Synthetic oleanane and ursane triterpenoids with modified rings A and C: a series of highly active inhibitors of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages.

We have designed and synthesized 16 new olean- and urs-1-en-3-one triterpenoids with various modified rings C as potential antiinflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents and evaluated their inhibitory activities against production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-gamma in mouse macrophages. This investigation revealed that 9(11)-en-12-one and 12-en-11-one functionalities in ring C increase the potency by about 2-10 times compared with the original 12-ene. Subsequently, we have designed and synthesized novel olean- and urs-1-en-3-one derivatives with nitrile and carboxyl groups at C-2 in ring A and with 9(11)-en-12-one and 12-en-11-one functionalities in ring C. Among them, we have found that methyl 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (25), 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) (26), and methyl 2-carboxy-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (29) have extremely high potency (IC(50) = 0.1 nM level). Their potency is similar to that of dexamethasone although they do not act through the glucocorticoid receptor. Overall, the combination of modified rings A and C increases the potency by about 10 000 times compared with the lead compound, 3-oxooleana-1,12-dien-28-oic acid (8) (IC(50) = 1 microM level). The selected oleanane triterpenoid, CDDO (26), was found to be a potent, multifunctional agent in various in vitro assays and to show antiinflammatory activity against thioglycollate-interferon-gamma-induced mouse peritonitis.

Novel synthetic oleanane and ursane triterpenoids with various enone functionalities in ring A as inhibitors of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages.

We initially randomly synthesized about 60 oleanane and ursane triterpenoids as potential anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents. Preliminary screening of these derivatives for inhibition of production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-gamma in mouse macrophages revealed that 3-oxooleana-1, 12-dien-28-oic acid (B-15) showed significant activity (IC(50) = 5.6 microM). On the basis of the structure of B-15, 19 novel olean- and urs-12-ene triterpenoids with a 1-en-3-one functionality having a substituent at C-2 in ring A have been designed and synthesized. Among them, 3-oxooleana-1,12-diene derivatives with carboxyl, methoxycarbonyl, and nitrile groups at C-2 showed higher activity than the lead compound B-15. In particular, 2-carboxy-3-oxooleana-1, 12-dien-28-oic acid (3) had the highest activity (IC(50) = 0.07 microM) in this group of triterpenoids. The potency of 3 was similar to that of hydrocortisone (IC(50) = 0.01 microM), although 3 does not act through the glucocorticoid receptor. Interesting structure-activity relationships of these novel synthetic triterpenoids are also discussed.

Novel synthetic oleanane triterpenoids: a series of highly active inhibitors of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages.

Novel oleanane triterpenoids with modified rings A and C were designed and synthesized. Among them, methyl 2-carboxy-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate showed similar high inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.8 nM) to 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), which we have synthesized previously, against production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-gamma in mouse macrophages.

Design and synthesis of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid, a novel and highly active inhibitor of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages.

New derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents at the C-2 position of 3-oxoolean-1-en-28-oic acid were synthesized. Among them, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) was 400 times more potent than previous compounds we have made as an inhibitor of production of nitric oxide induced by interferon-gamma in mouse macrophages (IC50, 0.4 nM). The potency of CDDO was similar to that of dexamethasone, although CDDO does not act through the glucocorticoid receptor.