Políticas públicas e espaços de esporte e lazer nos estudos acadêmicos: uma revisão sistemática / Public policies, sports and leisure spaces in academic studies: a systematic review

Mesmo que haja algumas pesquisas e estudos, nos âmbitos acadêmico e científico, referentes à gestão, uso e apropriação de espaços públicos nos contextos do esporte e do lazer, notam-se, ainda, lacunas pouco exploradas, como a gestão da informação e a difusão adequada do conhecimento sobre a temática, envolvendo as Políticas Públicas. Desta forma, este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo, realizar uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre a produção científica recente, apresentando o estado da arte sobre Políticas Públicas e a gestão de espaços públicos nos contextos do esporte e do lazer. Para tanto, a busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Pro Quest e SciELO, utilizando os termos booleanos a seguir: "sport and leisure management" OR "sport space" OR "leisure space" OR "sport equipment" OR "leisure equipment" OR "public Sport policy" OR "public leisure policy". Os artigos analisados abrangeram diferentes áreas do conhecimento, tal como, as Ciências do Esporte, Geografia, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Sociologia. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Com base nos resultados, pode-se perceber que o tema referente às Políticas Públicas nos contextos do esporte e do lazer tem sido focalizado atualmente, nos estudos, entretanto, os espaços públicos neste contexto ainda são tratados de forma secundária. Este campo de estudo carece de novas pesquisas, com a intenção de aprofundar as investigações sobre a temática.

Despite some research and studies, in academic and scientific fields, and concerning the management, use and appropriation of public spaces in sports and leisure contexts, there are still some gaps that have been insufficiently explored, such as information management and the appropriate knowledge diffusion on the subject, among Public Policies. Thus, this qualitative study aimed to conduct a systematic review on recent scientific production, presenting the state of the art on Public Policies and public spaces management regarding sport and leisure contexts. A search was performed in the following databases: Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Pro Quest and SciELO. The keywords and Boolean terms were: "sport and leisure management" OR "sport space" OR "leisure space" OR "Sport equipment" OR "leisure equipment" OR "public sport policy" OR "public leisure policy". The papers analyzed covered different knowledge areas, such as Sport Sciences, Geography, Architecture and Urbanism, and Sociology. The collected data were analyzed using the Content Analysis Technique. Based on the results, it can be noticed that the theme regarding Public Policies in sport and leisure contexts is focused among the studies; however, public spaces are still treated in a secondary way. This study field needs further researches, with the intention of deepening the knowledge on the subject.

Lazer e cultura digital: abordagens sobre e-leisure em periódicos do JCR / Leisure and digital culture: e-leisure approaches in JCR Journals

Os avanços das tecnologias imprimiram a necessidade de alterações dos paradigmas que envolviam os estudos do lazer (EL), instigando novos olhares sobre as vivências no e-leisure. Assim, procurou-se investigar como as abordagens acerca da temática e-leisure são apropriadas nos EL, dentro dos periódicos dessa área, cadastrados na base do Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Foram criadas as categorias de análise: Eleisure e o lazer off-line; Compreensão sobre a incorporação do e-leisure na sociedade contemporânea; O papel do e-leisure na interação social. Os dados revelam o papel do lazer digital como fomentador de valores e de aproximação de culturas. Conclui-se que o e-leisure facilita o compartilhamento de diferentes culturas, podendo proporcionar a expansão das fronteiras sociais e políticas. Entretanto, também pode gerar alguns impactos negativos, haja vista as possibilidades do uso indevido do espaço virtual.

Advances in technologies have led to the need for changes in the paradigms that involve leisure studies (LS), instigating new perspectives on e-leisure experiences. Thus, we sought to investigate how the approaches regarding e-leisure are appropriate in LS within the journals in this field and registered in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). The analysis categories were created: E-leisure and offline leisure; Understanding e-leisure integration in contemporary society and the role of e-leisure in social interaction. The data reveal the digital leisure as an enabler for values and approximation of cultures. It is concluded that e-leisure facilitates the sharing of different cultures, providing the expansion of social and political boundaries. However, given some possibilities of misuse of the virtual space, it may also result in negative impacts.

Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins in the local response to the Echinococcus granulosus larva.

Infection by larval Echinococcus granulosus is usually characterized by tight inflammatory control. However, various degrees of chronic granulomatous inflammation are also observed, reaching a high point in infection of cattle by the most prevalent parasite strain worldwide, which is not well adapted to this host species. In this context, epithelioid and multinucleated giant macrophages surround the parasite, and the secreted products of these cells often associate with the larval wall. The phagocyte-specific S100 proteins, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, are important non-conventionally secreted amplifiers of inflammatory responses. We have analysed by proteomics and immunohistochemistry the presence of these proteins at the E. granulosus larva-host interface. We found that, in the context of inflammatory control as observed in human infections, the S100 proteins are not abundant, but S100A9 and S100A8 can be expressed by eosinophils distal to the parasite. In the granulomatous inflammation context as observed in cattle infections, we found that S100A12 is one of the most abundant host-derived, parasite-associated proteins, while S100A9 and S100A8 are not present at similarly high levels. As expected, S100A12 derives mostly from the epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells. S100A12, as well as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9, also expressed by E. granulosus-elicited epithelioid cells, are connected to the Th17 arm of immunity, which may therefore be involved in this granulomatous response.

Novel Phenazine 5,10-Dioxides Release OH in Simulated Hypoxia and Induce Reduction of Tumour Volume In Vivo.

Phenazine 5,10-dioxides (PDOs) are a new class of bioreductive cytotoxins, which could act towards tumours containing hypoxic regions. The PDOs selective-hypoxic bioreduction was probed in vitro; however, the mechanism of action has not been completely explained. Besides, PDOs in vivo antitumour activities have not been demonstrated hitherto. We study the mechanism of hypoxic/normoxic cytotoxicity of PDO representative members. Electron spin resonance is used to confirm (•)OH production, alkaline comet assay to determine genotoxicity, and gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry to analyze DNA fragmentation and cell cycle distribution. Chemically induced rat breast tumours are employed to evaluate in vivo activities. For the most selective cytotoxin, 7(8)-bromo-2-hydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide (PDO1), exclusive hypoxic (•)OH production is evidenced, while for the unselective ones, (•)OH is produced in both conditions (normoxia and simulated hypoxia). In normoxia (Caco-2 cells), PDO1 induces cell-cycle arrest and DNA fragmentation but does not significantly induce apoptosis neither at IC(50) nor IC(80). No difference in the comet-assay scores are observed in normoxia and simulated hypoxia being the unselective 2-amino-7(8)-bromophenazine 5,10-dioxide (PDO2) the most genotoxic. The in vivo efficacy with the absence of systemic toxicity of PDO1 and PDO2 is checked out. Results from this study highlight the potential of PDOs as new therapeutics for cancer.

5-Nitro-2-furyl derivative actives against Trypanosoma cruzi: preliminary in vivo studies.

Ten 5-nitro-2-furyl derivatives, with good to excellent in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity, and nifurtimox were tested oral and intraperitoneally on healthy animals for its acute toxicity on murine models. According to animals' survival percentage, organ histological results, biochemical and haematological findings, three new derivatives, with toxicity like nifurtimox, were selected to test in vivo as antichagasic agents. Clearly, dependences between chemical structure and both acute toxicity and in vivo anti-T. cruzi activity were observed. 4-Hexyl-1-[3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-propenylidene]semicarbazide displayed good profile as anti-T. cruzi agent and better acute toxicity profile than nifurtimox.

In vivo studies of 5-arylethenylbenzofuroxans in acute murine models of Chagas' disease.

5-arylethenylbenzofuroxan derivatives with high in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity were studied in vivo using acute murine models of Chagas' disease. The selected compounds, as pure isomeric forms, 1, 2, 3 and 4, or as equimolecular mixture of geometric isomers, 1:2, 3:4, 5:6 were studied against different T. cruzi strains. Consequently, Tulahuen 2 strain, Colombiana strain (resistant to Nifurtimox and Benznidazole), and two different wild strains, one isolated from the wild reservoir Didelphis marsupialis and another one from Uruguayan patients, were selected. No relevant signs of in vivo toxicity were observed with the benzofuroxans orally administered. Compound 1 and the mixture of isomers 1:2 were the best for treating infection against the four studied strains.