Prescribing trends of glaucoma medication in Korea from 2007 to 2020: A nationwide population-based study.

PURPOSE: Investigating long-term trends in glaucoma medication. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with glaucoma and prescribed glaucoma eye drops between 2007 and 2020 in Korea's Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database participated in this study. A weight was assigned to each prescription using the reciprocal of the total number of prescriptions received by the individual in that year. The number of patients who received each type of glaucoma eye drop prescription was calculated by summing the weights for each year. RESULTS: During the study period, prostaglandin analog eye drop monotherapy was the most frequently given type of glaucoma eye drop prescription. Until 2008, the second most frequently given type of glaucoma eye drop prescription was beta blocker eye drop monotherapy; thereafter, it changed to carbonic anhydrase inhibitor/beta blocker fixed-combination eye drop monotherapy. The prescription proportion of single-ingredient glaucoma eye drops decreased (-1.290%/year, P < 0.001), whereas that of fixed-combination glaucoma eye drops increased (1.291%/year, P < 0.001). The number of glaucoma eye drops prescribed per patient remained constant (-0.00030/year, P = 0.167) with an average of 1.302, while the number of active ingredients prescribed per patient increased (0.01737/year, P < 0.001) from 1.659 in 2007 to 1.896 in 2020. CONCLUSION: Over 14 years, there was no change in the number of glaucoma eye drops prescribed to individual patients in Korea. However, the number of active ingredients prescribed increased owing to the increased prescription of fixed-combination eye drops. The current trends in glaucoma medication are expected to help establish future treatment strategies.

Morphological differences of the neuroretinal rim between temporally tilted and non-tilted optic discs in healthy eyes.

This study aimed to compare morphological differences of the neuroretinal rim between the temporally tilted and non-tilted optic discs in healthy eyes. We prospectively enrolled participants aged 20-40 years with temporally tilted or non-tilted optic discs. The optic nerve head parameters were analyzed using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. The angle between the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) plane and BMO-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) was termed "BMO-MRW angle". Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) and BMO-based parameters were compared between the temporally tilted and non-tilted disc groups. As a result, 55 temporally tilted disc eyes and 38 non-tilted disc eyes were analyzed. Global pRNFLT, global BMO-MRW, and total BMO-minimum rim area (BMO-MRA) were similar between the two groups (p = 0.138, 0.161, and p = 0.410, respectively). In the sectoral analysis, temporally tilted disc group exhibited thicker BMO-MRW in the temporal sector (p = 0.032) and thinner in the nasal superior and nasal sectors (p = 0.025 and p = 0.002, respectively). Temporally tilted disc group showed larger BMO-MRA in the temporal, temporal superior, and temporal inferior sectors (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.016, respectively), alongside a higher BMO-MRW angle in the temporal sector and lower in the nasal superior and nasal sectors. In conclusion, the neuroretinal rim, represented by BMO-MRW and BMO-MRA, showed morphological differences between temporally tilted and non-tilted optic discs in healthy eyes. BMO-MRW and BMO-MRA showed temporalization in the same manner as pRNFLT in the temporally tilted disc eyes. The BMO-MRW angle showed that in temporally tilted disc eyes, optic nerve fibers met the BMO plane steeply in the nasal sector and gently in the temporal sector than in non-tilted disc eyes, suggesting potential stress region of optic nerve fibers in temporally tilted disc eyes.

Diagnostic performance of wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography for high myopic glaucoma.

Diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma in high myopic (HM) eyes are becoming very important; however, it is challenging to diagnose this condition. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic ability of wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (WF-OCTA) maps for the detection of glaucomatous damage in eyes with HM and to compare the diagnostic ability of WF-OCTA maps with that of conventional imaging approaches, including swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) wide-field maps. In this retrospective observational study, a total 62 HM-healthy eyes and 140 HM eyes with open-angle glaucoma were included. Patients underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including SS-OCT wide-field and 12 × 12 WF-OCTA scans. The WF-OCTA map represents the peripapillary and macular superficial vascular density maps. Glaucoma specialists determined the presence of glaucomatous damage in HM eyes by reading the WF-OCTA map and comparing its sensitivity and specificity with those of conventional SS-OCT images. The sensitivity and specificity of 12 × 12 WF-OCTA scans for HM-glaucoma diagnosis were 87.28% and 86.94%, respectively, while, the sensitivity and specificity of SS-OCT wide-field maps for HM-glaucoma diagnosis were 87.49% and 80.51%, respectively. The specificity of the WF-OCTA map was significantly higher than that of the SS-OCT wide-field map (p < 0.05). The sensitivity of the WF-OCTA map was comparable with that of the SS-OCT wide-field map (p = 0.078). The WF-OCTA map showed good diagnostic ability for discriminating HM-glaucomatous eyes from HM-healthy eyes. As a complementary method to an alternative imaging modality, WF-OCTA mapping can be a useful tool for the detection of HM glaucoma.

Trends in the Prevalence of Blindness and Correlation With Health Status in Korean Adults: A 10-Year Nationwide Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary data on vision impairment form an important basis for public health policies. However, most data on the clinical epidemiology of blindness are limited by small sample sizes and focused not on systemic conditions but ophthalmic diseases only. In this study, we examined the ten-year trends of blindness prevalence and its correlation with systemic health status in Korean adults. METHODS: This study investigated 10,000,000 participants randomly extracted from the entire Korean population (aged ≥ 20 years) who underwent a National Health Insurance Service health checkup between 2009 and 2018. Participants with blindness, defined as visual acuity in the better-seeing eye of ≤ 20/200, were identified. The prevalence of blindness was assessed, and the systemic health status was compared between participants with blindness and without blindness. RESULTS: The mean prevalence of blindness was 0.473% (47,115 blindness cases) and tended to decrease over ten years (0.586% in 2009 and 0.348% in 2018; P < 0.001). The following factors were significantly associated with blindness: female sex, underweight (body mass index < 18.5), high serum creatinine (> 1.5 mg/dL), and bilateral hearing loss. In addition, except for those aged 30-39 and 40-49 years, high fasting glucose (≥ 126 mg/dL) and low hemoglobin (male: < 12 g/dL, female: < 10 g/dL) were significantly correlated with prevalent blindness. CONCLUSION: Our ten-year Korean nationwide population-based study suggested a gradual decrease in the prevalence of blindness and its association with specific systemic health status. These conditions might be the cause or consequence of blindness and can be used as a reference for the prevention and/or rehabilitation of blindness to establish public health policies.

Differences in optic nerve head structure between acute angle-closure glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma.

This study aimed to compare the optic nerve head (ONH) structure in acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) to investigate the differences in glaucomatous damage. The AACG and OAG eyes were matched with regard to global retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT). AACG eyes were divided into two subgroups based on the presence of ONH swelling at the onset of AACG. RNFLT, Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim area (BMO-MRA) were analyzed. Global RNFLT values were similar in AACG and OAG groups, but lower than in the healthy group (P < 0.001). The global BMO-MRW and total BMO-MRA were significantly higher in AACG than in OAG group (P < 0.001, respectively). AACG showed similar global BMO-MRW and total BMO-MRA, irrespective of the presence or absence of ONH swelling, while AACG with ONH swelling was associated with significantly thinner global RNFLT compared to AACG without ONH swelling (P < 0.006). The result of differences in ONH structure between the OAG and AACG, especially the AACG with ONH swelling at the onset of AACG, suggests that the mechanisms of optic nerve damage in the two diseases are different.

Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width thinning rate in open-angle glaucoma.

This study aimed to compare the rate of thinning between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) according to glaucoma severity. We retrospectively reviewed subjects with a total of 111 eyes with OAG that had undergone optical coherence tomography more than four times during more than 3 years of follow-up. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the mean deviation (MD) of the baseline visual field test: high MD (MD > - 2 dB), medium MD (- 2 dB ≥ MD > - 6 dB), and low MD (- 6 dB ≥ MD > - 12 dB) groups. A linear mixed model was employed to compare the rate of thinning between RNFLT and BMO-MRW among the three groups. The rate of RNFLT thinning was fastest in the inferotemporal sector in all three groups. The rate of BMO-MRW thinning was fastest in the inferotemporal sector of the high MD group and the superotemporal sector of the other two groups. Among the three groups, the rate of RNFLT thinning was not significantly different in the global sector and all sectors except the nasal sector. The rate of BMO-MRW thinning in the inferotemporal sector showed no significant difference, but that in the superotemporal sector was faster in the medium MD and low MD groups than in the high MD group. The fastest rate of RNFLT thinning was consistently observed in the inferotemporal sector, but BMO-MRW showed a change in the fastest thinning sector from inferotemporal to superotemporal, with increasing severity in early to moderate OAG. The difference in the changes in the two parameters may help understand the pathogenesis of glaucoma and predict its progression.

Association of Drugs With Acute Angle Closure.

Importance: Acute angle-closure (AAC) glaucoma is a sight-threatening disease and can reportedly occur in association with various drugs. Objective: To identify drugs that are associated with AAC glaucoma occurrence and evaluate the risk of AAC associated with each drug. Design, Setting, and Participants: A case-crossover study was conducted using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database, which contains medical information of the entire Korean population. Patients who were first diagnosed with AAC and treated between 2013 and 2019 were identified using diagnostic and procedure codes. All drugs that the study participants were prescribed as well as prescription dates during the period of 1 to 180 days before the onset of AAC were extracted from the database. For each patient, 1 to 30 days before onset was considered the hazard period, and 91 to 180 days before AAC onset was considered the control period. Main Outcomes and Measures: Drugs associated with AAC and odds (calculated as odds ratios [ORs] with 95% CIs) of AAC development associated with each identified drug. Results: A total of 949 drugs that were prescribed to 13 531 patients with AAC (mean [SD] age, 66.8 [10.6] years; 9585 [70.8%] female) during the period of 1 to 180 days before the onset of AAC were analyzed. A total of 61 drugs were found to be associated with AAC, among which sumatriptan (OR, 12.60 [95% CI, 4.13-38.44]) was associated with the highest odds of AAC development, followed by topiramate (OR, 5.10 [95% CI, 2.22-11.70]) and duloxetine (OR, 4.04 [95% CI, 2.95-5.54]). The median (IQR) period from prescription of the drug to the onset of AAC for the 61 drugs was 11.9 days (10.9-12.8). A number of drugs not previously considered to be associated with AAC, including lactulose (OR, 2.81 [95% CI, 1.72-4.61]) and metoclopramide (OR, 2.52 [95% CI, 1.95-3.25]), were identified. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this case-crossover study suggest a need to consider AAC risk in patients taking any of the 61 drugs found to be associated with AAC.

Novel area-based optic nerve head parameter to distinguish glaucoma from non-glaucomatous retinal nerve fiber layer defect in branch retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic ability of the new area-based parameter retinal nerve fiber layer to disc ratio (RDR) for discriminating between glaucoma and non-glaucomatous retinal nerve fiber layer defects (RNFLDs). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 42 branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) eyes with RNFLD, 42 open-angle glaucoma (OAG) eyes, and 42 healthy control eyes that were matched with optic disc size. The RDR, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT), Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim area (BMO-MRA) were analyzed. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated for each parameter. RESULTS: The OAG and BRVO groups had similar global pRNFLT (87.57 ± 7.07 µm and 89.71 ± 12.21 µm, respectively), but these were thinner than those of the healthy group (102.71 ± 8.95 µm, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). RDR was lowest in the BRVO group (0.755 ± 0.121, p < 0.001) and highest in the OAG group (1.111 ± 0.145, p < 0.001). Global BMO-MRW was significantly lower in the OAG group (194.36 ± 23.09 µm) than in the BRVO (269.69 ± 42.77 µm, p < 0.001) and healthy (273.48 ± 30.92 µm, p < 0.001) groups. Total BMO-MRA of the OAG group (0.88 ± 0.12 mm2) was significantly lower than that of the BRVO (1.32 ± 0.19 mm2, p < 0.001) and healthy (1.30 ± 0.21 mm2, p < 0.001) groups. AUC for discriminating between the OAG and BRVO was 0.986 for total BMO-MRA and 0.970 for RDR (p = 0.192). CONCLUSION: In clinical practice, RDR may perform well as a parameter to distinguish between glaucoma and non-glaucomatous RNFLD.

Combined wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography density map for high myopic glaucoma detection.

The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic ability of wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) density map for detection of glaucomatous damage in high myopic (HM) eyes and to further compare the diagnostic ability of OCTA with that of conventional imaging approaches including red-free photography and swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) wide-field maps. A total of 77 healthy HM eyes and 72 HM eyes with open angle glaucoma (OAG) participated in this retrospective observational study. Patients underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including wide-field SS-OCT scan and peripapillary area and macular OCTA scans. An integrated OCTA density map thereafter was merged by vascular landmark-guided superimposition of peripapillary and macular superficial vascular density maps onto the red-free photography (resulting in the OCTA-PanoMap). Glaucoma specialists then determined the presence of glaucomatous damage in HM eyes by reading the OCTA-PanoMap and compared its sensitivity and specificity with those of conventional images. Sensitivity and specificity of OCTA-PanoMap for HM-OAG diagnosis was 94.4% and 96.1%, respectively. Compared with other imaging methods, the sensitivity of OCTA-PanoMap was significantly higher than that of red-free photography (P = 0.022) and comparable to that of wide-field SS-OCT maps. Specificity of OCTA-PanoMap was significantly higher than those of other conventional imaging methods (except for wide-field thickness map). The OCTA-PanoMap showed good diagnostic ability for discrimination of HM-OAG eyes from healthy HM eyes. As a complementary method of an alternative imaging modality, OCTA-PanoMap can be a useful tool for detection of HM-OAG.

A Decrease in Bruch's Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Area Precedes Decreased Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma.

PRCIS: A decrease in Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim area, which represents the optic nerve head (ONH), preceded a decrease in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the visual field index (VFI). PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relative comparison between a decrease in BMO-MRA, the peripapillary RNFLT, and the VFI, according to the severity of glaucoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 121 eyes (73 with open-angle glaucoma and 48 normal eyes). The ONH and retinal nerve fiber layer were analyzed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and VFI was obtained using the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The tipping points of RNFLT for VFI and BMO-MRA were estimated using broken-stick regression models. Polynomial regression analysis was performed, and the changes in the 3 parameters were expressed as a graph. RESULTS: The tipping point of the RNFLT for the VFI was 88.62 µm [95% confidence interval (CI): 79.59-97.65; P=0.001]. The tipping point of the RNFLT for BMO-MRA was 60.00 µm (95% CI: 48.28-71.72; P=0.220). Above the tipping point, BMO-MRA decreased with a decrease in the RNFLT (slope=0.0135; 95% CI: 0.0115-0.0155; P<0.001); below the tipping point, BMO-MRA did not decrease significantly (slope=0.0002; 95% CI: -0.0177 to 0.0181; P=0.983). Polynomial regression analysis showed that with the progression of glaucoma, BMO-MRA decreased more rapidly, and this preceded a decrease in the RNFLT followed by a decrease in the VFI. CONCLUSION: The ONH parameter, BMO-MRA, showed a faster decrease than RNFLT and VFI in early glaucoma. BMO-MRA may help detect early glaucomatous damage and its progression.

Visual Field Cluster Map Corresponding to Bruch Membrane Opening-minimum Rim Area Sectors in Open-angle Glaucoma.

PRéCIS:: We generated a new visual field (VF) cluster map corresponding to Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim area (BMO-MRA) sectors, which described in detail the structure-function relationships between the optic nerve head and VF in patients with open-angle glaucoma. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure-function relationship between BMO-MRA and VF in patients with open-angle glaucoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 67 eyes of 50 patients with open-angle glaucoma who underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for BMO-MRA and the Humphrey VF test. BMO-MRA of the glaucomatous optic nerve head was divided into 12 sectors. The correlation between BMO-MRA sectors and the VF points was analyzed to generate a new VF cluster map. RESULTS: Forty-three of the 52 VF points showed a significant correlation with at least 1 BMO-MRA sector. The VF cluster map was generated using the BMO-MRA sectors and each VF point that showed the most correlation. The superior hemifield correlated with 5, 6, 7, and 8 o'clock positions (ρ=0.312 to 0.710), whereas the inferior hemifield correlated with 10, 11, 12, and 2 o'clock positions (ρ=0.241 to 0.483). The VF cluster maps of superior and inferior hemifields showed different configurations of VF clusters and topographical relationships with the glaucomatous optic nerve head. CONCLUSION: The newly generated VF cluster map corresponding to BMO-MRA sectors showed a significant structure-function relationship and could be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma.

Location of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects in Open-angle Glaucoma and Associated Factors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the location of retinal nerve fiber layer defects (RNFLDs) in open-angle glaucoma and the differences in systemic and ocular factors between superotemporal and inferotemporal RNFLDs. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the 2008 to 2012 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects aged ≥19 years with an evaluable fundus photograph of at least one eye were enrolled, and open-angle glaucoma was diagnosed according to modified International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. In subjects with open-angle glaucoma, locations of RNFLDs were evaluated, and systemic and ocular factors were compared between the bilateral superotemporal RNFLD group and bilateral inferotemporal RNFLD group. RESULTS: A total of 534 subjects had open-angle glaucoma with RNFLDs. The unilateral inferotemporal region (25.8%) was the most common location for RNFLDs, followed by the unilateral superotemporal region (24.4%). Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension was more significantly associated (p = 0.048) with the bilateral superotemporal RNFLD group than with the bilateral inferotemporal RNFLD group. CONCLUSIONS: Superotemporal RNFLDs are more related to hypertension than are inferotemporal RNFLDs.

Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Bleb Needle Revision With and Without 5-Fluorouracil for Failing Trabeculectomy Bleb.

PRéCIS:: Bleb needle revision with and without 5-FU showed similar success rates over the course of a long-term follow-up. A greater total number of needle revisions was identified as a risk factor for procedural failure. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of bleb needle revision with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) subconjunctival injection in large-scaled patients with failing trabeculectomy bleb. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on a total of 113 eyes of 106 subjects who had undergone trabeculectomy followed by needle revision and been followed up for at least 6 months. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had also undergone concurrent adjunctive 5-FU subconjunctival injection. Two definitions of failure were derived irrespective of IOP-lowering medication use and were assessed at each follow-up visit: (1) IOP>21 mm Hg or >85% of preoperative IOP or reoperation for glaucoma, (2) IOP>18 mm Hg or >80% of preoperative IOP or reoperation for glaucoma. RESULTS: A total of 78 eyes of 73 subjects underwent the simple needle revision procedure and 35 eyes of 33 subjects underwent needle revision with subconjunctival 5-FU injection. There was no significant adverse event for either group and no significant IOP difference in any of the observational periods between them (P=0.867). There was also no statistically significant difference in the total number of IOP-lowering medications between the groups (P=0.199). The success rate at 24 months after the first needle revision was 45.6% (95% CI: 33.7, 56.7) in simple revision group and 44.6% (95% CI: 27.7, 60.2) in 5-FU needle revision group by failure 1, 36.3% (95% CI: 25.4, 47.2) and 32.9% (95% CI: 18.0, 48.6) by failure 2, respectively. A greater total number of needle revisions was the significant risk factors for needle revision failure (HR=2.25 and P=0.001 according to failure 2). CONCLUSIONS: Bleb needle revision with 5-FU subconjunctival injection is a safe procedure for failing trabeculectomy bleb. Bleb needle revision with and without 5-FU were equally likely to succeed.

Incidence of Open-angle Glaucoma in Newly Diagnosed Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Nationwide Population-based Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in patients with newly diagnosed retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with that in the general population in order to determine the association between OAG and RVO. METHODS: The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) data from 2011 through 2015 was analyzed in order to determine the incidence rates of OAG in the general population and in patients with newly diagnosed RVO based on the diagnostic code. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of OAG in patients with RVO were determined with respect to the age- and sex-matched general population. RESULTS: The incidence rate of OAG in the general population during the 3 years (2013 to 2015) was 233.98 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 233.21-234.76). A total of 31,722 patients with newly diagnosed RVO were identified in 2012 as the population at risk. The incidence rate of OAG in patients with RVO during the 3-year follow-up period was 1829.43 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 1745.49-1917.42). The expected incidence of OAG in patients with RVO was 433.69 during the 3-year follow-up period. On the other hand, the observed incidence of OAG was 1,741. The SIR of OAG in patients with RVO with reference to the general population was 4.01 (95% CI, 3.83-4.20). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of OAG in patients with RVO is significantly higher than that in the general population.

Predicting the Therapeutic Efficacy of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy for Individuals With Asymptomatic Narrow Angle: The Triple Hump Sign.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel screening sign [ie, the triple hump (TH) sign] for prediction of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI)'s intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effectiveness in subjects with asymptomatic narrow angles. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2010 to 2015 in a hospital setting. Eighty-four eyes of 84 primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) patients were imaged before LPI using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The "positive-TH sign" was defined, on anterior segment optical coherence tomography-generated cross-sectional scans, as the characteristic configuration formed by the angulations between the crystalline lens's central anterior surface and both sides of the iris pigment epithelium. After LPI, the extent of IOP reduction was compared between the positive- and negative-TH groups. RESULTS: The positive-TH eyes did not significantly differ from the negative-TH ones in pre-LPI IOP (P=0.200). In the positive-TH group, IOP decreased significantly after LPI (by 6.42%±17.96%, from 14.07±3.11 to 12.88±2.65 mm Hg, P=0.002). In the negative-TH group, IOP did not change significantly after LPI (by 4.66%±25.97%, from 13.23±2.42 to 13.52±3.01 mm Hg, P=0.624). CONCLUSION: PACS eyes indicating the positive-TH sign showed, at post-LPI 1 month, a greater IOP decrease. On this basis, the TH sign may be a useful screening tool for predicting the effect of LPI and determining the treatment plan in PACS patients.

Combined Use of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Event-based Progression Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate patterns of glaucomatous structural progression using the combined retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) event-based progression analysis feature provided by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)'s - (GPA) software. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS: Seventy-nine (79) patients were identified with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) showing clinically confirmed structural progression within a minimum 3-year follow-up period. For each eye, RNFL and GCIPL GPA data were obtained from serial SD-OCT data from 2012 to 2017. An integrated GPA map thereafter was merged by vascular landmark-guided superimposition of RNFL and GCIPL GPA event-based progression maps onto the RNFL imagery (resulting in what we call the GPA PanoMap). The GPA PanoMap progression patterns were classified as (1) RNFL-only, (2) GCIPL-only, (3) concurrent (both RNFL and GCIPL), (4) GCIPL after RNFL, and (5) RNFL after GCIPL. The locations of structural progression were classified, based on an earlier schematic model, as (1) superior vulnerability zone (SVZ), (2) papillomacular bundle (PM), (3) macular vulnerability zone (MVZ), and (4) inferoinferior portion. Structural progression patterns on the GPA PanoMap were evaluated according to the location of progression. Among the eyes with progression in the inferior hemiretina, structural progression patterns on the GPA PanoMap were evaluated according to the baseline structural damage. RESULTS: On the GPA PanoMap, when structural progression was located in the SVZ or inferoinferior portion, it was detected only in the RNFL area; when progression was located in the PM or MVZ, various patterns were observed, among which the concurrent pattern was the majority in both areas (43.8% and 45.6% in the PM and MVZ, respectively). Among the eyes with progression in the inferior hemiretina (n = 66), the location of progression varied but did not differ significantly according to the baseline deviation map (P = .440). The progression patterns of MVZ were significantly different among the baseline deviation map patterns (P = .023); however, all of the progression patterns of the inferoinferior portion were RNFL-only. CONCLUSION: The various progression patterns were confirmed according to the locations and baseline patterns of glaucomatous structural change on the integrated GPA map (GPA PanoMap). Combined use of RNFL and GCIPL GPA or the GPA PanoMap could be useful for determination of structural progression and understanding of its patterns in patients with glaucoma.

Incidence of retinal vein occlusion in open-angle glaucoma: a nationwide, population-based study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Database.

IMPORTANCE: We determined the association between retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in a Korean population by reviewing a dataset obtained from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA). BACKGROUND: To compare the RVO incidence for OAG patients with that for the general population in order to determine the association between RVO and OAG. DESIGN: Nationwide population-based retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: HIRA data for 2011 through 2015. METHODS: The HIRA data for 2011 through 2015 was analysed in order to determine the incidence rates of RVO in the general population and in OAG patients. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of RVO for OAG patients were determined with respect to the age- and gender-matched general population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SIRs of RVO. RESULTS: The RVO incidence rate for the general population during the 4-year study period (2012-2015) was 74.16 per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.79-74.54). A total of 272 143 OAG patients were identified in 2011 as the population at risk. The RVO incidence rate for the OAG patients was 528.95 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 515.46-542.79). The expected incidences of RVO in the OAG patients were 1760.66 during the 4-year study period. On the other hand, the observed incidences of RVO were 5758. The SIR of RVO for OAG patients in reference to the general population was 3.27 (95% CI, 3.19-3.35). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The RVO incidence rate for OAG patients is significantly higher than that for the general population.

Relationship Between Open-angle Glaucoma and Stroke: A 2010 to 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and stroke in the Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a population-based, cross-sectional study that used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey. We analyzed a total of 11,959 participants who were above 40 years old and were included in the fifth KNHANES database (2010 to 2012 data). Weighted prevalence of OAG and stroke in various populations were estimated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to examine potential risk factors for stroke, including OAG. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for stroke were examined in subjects with and without OAG. Subjects were also examined by hypertension and diabetes status. RESULTS: Stroke patients had a significantly higher OAG prevalence (8.5%) than nonstroke patients (3.8%; P<0.001). After adjusting for selected risk factors, the presence of OAG tended to be associated with stroke (adjusted OR=1.629), but this result was not statistically significant (P=0.053). Stroke and OAG were significantly associated with each other in subjects with hypertension (OR=2.059; P=0.010) and diabetes (OR=2.649; P=0.040). In addition, the associations of stroke and other systemic diseases were stronger when OAG was a comorbid condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no overall statistical significance, patients with OAG had an increased risk of stroke, among those with systemic comorbidities, including hypertension and diabetes. Our results may provide insight on the underlying mechanisms of OAG and their association with stroke development.

Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Myopic Glaucoma: Impact of Optic Disc Morphology.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of optic disc torsion on the rate of progressive retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in patients with myopic open-angle glaucoma. Methods: We included 102 patients with myopic open-angle glaucoma accompanied by glaucomatous damage confined to a single hemiretina who were followed up over a 5-year period. We divided the subjects into three groups according to the presence or absence of optic disc torsion and the correspondence between the direction of optic disc torsion and the location of glaucomatous damage: torsion with reverse correspondence group (eyes showing inferior optic disc torsion with glaucomatous damage in the superior quadrant or eyes showing superior torsion with damage in the inferior quadrant), no torsion group, and torsion with correspondence group (eyes showing inferior optic disc torsion with glaucomatous damage in the inferior quadrant or eyes showing superior torsion with damage in the superior quadrant). Changes in the peripapillary RNFL thickness (pRNFLT), evaluated using linear mixed model analysis, were compared among the three groups to determine the relationship between optic disc torsion and pRNFLT changes. Results: Among the total of 102 subjects, 13 eyes (12.7%) exhibited optic disc torsion with reverse correspondence, 59 (57.8%) did not exhibit optic disc torsion, and 30 (29.4%) exhibited optic disc torsion with correspondence. pRNFL thinning in the quadrant with glaucomatous damage was significantly faster in the torsion with correspondence group (-1.66 µm/y) than those in the no torsion (-1.14 µm/y; P = 0.032) and torsion with reverse correspondence (-0.50 µm/y; P < 0.001) groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the optic disc torsion-glaucomatous damage correspondence is an important prognostic factor for patients with myopic open-angle glaucoma.