ABSTRACT
Selective inhibition of exclusively transcription-regulating positive transcription elongation factor b/CDK9 is a promising new approach in cancer therapy. Starting from atuveciclib, the first selective CDK9 inhibitor to enter clinical development, lead optimization efforts aimed at identifying intravenously (iv) applicable CDK9 inhibitors with an improved therapeutic index led to the discovery of the highly potent and selective clinical candidate VIP152. The evaluation of various scaffold hops was instrumental in the identification of VIP152, which is characterized by the underexplored benzyl sulfoximine group. VIP152 exhibited the best preclinical overall profile in vitro and in vivo, including high efficacy and good tolerability in xenograft models in mice and rats upon once weekly iv administration. VIP152 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer with promising longterm, durable monotherapy activity in double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Female , Humans , Injections, Intravenous , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology , Mice , Mice, Nude , Molecular Structure , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Aberrant activation in fibroblast growth factor signaling has been implicated in the development of various cancers, including squamous cell lung cancer, squamous cell head and neck carcinoma, colorectal and bladder cancer. Thus, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) present promising targets for novel cancer therapeutics. Here, we evaluated the activity of a novel pan-FGFR inhibitor, rogaratinib, in biochemical, cellular and in vivo efficacy studies in a variety of preclinical cancer models. In vitro kinase activity assays demonstrate that rogaratinib potently and selectively inhibits the activity of FGFRs 1, 2, 3 and 4. In line with this, rogaratinib reduced proliferation in FGFR-addicted cancer cell lines of various cancer types including lung, breast, colon and bladder cancer. FGFR and ERK phosphorylation interruption by rogaratinib treatment in several FGFR-amplified cell lines suggests that the anti-proliferative effects are mediated by FGFR/ERK pathway inhibition. Furthermore, rogaratinib exhibited strong in vivo efficacy in several cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models characterized by FGFR overexpression. The observed efficacy of rogaratinib strongly correlated with FGFR mRNA expression levels. These promising results warrant further development of rogaratinib and clinical trials are currently ongoing (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01976741, NCT03410693, NCT03473756).
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Piperazines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Female , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Neoplasms/metabolism , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Random Allocation , Rats , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Selective inhibition of exclusively transcription-regulating PTEFb/CDK9 is a promising new approach in cancer therapy. Starting from lead compound BAY-958, lead optimization efforts strictly focusing on kinase selectivity, physicochemical and DMPK properties finally led to the identification of the orally available clinical candidate atuveciclib (BAYâ 1143572). Structurally characterized by an unusual benzyl sulfoximine group, BAYâ 1143572 exhibited the best overall profile inâ vitro and inâ vivo, including high efficacy and good tolerability in xenograft models in mice and rats. BAYâ 1143572 is the first potent and highly selective PTEFb/CDK9 inhibitor to enter clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
Subject(s)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , Triazines/therapeutic use , Animals , Binding Sites , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/metabolism , Half-Life , HeLa Cells , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy , Mice , Mice, Nude , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Docking Simulation , Neoplasms/pathology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/toxicity , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Rats , Rats, Nude , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/toxicity , Transplantation, Heterologous , Triazines/chemistry , Triazines/toxicityABSTRACT
The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling cascade is activated in the majority of human cancers, and its activation also plays a key role in resistance to chemo and targeted therapeutics. In particular, in both breast and prostate cancer, increased AKT pathway activity is associated with cancer progression, treatment resistance and poor disease outcome. Here, we evaluated the activity of a novel allosteric AKT1/2 inhibitor, BAY 1125976, in biochemical, cellular mechanistic, functional and in vivo efficacy studies in a variety of tumor models. In in vitro kinase activity assays, BAY 1125976 potently and selectively inhibited the activity of full-length AKT1 and AKT2 by binding into an allosteric binding pocket formed by kinase and PH domain. In accordance with this proposed allosteric binding mode, BAY 1125976 bound to inactive AKT1 and inhibited T308 phosphorylation by PDK1, while the activity of truncated AKT proteins lacking the pleckstrin homology domain was not inhibited. In vitro, BAY 1125976 inhibited cell proliferation in a broad panel of human cancer cell lines. Particularly high activity was observed in breast and prostate cancer cell lines expressing estrogen or androgen receptors. Furthermore, BAY 1125976 exhibited strong in vivo efficacy in both cell line and patient-derived xenograft models such as the KPL4 breast cancer model (PIK3CAH1074R mutant), the MCF7 and HBCx-2 breast cancer models and the AKTE17K mutant driven prostate cancer (LAPC-4) and anal cancer (AXF 984) models. These findings indicate that BAY 1125976 is a potent and highly selective allosteric AKT1/2 inhibitor that targets tumors displaying PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation, providing opportunities for the clinical development of new, effective treatments.