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) and the industry standard for olefin quantification (i.e., bromine number titration). Although based on different methodologies, a correlation between the olefin content obtained from GC-VUV and the bromine number titration method is hereby presented.

In situ extraction/encapsulation of olive leaves antioxidants in zein for improved oxidative stability of edible oils.

This study presents a sustainable and cost-effective method for preserving the bioactivity of phenolic compounds in olive leaves (OLE) during their application. The extraction and nanoencapsulation of OLE were performed in a single-step process using a rotor-stator system with zein as the encapsulating agent. The nanoprecipitation step was carried out using an aqueous sodium caseinate solution, resulting in spherical particles with an average diameter of about 640 nm, as confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Thermal characterization showed that the produced nanoparticles were more thermally stable than free OLE until 250 °C, and FTIR spectra indicated effective interaction between the phenolic compounds and zein. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using TBARS, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, with results showing that encapsulated OLE had lower antioxidant activity than free OLE. The best antioxidant capacity results were determined by TBARS assay, with IC50 results equal to 43 and 103 µgOLE/mL for free and encapsulated OLE, respectively. No anti-inflammatory potential was detected for both samples using the RAW 264.7 model, and only free OLE showed cytotoxic activity against lung cancer and gastric carcinoma. Encapsulated and free OLE were used as antioxidants in soy, palm, and palm kernel oils and compared to BHT using Rancimat. The Schaal Oven Test was also performed, and the PARAFAC chemometric method analyzed the UV-Vis spectra, which revealed high stability of the oil when 300 mg or the nanoparticles were added per kg oil. Results suggested that zein-encapsulated olive leaf antioxidants can improve the oxidative stability of edible oils.

Neither lysigenous nor just oil: Demystifying myrtaceous secretory cavities.

PREMISE: Leaf subepidermal secretory cavities are a notable trait in Myrtaceae, but their formation is still controversial because of the lack of consensus on their ontogeny among authors. Knowledge about the compounds present in these cavities has grown over the last few years, demonstrating that terpenoid-rich oils are not their unique content. These two points are the focus of this study on the ontogeny, structure, and contents of secretory cavities in neotropical Myrtaceae. METHODS: We used histochemical tests and Raman analysis to verify the basic chemical composition of the cavity contents of nine species. We studied the ontogeny of glands in one species, comparing aldehyde-fixed tissues and fresh sections mounted in an inert medium. RESULTS: We observed schizogenous development and appearance of the secretory cavities and found that sample processing may induce cell breakdown, which can be misinterpreted as lysigeny. The content of these cavities contains putative terpenes, resins, carbonyl groups, and flavonoids. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that the lysigenous appearance of the oil glands is a technical artifact. These tissue distortions must be considered when interpreting the development of this type of secretory structure. Moreover, the basic analyses of chemical constituents show for the first time that the glands of neotropical Myrtaceae are potential reservoirs of some compounds such as flavonoids previously reported as novelties for a few other myrtaceous species. Because some of them are non-lipid compounds, the idea that the glands are just oil repositories is no longer applicable.

The Content and Emission form of Volatile Organic Compounds from Cooking Oils: A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis.

Cooking oil fumes are full of dangerous chemicals that are bad for human health. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cooking oil fumes are not only emitted in the form of gas but may also accumulate with other substances in oil fumes and form particulate matter emitted into the atmosphere. Different forms of VOCs can enter different regions of the human body and have varying effects on health. This paper investigated the VOC emission types found in some cooking fumes. The findings demonstrate that organic contaminants from edible oils were released as gas and particle matter, with gas being the predominant component. The fraction of gaseous VOCs steadily declined as oil temperature rose, whereas the proportion of VOCs released as particulate matter gradually rose. It is possible to assume that the increase in oil fume with temperature was caused by the original oil's components volatilizing more frequently under the influence of vapor pressure and that chemical reactions were not the primary cause of oil fume creation.

Preparation of a Regioselective Quercetin-3-palmitate and Its Using for Boosting Cooking Oil Stability.

Due to over worldwide use of frying oil, and due to its oxidation and deterioration after the usage for short time, huge oil amounts are wasted. So, most attempts are aimed to increase oil stability. Quercetin is a common name for the lipophobic strong natural phenolic antioxidant 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Thus, its solubility had been improved by converting it to a lipophilic compound via its appending to a fatty acid residue. So, regioselectively 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[Hexadecanyl]oxychromen-4-one commonly named as (Quercetin-3-palmitate) was synthesized. The formed compound was confirmed based on its elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR and MS). The partition coefficient of Quercetin-3-palmitate in octanol/water (k) was determined and compared to that of palmitic acid and quercetin individually to prove its solubility enhancement. Its radical scavenging activity was then tested. The effect of this new antioxidant compound on the oil stability was studied through the frying process. All physical and chemical parameters of this oil were considered before and after the frying process compared to another reference antioxidant (TBHQ) and control sample. The safety of this compound was determined by acute oral toxicity using albino mice. The liver and kidney functions of these mice were also examined. The results showed non-significant change. A sensory evaluation of the fried potato chips has been done. The results showed that the properties of the potato chips were improved by adding Quercetin-3-palmitate to the oil. Thus, good protection against frying oils oxidation was achieved via the addition of Quercetin-3-palmitate. The Quercetin-3-palmitate effectiveness is mainly attributed to its stability at high temperatures. Moreover, Quercetin-3-palmitate was found to be a safe compound according to an acute lethal toxicity test. Consequently, it can be used as a food additive.

Investigation of used cooking oil on the formation of FOG deposits in sewer line clogging.

Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits, resulting from saponification reaction, have been identified as the primary source of blockage of sewer pipes. This mainly emanates from the adhesion of these deposits on pipe walls, culminating in the sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). This undesired phenomenon poses several challenges for municipalities, including environmental issues, health-related hazards, and an increase in incurred costs. Unlike the previous literature, the present study, for the first time, attempts to characterize the effect of used cooking oils (a mixture of different oils) as a perceived crux, triggering the genesis of deposits. The experimental results revealed that there exists a host of physical and chemical disparities between fresh oil calcium soaps (FOCSs) and used oil calcium soaps (UOCSs). Notably, when mixed with water, FOCSs produced non-miscible layers, whereas a homogenous, sticky, and viscous solution observed for UOCSs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis casts light on the fact that the heating process would greatly influence the oil chemical structure and its resultant calcium soaps. In comparison with calcium chloride, as time elapsed, the optical microscope images illustrated that the calcium sulfate clots formation proceeded at an accelerated rate, delivering particles with larger sizes. Viscosity and adhesion are two prominent distinctions between soaps. In sharp contrast to soap produced from oil with a higher palmitic acid content, it was discerned that the oil containing less palmitic acid generates UOCSs with higher viscosity and adhesion than FOCSs. It can therefore be inferred that the distinct chemical structures driven by high temperature during the cooking process produce soaps with different characteristics as compared with fresh oil. This phenomenon would have a profound impact on the formation of the deposits in sewer lines.

Quantitative determination of concentration profiles of skin components and topically applied oils by tailored multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares using in vivo confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy.

The main components of the stratum corneum (SC), water, lipids, and proteins, are non-homogeneously distributed throughout the depth. The quantitative determination of their concentration profiles and penetration depth of topically applied substances are urgent topics of dermatological and cosmetic research. Confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy has distinct advantages when determining semi-quantitative concentrations of SC components and topically applied substances non-invasively and in vivo. In this work, we applied a tailored multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (tMCR-ALS) method to analyze Raman spectra of the SC in the 2000-4000 cm-1 region for quantitatively determining the concentrations of water, lipids, proteins, and topically applied oils using substance-related spectral loadings which were allowed to change depth-dependently from the SC's surface toward its bottom. tMCR-ALS makes matching of depth-dependent signal attenuation, that is, the normalization on keratin, unnecessary and requires only a few additional experiments for calibration - Raman spectra of the pure materials and their densities.

Fatty acid profiling in the genus Pinus in relation to its chemotaxonomy and nutritional or pharmaceutical properties.

To develop and utilize the oil of Pinus seeds and explore natural resources rich in pinolenic acid (PNLA), twenty-one Pinus taxa were evaluated in a search of Δ5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids (Δ5-UPIFA)-rich oils. While the fatty acid (FA) composition was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS, NMR of crude oils proved to be a fast method for establishing the ratio between Δ5-UPIFA and total FA. For all analyzed taxa, both the geographical origin and the concentration of total FA in the seeds are provided. PNLA and sciadonic acids occurred in all samples, while taxoleic and bishomopinolenic acids were present in most taxa. PNLA reached a maximum of 28.3% of total FA in P. mugo, and P. koraiensis showed the highest total FA amount (66.8 g/100 g seeds). The previously unanalyzed taxon P. ponderosa var. scopulorum can be considered a new PNLA source (17.1%). Principal Component Analysis showed that the similarities in FA profiles allow the grouping of the various taxa within Pinus subsections and confirmed the differential metabolic activities of Δ5 and Δ9 desaturase enzymes. This study showed that several underutilized Pinus taxa could be developed into renewable woody oil species, and their seeds could be used as raw materials for Δ5-UPIFA-rich oils extraction.

Analysis of the effect of heating rate on pyrolysis kinetics and product composition of copper-containing waste circuit boards.

Pyrolysis is a cost-effective and environmentally benign method for recycling organic waste, which can be converted into high-energy gases and oils. Pyrolysis technology was employed in this study to recycle copper-containing discarded circuit board material and recover copper, glass fibers, and gases and oils with high calorific values. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to evaluate pyrolyses of copper-containing waste circuit board materials conducted at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 40 °C/min), and the resulting volatiles were studied in detail. The effects of heating rate on the kinetics and activation energies for pyrolyses of copper-containing waste circuit boards were also investigated by using the Coats-Redfern (C-R) method. The TGA curves and FTIR spectra did not differ significantly for different heating rates, and the main functional groups identified with the FTIR results were O-H, C = C, aromatic benzene, substituted benzene, and C-Br. Additionally, GC-MS analyses showed that the heating rate had a great influence on the pyrolysis products formed; the phenol content decreased with increasing heating rate, and the highest content was realized at 5 ℃/min. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses showed that bromine was removed from the solid phase products during pyrolysis, while copper was effectively enriched in the feedstock. This indicated that pyrolysis can be used to recover copper-containing waste circuit boards.

Difference in the nutritional, in vitro, and functional characteristics of protein and fat isolates of two Indian chia (Salvia hispanica L) seed genotypes with variation in seed coat color.

This study aimed to determine the association between the seed coat color of two chia seed genotypes for their composition, protein content, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles. The optimal pH for protein isolation for both genotypes (BCPI and WCPI) was 10, based on protein purity and solubility. Fatty acid profiling indicated, overall, 18 different fatty acids higher in BCPI10 with linolenic acid domination (∼66%) followed by linoleic acid (∼19%) and oleic acid (∼6%), contributing PUFAs (∼86%). Optimized protein isolates, black (BCPI10) and white (WCPI10) chia, had shown purity, L*-value, solubility, and yields of 90.65%, 75.86%, 77.75%, 11.30%, and 90.00%, 77.83%, 76.07%, 10.69%, respectively. BCPI10 depicted higher EAA (33.19 g/100 g N) and EEA indices (57.676%) compared to WCPI10 (32.14 g/100 g N) and 56.360%, respectively. Amino acid profiling indicated higher, PER, TAA, TEAA, TNEAA, TAAA, TBA, acidic AA values for BCPI10, and higher leucine/isoleucine ratio for WCPI10 having leucine and sulfur amino acids as limiting amino acids. BCPI10 had higher sulfur-containing amino acid contents, as the main contributor to the albumin a water-soluble fraction, leading to its higher in vitro digestibility (71.97%) than WCPI10 (67.70%). Both isolates exhibited good WHC and OHC of 3.18, 2.39 and 3.00, 2.20, respectively. Both protein isolates had similar ∆Td (°C) values with some variation in FTIR spectrum from 1000 cm-1 to 1651 cm-1 having more peak intensity for BCPI10. SDS-PAGE indicated bands at 150 kDa, representing globulin and mild bands at 25-33 kDa for glutelin and albumin. A significant (p < 0.05) variation reported in this study for protein and lipid profiles of both genotype attributes to genetic differences between the seeds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Based on the nutritional profile, both chia seed isolates (black and white) are suitable for consumption with an edge for black seed when supplemented with their limiting amino acids. The high values of the functional properties and structural characteristics combined with high nutritional values make the chia protein isolate an excellent source of raw material for various food formulations. Fatty acid profile of the oils from the genotypes showed the presence of high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially the PUFAs with more number of fatty acids in black chia seed. The excellent lipid profile of chia seed oil indicates the benefit of using chia seed oil as a source of essential fatty acids in the human diet for optimal health.

Development and Validation of an Automated Magneto-Controlled Pretreatment for Chromatography-Free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Cereals and Oils through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

A chromatography-free detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereals and oils through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been developed using quantum dots and immunomagnetic beads. A magneto-controlled pretreatment platform for automatic purification, labeling, and digestion was constructed, and AFB1 detection through AAS was enabled. Under optimal conditions, this immunoassay exhibited high sensitivity for AFB1 detection, with limits of detection as low as 0.04 µg/kg and a linear dynamic range of 2.5-240 µg/kg. The recoveries for four different food matrices ranged from 92.6% to 108.7%, with intra- and inter-day standard deviations of 0.7-6.3% and 0.6-6.9%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the detection of AFB1 in husked rice, maize, and polished rice samples, and the detection results were not significantly different from those of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method realized the detection of mycotoxins through AAS for the first time. It provides a new route for AFB1 detection, expands the application scope of AAS, and provides a reference for the simultaneous determination of multiple poisonous compounds (such as mycotoxins and heavy metals).

Rapid identification of flaxseed oil based on portable fiber optic Raman spectroscopy combined with an oil microscopy method.

To explore a fast, simple, and accurate method to identify adulteration in flaxseed oil, the Raman spectral data of 130 samples containing flaxseed, canola, cottonseed, and adulterated oils were obtained using a portable fiber optic Raman spectrometer. The Raman spectral results showed that the Raman spectra of the flaxseed and canola oils had noticeable peak shifts, whereas the peak positions of the flaxseed and cottonseed oils were relatively similar. Clear peak intensity differences were observed in the flaxseed, cottonseed, and canola oils, mainly at 868 cm-1 , 1022 cm-1 , 1265 cm-1 , and 1655 cm-1 , with Raman shift intensities in the following order: Iflaxseed oil  > Icottonseed oil  > Icanola oil . Similarly, the peak intensity of the flaxseed and adulterated oils also exhibited certain differences (at 868 cm-1 , 1022 cm-1 , 1265 cm-1 , and 1655 cm-1 ), and the Raman shift intensity tended to decrease gradually with the increasing content of canola and cottonseed oils in the flaxseed oil. Additionally, the results of Raman spectroscopy combined with the "oil microscopy" method exhibited large variations in the radar patterns of the flaxseed, canola, and cottonseed oils, whereas the radar patterns of the flaxseed and adulterated oils closely resembled each other. The results indicated that Raman spectroscopy in combination with oil microscopy more effectively revealed the subtle differences in the Raman shift intensity, serving as a more visual and comprehensive approach for differentiating the quality variations between pure flaxseed oil and other oil species and adulterated oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study analyzed the Raman spectra of flaxseed, canola, cottonseed, and adulterated oils using fiber optic Raman spectroscopy. Combined with the oil microscopy method for comprehensive evaluation and analysis, it is feasible to effectively identify the quality differences among flaxseed, canola, cottonseed, and adulterated oils.

Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bulb and Leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) Leaf Oil Extracts.

Allium species including garlic and leek exhibits a broad range of medicinal and nutritional properties. Therefore, this study investigates the physicochemical and biological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (A. ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum) oil extracts. The result indicated that physicochemical properties indicated that significantly higher oil yield (21.25%), ACV (2.66 mg/g), FFA (1.34%), and PV (4.10 meq/kg) and also antioxidant activities with respect to 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH (27.60 ± 1.55%), hydrogen peroxide (12.35 ± 0.92%) free radical scavenging activities, and ascorbic acid content (25.30 ± 3.25%) were obtained for leek leaf oil extract. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (16.00 mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.20 µg/ml), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (0.40 µg/ml) was recorded for leek oil extract against S. pyogenes. However, garlic oil has presented stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (13.50 mm), MIC (0.40 µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) (0.75 µg/ml) against Candida albicans. It is concluded from the results of this investigation that oils extracts of garlic bulb and leek leaves demonstrated significant biological activities that can be used as sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical ingredients.

Key volatile compound formation of rapeseed oil induced via the Maillard reaction during seed roasting.

This study was designed to investigate the influence of roasting (150 °C for 0-60 min) on key volatile compounds, sensory evaluation, free amino acids, sugars, and Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of five rapeseed varieties and their oils. During the roasting process, key volatile MRPs of fragrant rapeseed oils (FROs) that increased obviously in concentration were mainly pyrazines. After 60 min of roasting, the stronger nutty-like odor in oil from QH was possibly caused by the high levels of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (21.72 mg/kg) and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (5.06 mg/kg). The 5-hydroxymethylfurfural contents and browning indices increased significantly, whereas reducing sugar and free amino acid contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05). This suggested the extent of the Maillard reaction increased with roasting time. Furthermore, the results of Maillard reaction model system demonstrated glycine, lysine, and histidine could react with glucose to generate 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Hence, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine is identified as one of the important aroma-active MRPs for FRO.

In vitro characterization and clinical evaluation of skin hydration by two formulations mimicking the skin's natural components.

BACKGROUND: We have developed innovative base formulations that were designed to mimic the skin with respect to its components and galenic structure. Components include water, proteins, lipids, sugars and minerals. OBJECTIVES: We characterized formulations and their skin penetration using in vitro methods and evaluated their impact on skin hydration in a clinical trial. METHODS: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and X-ray diffraction were used to analyse formulations as well as formulation impact on the stratum corneum (SC) structure. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used to compare formulation ingredients with SC components and to detect their distribution in the skin. Clinical studies were performed to confirm effects on skin hydration and investigate potential adverse skin effects (irritation and sensitization). RESULTS: SEM and X-ray diffraction of the formulations showed that lipids were organized in sheets similar to SC lipids. MSI demonstrated similarities between formulation components and skin constituents, as well as a good penetration into the skin. The formulations did not modify the lamellar organization of the SC lipids, but they increased the relative proportion of the crystallized lipids and some of the amorphous lipids. In in vivo studies, a high level of hydration was maintained over 24 h after application with an intense and 'very good hydration'. Both formulations were shown to be non-(photo)sensitizers with excellent tolerance. Sensorial evaluation indicated the formulations were not oily or sticky and maintained the skin's suppleness over time. Formulations had a 'nude skin' touch and created a natural protective film. CONCLUSIONS: The two formulations were well-tolerated and increased skin hydration in clinical subjects, an effect that could contribute to the alleviation of sensitive skin. The formulations were shown to resemble the lipid organization of the stratum corneum, as well as penetrate the skin without disrupting the lipid lamella organization.

Separation and determination of the group-type composition of modern base and lubricating oils with a wide range of polarity, especially emitted to the environment.

Lubricating oils are composed of base oils (>85% v/v) and enriching additives (<15% v/v). Three types of base oils may be distinguished: 1) traditional bases (obtained by low-volatile fractions from crude oil distillation refining), 2) synthetic bases (mainly poly-alpha-olefins, sometimes esters, especially succinic acid esters), 3) bases of natural origin (especially obtained from refined plant oils). The bases of natural origin are the only ones recommended for application when lubricating oil may be emitted to the environment (e.g. when the machine with an open cutting system is used). Group-type separation and analysis of group-type composition of base and lubricating oils are of significant importance in quality control and environmental monitoring. Due to the potentially wide range of polarity of the components of base and lubricating oils, group- type separation becomes a difficult separation problem. It is also a serious analytical problem due to the considerable diversity of physicochemical properties. The authors propose a new procedure for the separation and determination of the group-type composition of base and lubricating oils using thin-layer liquid chromatography in normal phase systems (abr. NP-TLC) on silica gel plates impregnated with berberine salt/in the coupling of thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (abr. TLC-FID). A new, effective procedure of TLC plates impregnation with berberine sulphate was presented. The proposed procedure ensures the visualization of all groups of base oils. Extensive experimental research showed that a 2-step development procedure with application of n-hexane up to 100% height of development +15 min and further n-hexane: isopropanol: tri-fluoroacetic acid 96.25: 3: 0.75 (v: v: v) up to 75% height of development is advantageous for the group-type separation, both in TLC-FID and TLC.

Offshore field experiments with in-situ burning of oil: Emissions and burn efficiency.

In situ burning (ISB) is an oil spill response technique including ignition and burning to remove oil on the water surface. The technique rapidly and effectively removes large portions of the oil. However, the combustion process causes a large smoke plume and leaves a viscous residue in the water. During six large-scale experimental burns in the North Sea in 2018 and 2019, the smoke plume, released oil and contained residues were analysed. The objectives were to document the content of particles and gases in the smoke plume, properties of both the released oils and residues, and the effectiveness of the burns. Oseberg crude oil, Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (ULSFO), Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO180) and Marine Gas Oil (MGO) were released into a fire-boom and ignited. Particles and gases in the smoke plume were monitored using drones with several sensors. Soot particle monitoring indicated that more than 90% of the particles produced during the burns were <1 µm. Soot fallout was mainly limited to visible smoke, and the particle concentration was highest directly under the smoke plume and declined with distance from the burn. Gas monitoring in the smoke indicated low concentrations of SO2 and NOX (<2 ppm), and the concentrations of CO2 and CO were within air quality standards. Black Carbon produced relative to the amount of oil burned was 10-18%. The burn efficiency varied and were estimated to 80-91% for Oseberg, >90% for MGO, and <60% for both ULSFO and IFO180. The present paper addresses the results of the smoke plume monitoring, properties of the ISB residues and the burn efficiency.

Evaluation of copaiba oil as enhancer of ibuprofen skin permeation

Abstract The administration of medications on the skin through transcutaneous routes is a practice that has been used by mankind for millennia. Some studies have been reporting the use of terpenes and natural oils rich in terpenes as an enhancer of cutaneous penetration. Copaiba oil, due to its rich content of terpenes, presents itself as a great choice of penetration enhancer for drugs administered on the skin. In this study, we developed two cream formulations containing 5% of ibuprofen (IBU) and copaiba oil: IBCO5 and IBCO10 with 5% and 10% of copaiba oil respectively. Ex vivo cutaneous penetration/permeation studies of IBU were performed using pig ear skin as biological membrane in the Franz-type diffusion cells. The steady-state flux of IBU samples, IBCO5 (35.72 ± 6.35) and IBCO10 (29.78 ± 2.41) were significantly higher when compared with control without copaiba oil (10.32 ±1.52) and with a commercial product (14.44 ± 2.39). In the penetration analysis, the amount of IBU found in the samples IBCO5 and IBCO10 was markedly higher in the dermis than epidermis. Our results showed that copaiba oil possesses attracting properties in promoting skin penetration and permeation of IBU when added into cream formulations.

Profiling the physicochemical and solid state properties of edible Tetracarpidium conophorum oil and its admixtures for drug delivery

Abstract The study is aimed at investigating the functional physicochemical and solid state characteristics of food-grade Tetracarpidium conophorum (T. conophorum) oil for possible application in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery. The oil was obtained by cold hexane extraction and its physicochemical properties including viscosity, pH, peroxide, acid, and thiobarbituric acid values, nutrient content, and fatty acid profile were determined. Admixtures of the oil with Softisan®154, a hydrogenated solid lipid from palm oil, were prepared to obtain matrices which were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry. Data from the study showed that T. conophorum oil had Newtonian flow behaviour, acidic pH, insignificant presence of hyperperoxides and malondialdehyde, contains minerals including calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, selenium, and potassium, vitamins including niacin (B3), thiamine (B1), cyanocobalamine (B12), ascorbic acid (C), and tocopherol (E), and long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids including n-hexadecanoic acid, 9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, and cis-13-octadecenoic acid. The lipid matrices had low crystallinity and enthalpy values with increased amorphicity, and showed no destructive intermolecular interaction or incompatibility between T. conophorum oil and Softisan® 154. In conclusion, the results have shown that, in addition to T. conophorum oil being useful as food, it will also be an important excipient for the development of novel, safe, and effective lipid-based drug delivery systems.